2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第105期

2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Many, zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity. Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain.Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo. I have noticed the signs of hobbled energy that has found no releaselarge cats pacing in a repetitive pattern, primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe they, are more troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves. Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder thatdespite the careful interior decoration and clever optical illusionszoo animals are prisoners, being kept in elaborate cells.The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as trusts for rare fauna, zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals. Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures, the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised to roam free.In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding. They may communicate with their kind through language that are indecipherable by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much differently than people do; for example, they may: be keenly attuned to movement on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. Some scientists believe they may even develop cultural traditions that are key to the survival of populations.But when an animal is confined, it lives within a vacuum. If it is accustomed to covering long distances in its searches for food, it grows lazy or bored. It can make no decisions for itself; its intelligence and wild skills atrophy from lack of use, becomes, in a sense, one of societys charges, completely dependent on humans for nourishment and care.How might an animal species be changedsubtly, imperceptiblyby spending several generations in a per:? I posed that question to the curator of birds at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, which is a breeding center for the endangered California condor. I always have to chuckle when someone asks me that, the curator replied.Evolution has shaped the behavior of the condor for hundreds of years. If you think I can change it in a couple of generations, youre giving me a lot of credit.Recently the condor was reintroduced into the California desertonly a moment after its capture, in evolutionary terms. Perhaps the curator was right; perhaps the wild nature of the birds would emerge unscathed, although I was not convinced. But what of species that will spend decades or centuries in confinement before they are released?1.The primary purpose of the passage is to （）2.The primary function of the second paragraph is to show that（）3. In the fourth paragraph, the authors most important point is that animals in the wild（）4.Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fourth paragraph and the fifth paragraph?5. In paragraph 5 “charges” most nearly means（）问题1选项A.highlight the improvements in the conditions of American zoosB.examine behavioral traits of animals living in zoosC.raise concerns about the confinement of wild animals in zoosD.suggest alternative ways of protecting endangered species问题2选项A.wild animals adapt to their cages by modifying their movementsB.confined animals are not being seriously harmedC.zoos are designed with the reactions of spectators in mindD.people are overly sensitive to seeing animals in captivity问题3选项A.perceive landscapes differently than do animals in captivityB.have modes of communicating that are very similar to those of humansC.are likely to live longer than animals kept in zoosD.depend on the care and support of others of their species问题4选项A.The fourth paragraph presents a question that is answered in the fir& paragraph.B.The fourth paragraph contains an assertion that is evaluated in the fifth paragraph.C.The fifth paragraph describes a contrast to the situation presented in the fourth paragraph.D.The fifth paragraph discusses the second part of the process described in the fourth paragraph.问题5选项A.costsB.responsibilitiesC.demandsD.attacks【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:通读全文可知，本文主要是讲作者对动物园提出质疑，认为动物园是牢房，动物是被关在里面的囚犯。旨在引起人们对动物园限制野生动物的关注。选项C符合原文。第2题:根据第二段“usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal.”通常这些动作不会对被捕获的动物产生明显的生理或情感上的影响。所以选项B正确。第3题:根据第四段，在野外，动物生活在一个我们知之甚少的世界里。它们可能通过人类无法理解的“语言”与同类交流，选项B错误；一些研究表明，一些物种对景观的感知与人类有很大不同，选项A原文相符。选项C在文中没有提及；根据第四段的最后一句可知选项D是被限制的野生动物，题干中是生活在野外的野生动物，所以排除。第4题:根据第四段和第五段的内容可知，第四段是描述生活在野外的动物，第四段是描述被人们圈养的动物，两者形成对比，所以选项C正确。第5题:根据第五段内容可知，这里说的是动物因为不需要自己觅食，依赖人类提供营养和照料，变成了社会的责任。所以B选项正确。2. 单选题Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRCs response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39% . The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.1.By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time,（）.2.Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students theses within four years is lower than （）.3.All the following statements are the arguments against ESRCs policy EXCEPT（）.4.The ESRC would prefer（）.5.What the ESRC can do is to（）.问题1选项A.most of them died of some sicknessB.their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC.most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD.most of their grants run out问题2选项A.25%B.40%C.39%D.10%问题3选项A.all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB.there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topicsC.many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their thesesD.some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance问题4选项A.that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained asB.researchersC.to see higher standards of PhD students theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsD.more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD studentsE.that PhD students were less modest in their aims问题5选项A.force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB.try to persuade universities to change their waysC.dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD.note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据第一段的三、四句Most social-science.by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time. ，所以选项D正确。第2题:信息推断题。根据关键词“Oxford University”定位到第二段的最后一句，除非结业率进一步提高，否则这将把73所大学和理工学院中的55所排除在外，包括牛津大学、伦敦政治经济学院和伦敦商学院。根据上文提到的政策实施后的第一年，国家平均毕业率迅速提高到39%，并将在两年内逐步将门槛提高到40%。由此可知，牛津大学的博士生毕业率低于39%。选项C正确。第3题:事实细节题。根据第三段的第一句“Predictably, . as arbitrary and negative.”可以预见的是，抗议的呼声来自大学，他们认为将整个机构列入黑名单是武断的和消极的。强调的是列入黑名单的行为，而不是这些院校本身是武断的和消极的，所以选项A表述错误。选项B，C，D都能在第三段找到对应句。第4题:事实细节题。根据第四段的第二句“It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research.”它（ESRC）希望看到更多系统地教授研究技能，减少对正在进行第一次认真研究的青年男女的不切实际的期望。选项C符合原文。第5题:事实细节题。根据最后一段的第二句The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. 选项B符合原文。3. 案例题Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved. No, youre not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely. With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound, already - expensive. London has become quite unaffordable. A coffee at Starbucks, just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States, runs about $8.The once all-powerful dollar isnt doing a Titanic against just the pound. It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar. Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.The weak dollar is a source of humiliation, for a nations self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency. Its also a potential economic problem, since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates. And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S. economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami-for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.Many Europeans may view the U.S. as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners. But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S. than a weak dollar. Through April, the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year. Should the trend continue, the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak? Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico-as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals cant afford to join the merrymaking.The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit. So do exports, which thanks in part to the weak dollar, soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007. For first five months of 2007, the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.If you own shares in large American corporations, youre a winner in the weak-dollar gamble. Last week Coca -Colas stick bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter. Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Cokes beverage business. Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonalds and IBM.American tourists, however, shouldnt expect any relief soon. The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up- slowly, and then all at once. And currencies dont turn on a dime. So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England. There, the dollar is still treated with a little respect.1. Why do Americans feel humiliated?A. Their economy is plungingB. Their currency has slumpedC. They cant afford trips to EuropeD. They have lost half of their assets.2 How does the current dollar affect the life of ordinary Americans?A. They have to cancel their vacations in New England.B. They find it unaffordable to dine in mom-and-pop restaurants.C. They have to spend more money when buying imported goods.D. They might lose their jobs due to potential economic problems.3. How do many Europeans feel about the U.S with the devalued dollar?A. They feel contemptuous of itB. They are sympathetic with it.C. They regard it as a superpower on the decline.D. They think of it as a good tourist destination.4. What is the authors advice to Americans?A. They treat the dollar with a little respectB. They try to win in the weak-dollar gambleC. They vacation at home rather than abroadD. They treasure their marriages all the more.5. What does the author imply by saying “currencies dont turn on a dime” (Line 2, Para 7)?A. The dollars value will not increase in the short term.B. The value of a dollar will not be reduced to a dimeC. The dollars value will drop, but within a small margin.D. Few Americans will change dollars into other currencies.【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.C5.A【解析】1.根据第三段的第一句“The weak dollar is a source of humiliation, for a nations self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency.”美元的贬值是屈辱的来源，因为一个国家的自尊部分在于货币的势能。选项B符合原文，只是换了一种表达方式。2.根据第三段的内容“a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.”美元贬值使得进口商品价格上涨，汇率上调，所以选项C正确。选项A、B和文章内容相反，选项D在文中没有提及。3.根据第四段的最后一句“Many Europeans now apparently view.a cheap place to vacation, shop and party,”第四段的首句说通常欧洲人认为美国是一个傲慢且排外的超级大国，但是随着美元的贬值，他们认为美国是一个度假购物休闲的好去处。所以选项D正确。4.根据最后一段的倒数第二句“So if you.cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England. ”选项C与原文描述相符。5.根据这句话的上文，也就是第七段的一二句“American tourists, however, shouldnt expect any relief soon. The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up- slowly, and then all at once.”美国游客不应指望很快会有任何缓解。作者讲美元的贬值比喻成婚姻，认为美元短时间内是不会升值的。on a dime是固定短语，意为短时间内。选项A符合原文。4. 单选题Many literary detectives have pored over a great puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust: what happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay attacking the methods of the critic Saint Beuve, turn into the start of the novel Remembrance of Things Past! A recently published letter from Proust to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essentially correct guess about the relationship of the essay to the novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuves blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.Draft passages in Prousts 1909 notebooks indicate that the transition from essay to novel began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in Marcel Proust,Romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Prousts subconscious. As incidents and reflections occurred to Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering and expanding his narrative. But he found it difficult to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. The beginning of control came when he saw how to connect the beginning and the end of his novel.Intrigued by Prousts claim that he had begun and finished Remembrance at the same time, Henri Bonnet discovered that parts of Remembrances last book were actually started in 1909. Already in that year, Proust had drafted descriptions of his novels characters in their old age that would appear in the final book of Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against the ravages of time. The letter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnets researches establish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his essay. But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolbs newly published complete edition of Prousts correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. For until Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a viable structure for Remembrance,he told few correspondents that he was producing anything more ambitious than Contre Saint-Beuve.1.The passage is primarily concerned with（）2.It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are literary detectives who have tried, by means of either scholarship or criticism, to help solve the great puzzle mentioned in Line 1 EXCEPT（）3.According to the passage, in drafts of Contre Saint-Beuve Proust set out to show that Saint-Beuve made which of the following mistakes as a critic?I . Saint-Beuve made no effort to study the development of a novel through its drafts and revisions.II. Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in the creat