2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷51

2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题由于我们对环境问题的理解不断发展，因而环境的语言也不断地发展。环境教育已经在向环境与发展教育、可持续发展教育和负责任的地球公民教育转变。这三种说法目前互相替换使用。这种转变反映了现阶段有的并继续存在的引用联系地区和全球的联系，过去、现在和将来的联系，社会、文化、经济和政治的联系。【答案】Due to the continuous development of our understanding to the environment problem, thus the environment language also continues to improve. Environment education has changed towards environment and development education, sustainable development education and the education for responsible global citizens. For now, the three arguments could be often used in place of one another. These changes have reflected the reference relationship at the present which will be continuingthe relationship between region and world, the relationship among past, now and the future as well as the relationship among society, culture and politics.2. 单选题In the IT industry, some think of Bill Gates as a monster while others _ him as a living god.问题1选项A.extricateB.disparageC.emulateD.revere【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项extricate“使解脱，解救”，B项disparage“贬低，抨击，诋毁”，C项emulate“仿真，模仿，尽力赶上”，D项revere“敬畏，尊敬，崇敬”。由while“然而”和as a monster“一个怪物”以及as a living god“活着的神”可知，前后语义是相反的，那么空格处填入“尊敬”符合句意。句意：在IT行业，一些人认为比尔盖茨是一个怪物，而另一些人则把他尊为活着的神。因此，该题选择D项正确。3. 单选题The old house at the end of the street has recently been _.问题1选项A.pulledB.demolishedC.erasedD.leveled【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pull“拉，拔，拖”，B项demolish“拆除，破坏，毁坏”，C项erase“抹去，擦除”，D项level“瞄准，拉平，变得平坦”。由old house“旧房子”可知，“拆除”符合语境。句意：这条街尽头的那幢旧房子最近已被拆除了。因此，该题选择B项正确。4. 翻译题The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages. Biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous.Newtons laws of motion assume that the total amount of spin of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up or slow it down. If a cat has no spin when it is released and experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist around as it falls.In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magicians trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cats fall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed. A century ago the former was accomplished by means of high-speed photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy.But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment. The experiment was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in 1894. Two sequences of twenty photographs each, one from the side and one from behind, show a white cat in the act of righting itself. Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped upside down with no initial spin, and still landed on its feet. Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret: As the cat rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfect accord with Newtons laws. Halfway down, the cat pulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result.The explanation was that while nobody can acquire spin without torque, a flexible one can readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a thousand fold.【答案】很久以前，降落中的猫在半空中平衡身体并以脚落地的能力一直令人好奇。生物学家们一直认为这是适应自然选择的一个例子，但对于物理学家，这真的是不可思议。牛顿运动定律认为身体自旋的总量不变，除非外部扭矩使之加速或减缓。如果一只猫在被释放时没有旋转，也没有感受到外部扭矩，那么它在下落时就不应该旋转。翻滚着的猫，以如此的速度平衡身体就像一个魔术师变戏法。猫在半空中的旋转得太快，人类的眼睛很难看清，所以这个过程是模糊的。要观察这个现象，要么眼睛必须加速，要么猫的下降减速。一个世纪以前，前者可以通过高速摄影的方法做到，使用的是现在在任何药店都能买到的设备。但在19世纪，拍摄坠落的猫构成了一个科学实验。1984年的一篇论文巴黎学院描述了这个实验。两组共20张照片，一组从侧面，另一组从后面，展示了一只白猫平衡自己的行为。尽管照片有纹理很老式，但是展示了猫的行为：起初没有旋转，却翻滚着落下，并仍然用脚落地。对照片的仔细分析揭示了这个秘密：猫顺时针旋转身体前部时，身体后部和尾巴逆时针扭动，所以总自旋仍然是零，完全符合牛顿定律。下降中途，猫在颠倒扭转之前腿部收紧然后再展开，这样就得到了预期的最终结果。其解释是：尽管没有扭矩，身体不能旋转，但是灵活者可以随时改变其旋转方向或阶段。猫本能地知道这点，但科学家们不能确定这事是怎么发生的，直到他们将其感知提高一千倍的速度。5. 单选题The training of human intelligence must include the simultaneous development of the empathetic capacity.问题1选项A.simulatedB.coincidentC.instantaneousD.similar【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。simultaneous表示“同时的，联立的，同时发生的”；A项simulated“模拟的，模仿的，仿造的”，B项coincident“一致的，符合的，同时发生的”，C项instantaneous“瞬间的，即时的，猝发的”，D项similar“相似的”。句意：人类智力的训练必须包括移情能力的同时发展。根据句意可知，B项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择B项正确。6. 单选题At planning meetings with the senior management I often had to endure predictable little jokes about me, but I took them _.问题1选项A.with a violent laughB.on my conscienceC.with a good graceD.in the best humor【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。A项with a violent laugh“狂笑”，B项on my conscience“在意”，C项with a good grace“情愿地，欣然地”，D项in the best humor“以最幽默的方式”。由前面句子的句意“在策划与高级管理人员的会议时，我经常不得不忍受那些不出所料关于我的小笑话”，结合后面的but转折可知，“以最幽默的方式”符合语境。句意：在策划与高级管理人员的会议时，我经常不得不忍受那些可以预见的关于我的小笑话，但我以最幽默的方式接受了它们。因此，该题选择D项正确。7. 单选题Tom and Rachel Leihbacheis friends have always been instrumental in their lives.问题1选项A.approachableB.thoughtfulC.functionalD.helpful【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。instrumental表示“乐器的，有帮助的，仪器的”；A项approachable“亲切友善的，易理解的，可接近的”，B项thoughtful“深思的，体贴的，关切的”，C项functional“功能的”，D项helpful“有帮助的，有益的”。句意：汤姆和雷切尔雷巴赫的朋友在他们的生活中一直很有帮助。根据句意可知，instrumental在句中表示“有帮助的”，D项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择D项正确。8. 单选题Hawaiis native minority is demanding a greater degree of sovereignty over its own affairs. But much of the archipelagos political establishment, which includes the White Americans who dominated until the Second World War and people of Japanese, Chinese and Filipino origin, is opposed to the idea.The islands were annexed by the US in 1898 and since then Hawaiis native peoples have fared worse than any of its other ethnic groups. They make up over 60 percent of the states homeless, suffer higher levels of unemployment and their life span is five years less than the average Hawaiians. They are the only major US native group without some degree of autonomy.But a sovereignty advisory committee set up by Hawaiis first native governor, John Waihee, has given the natives cause a major boost by recommending that the Hawaiian natives decided by themselves whether to reestablish a sovereign nation.However, the Hawaiian natives are not united in their demands. Some just want greater autonomy within the statesas enjoyed by many American Indian natives such as education. This is a position supported by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), a state agency set up in 1978 to represent the natives interests and which has now become the moderate face of the native sovereignty movement. More ambitious is the Ka Lalui group, which declared itself a new nation in 1987 and wants full, official independence from the US.But if Hawaiian natives are given greater autonomy, it is far from clear how many people this will apply to. The state authorities only count as native those people with more than 50 percent Hawaiian blood.Native demands are not just based on political grievances, though. They also want their claim on 660,000 hectares of Hawaiian crown land to be accepted. It is on this issue that native groups are facing most opposition from the state authorities. In 1993, the state government paid the OHA US$136 million in back rent on the crown land and many officials say that by accepting this payment the agency has given up its claim to legally own the land. The OHA has vigorously disputed this.1. Which of the following statements is true of the Hawaiian natives?2. John Waihees attitude towards the native Hawaiians sovereignty movement can best be described as “_”.3. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs most wants to support the native Hawaiians to _.4. According to the fifth paragraph, it is hard to determine _.5. Concerning the Hawaiian crown land, what do the native Hawaiians demand from the government?问题1选项A.Their life is worse than that of other Hawaiian groups.B.They are the only native group without sovereignty.C.Sixty percent of them are homeless or unemployed.D.Their life span is five years shorter than average Americans.问题2选项A.democraticB.optimisticC.demandingD.ambitious问题3选项A.establish a sovereign of Hawaiian nationB.become autonomous rather than establishing a sovereign nationC.focus on developing economically instead of fighting politicallyD.join in the local independence movement问题4选项A.how many people will take part in the sovereignty movementB.who will be regarded as native HawaiiansC.how many people will enjoy the autonomyD.what qualifications one will have so as to lead the autonomy问题5选项A.They want the government to acknowledge their ownership of the land.B.They want the government to pay a rent for the land on a yearly basis.C.They want the government to stop using the land for any purpose.D.They want the government to pay more back rent on the land.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“关于夏威夷土著，下列哪项陈述是正确的？”。根据文章第二段第一句The islands were annexed by the US in 1898 and since then Hawaiis native peoples have fared worse than any of its other ethnic groups.（1898年，这些岛屿被美国吞并，自那以后，夏威夷的土著居民的处境比其他任何种族的人都要糟糕）可知，A项“他们的生活比其他夏威夷族群更糟糕”正确；由第二段最后一句They are the only major US native group without some degree of autonomy.（他们是没有什么自治权的唯一主要的美国本土群体）可知，B项“他们是唯一没有主权的土著群体”表述不准确，并不是唯一没有主权的土著居民，而是唯一主要的美国本土群体；由第二段第二句They make up over 60 percent of the states homeless, suffer higher levels of unemployment and their life span is five years less than the average Hawaiians.（他们占全州无家可归者的60%以上，失业率高，寿命比夏威夷人平均寿命短5年）可知，C项“其中60%无家可归或失业”和D项“他们的寿命比普通美国人短5年”也与原文不符合。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“John Waihee对夏威夷原住民主权运动的态度可以用来描述”。根据第三段的描述But a sovereignty advisory committee set up by Hawaiis first native governor, John Waihee, has given the natives cause a major boost by recommending that the Hawaiian natives decided by themselves whether to reestablish a sovereign nation.（但是，由夏威夷第一位土著州长John Waihee成立的主权咨询委员会，通过建议夏威夷土著自行决定是否重建一个主权国家，为土著的事业提供了重大推动。）可以推断，John Waihee对夏威夷原住民主权运动的态度是民主的，A项“民主”符合题意；B项“乐观”、C项“苛求的”和D项“雄心勃勃”表述都不准确。因此，该题选择A项正确。3.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“夏威夷事务办公室最希望支持夏威夷原住民”。根据第四段中的Some just want greater autonomy within the statesas enjoyed by many American Indian natives such as education. This is a position supported by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs（一些人只是想在州内享有更大的自治权，就像许多美国印第安土著享有的自治权一样，比如教育，这一立场得到了夏威夷事务办公室的支持）可知，夏威夷事务办公室支持夏威夷原住民自治，B项“自治，而不是建立一个主权国家”正确；A项“建立夏威夷国家的主权”表述与文意相反；C项“强调经济发展而不是政治斗争”和D项“参加地方独立运动”没有提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。4.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据第五段，很难决定”。根据第五段But if Hawaiian natives are given greater autonomy, it is far from clear how many people this will apply to. The state authorities only count as native those people with more than 50 percent Hawaiian blood.（但是，如果夏威夷当地人被赋予更大的自治权，这将适用于多少人还远不清楚。州政府只把那些有50%以上夏威夷血统的人算为本地居民。）可知，很难决定多少人可以被赋予自治权，C项“多少人将享有自治权”正确；A项“有多少人会参加主权运动”和D项“一个人将有什么资格来领导自治”没有提到；B项“谁将被视为土著夏威夷人”在文中有明确的表述。因此，该题选择C项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“关于夏威夷皇冠土地，夏威夷本地人对政府有什么要求？”。最后一段指出Native demands are not just based on political grievances, though. They also want their claim on 660,000 hectares of Hawaiian crown land to be accepted. It is on this issue that native groups are facing most opposition from the state authorities.（然而，当地人的要求并不仅仅是基于政治上的不满。他们还要求接受他们对66万公顷夏威夷皇冠土地的要求。正是在这个问题上，土著群体面临着来自州当局的最大反对。），由此可知，夏威夷本地人对政府的要求是承认他们对土地的所有权，A项“他们想让政府承认他们对土地的所有权”正确；文中提到了土地的拖欠资金问题，B项“他们希望政府按年支付土地租金”、C项“他们希望政府停止使用土地的任何目的”和D项“他们想要政府支付更多的土地租金”都没有提到。因此，该题选择A项正确。9. 单选题In a society that place so much emphasis to “making it,” we fail to recognize that what looks like failure may, in the long run, prove beneficial.问题1选项A.toB.fail to recognizeC.whatD.in the long run【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。根据emphasis可知，place emphasis on为固定搭配，表示“重视，强调”。句意：在一个如此强调“成功”的社会里，我们没有意识到，从长远来看，看起来像是失败的东西可能是有益的。因此，该题选择A项。10. 单选题Plato had an essentially antagonistic view of art and the artist, although he approved of certain religious and moralistic kinds of art.问题1选项A.ethicalB.responsiveC.feasibleD.hostile【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。antagonistic表示“敌对的，对抗性的”；A项ethical“伦理的，道德的”，B项responsive“响应的，应答的”，C项feasible“可行的，可能的，可实行的”，D项hostile“敌对的，敌方的，怀敌意的”。句意：尽管柏拉图赞同某些宗教和道德的艺术类型，但他对艺术和艺术家的看法本质上是对立的。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。11. 单选题Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, underdeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, underdeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.1. The author says that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found _.2. According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _.3. The author says that professional linguists recognize that _.4. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题1选项A.nowhere todayB.among the Australian aboriginesC.among Eastern culturesD.among people speaking “backward” languages问题2选项A.the potential for expanding vocabularyB.their own sound patternsC.an ability to transfer ideasD.grammatical structures问题3选项A.Western languages are superior to Eastern languagesB.all languages come from grunts and groansC.the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understandD.there is no hierarchy of languages32. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题4选项A.The study of languages has discredited anthropological studies.B.The study of languages has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among cultures.C.The study of languages is the same as the study of anthropologists.D.The study of languages casts a new light upon the claim of anthropologists.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式可以在中找到”。根据第三段中的第二句While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today.（虽然语言一般来说可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对“落后”语言的研究确立了这一事实，那就是如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符）可知，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在如今是找不到了，A项“在如今无处可寻”正确；B项“澳大利亚土著居民中”和C项“在东方文化中”文中都没有提及；D项“在说落后语言的人中”，文中提到对“落后”语言的研究确立了“如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符”这一事实，所以咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在说落后语言的人中也不会找到。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为，无论文明与否，语言都有”。根据第三段中的Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakersAll languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system.（以我们最严格的标准来看，未开化群体的大多数语言都是极其复杂、精巧和巧妙的传递思想的机器。它们落后于我们的西方语言，不是在这些通常足以满足所有的语言需求的发音模式或语法结构上，而是在它们的词汇上，这些词汇反映了说话者所知道的对象和活动所有的语言似乎都拥有扩大词汇量的机制，要么把现有的词汇组合在一起，要么从其他语言中借用它们，并将它们适应于自己的系统。）可知，无论文明与否，语言拥有扩大词汇量的机制，A项“扩大词汇量的潜力”符合题意；由此也可知，B项“它们自己的发音模式”和D项“语法结构”不正确；C项“传递思想的能力”为干扰项，语言虽然是传递思想的一种方式，但是词汇才是反映说话者所知道的对象和活动，这是以词汇为前提的。因此，该题选择A项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，专业语言学家认识到”。根据文章第二段To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.（对于专业的人类学家来说，一种文化并不比另一种文化有内在的优越性，就像对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间没有内在的等级制度一样）可知，D项“没有语言的等级制度”符合题意；由此也可知C项“语言的层次体系很难理解”是错误的；A项“西方语言优于东方语言”，文中没有提到东方语言；B项“所有的语言都来自咕哝和呻吟”表述太绝对。因此，该题选择D项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示了下列哪一项？”。根据文章最后一段的内容This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（对语言的研究反过来又为人类学家的这一主张提供了新的解释，即所有的文化都可以独立看待，没有等级和等级观念）可以推断，关于人类学家主张的文化没有等级观念的这一观点，语言的研究提供了新的解释，所以B项“对语言的研究加强了人类学家的观点，即文化之间不存在等级制度”是正确的；A项“语言研究败坏了人类学研究的声誉”和C项“研究语言就像研究人类学家一样”不能从文中找出相关信息；D项“对语言的研究使人们对人类学家的主张有了新的认识”是文中有的信息，并不需要从文章中推断出来，所以不符合题意。因此，该题选择B项正确。12. 单选题Jane was in a _ as to whether to marry Paul, who was poor but handsome, or Charles, who was rich but ugly.问题1选项A.paradoxB.stigmaC.dilemmaD.predication【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项paradox“悖论，反论，似是而非的论点”，B项stigma“柱头，耻辱，污名”，C项dilemma“困境，进退两难，两刀论法”，D项predication“断定，声明”。由poor but handsome“贫穷但英俊”和rich but ugly“富有但丑陋”可知，in a _表示“进退两难”。句意：简进退两难，不知是嫁给贫穷但英俊的保罗，还是嫁给富有但丑陋的查尔斯。因此，该题选择C项正确。13. 单选题The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever _ real happiness.问题1选项A.retardingB.perusingC.detainingD.attaining【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项retard“延迟，阻止，妨碍”，B项peruse“详细考察，精读”，C项detain“拘留，留住，耽搁”，D项attain“达到，实现，获得”。由a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness“充满乐趣、没有痛苦的生活等于幸福”，结合actually“实际上”可知，reduces their chances of ever _ real happiness表示“减少获得真正幸福的机会”符合语境。句意：人们相信充满乐趣、没有痛苦的生活就等于幸福，这实际上减少了他们获得真正幸福的机会。因此，该题选择D项正确。14. 单选题Since the 1970s, the safety of athletic equipment has been monitored by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment.问题1选项A.regulatedB.advocatedC.recalledD.supervised【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。monitor表示“监控”；A项regulate“调节，规定，控制”，B项advocate“提倡，拥护，为辩护”，C项recall“召回，回想起，记起”，D项supervise“监督，管理，指导”。句意：自20世纪70年代以来，运动器材的安全一直受到国家运动器材标准运行委员会的监控。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。15. 单选题Janes attic room has a poor _ system and in summer it becomes unbearably stuffy.问题1选项A.ventilationB.manipulationC.mitigationD.allocation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项ventilation“通风设备，空气流通”，B项manipulation“操纵，操作，处理”，C项mitigation“减轻，缓和，平静”，D项allocation“分配，配置，安置”。由unbearably stuffy“闷热的难以忍受”可知，“空气流通”符合语境