2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第192期

2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Put the following two passages into English.通过烟，我们可以看出人与人关系的深浅。客客气气递烟，说明关系尚浅；相互抢着递烟，说明地位相等，或视为相等；随随便便递烟，说明双方关系较深； 伸手到对方口袋里掏烟，掏出来还要散给别人，那就简直是亲密无间，不分彼此的 “铁哥们”了。当今，越来越多的人正更换职业或者开始更具吸引力的二次创业，其动机或者原因不尽相同，但很多人更换职业，因为他们感到厌倦。对一些人来说，二次创业源于他们意识到他们不能从正从事的工作中得到他们想要的东西。他们决定去做他们喜欢并认为重要的事情。前一个职业所花的时间可能会缩小后一个职业的选择范围，所以很少人在人生的中期改换去做一项全新的职业，大多数人改换去做相关领域的一项职业。【答案】Through smoking, we can tell the depth of the interpersonal relationship. Passing cigarettes in a polite manner indicates that the relationship between them is shallow; rushing to give cigarettes each other can explain that the two persons are in an equal status or considered equally; sharing cigarettes casually to each other shows the relationship between them is deeper; stretching out ones hand to get cigarettes and giving them away to others means that the two persons are intimate friends.Nowadays, more and more people are changing their professions or starting the more attractive second undertaking. The motivations or reasons are various, but most of people are making a career change because theyve been really fed up with it. For some people, starting a second business comes from the realization that they cannot get what they want out of what theyre doing. They decide to do the things which they love and consider important. The time spent in the former career can narrow the options for the latter, so few people switch to a new career in the middle of their lives. Instead, most people like to do a profession related to the fields they got involved in before.2. 翻译题Put the following two passages into Chinese.The most significant change thus far in the earth environment began with the industrial revolution for human civilization. Industry meant coals, and later oil, and we now burn a lot of it, which has polluted our environment, so human civilization is now the dominant cause of the change in the global environment. Yet we resist the truth and find it hard to believe that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the force of the moons gravity on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And if we are now capable of changing something such as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, we seem to be unaware of the fragility of the earths natural system.In fact, I think everyone has a small garden and that is our inner world. Peoples intelligence needs to be developed, so does the inner world. The difference between people and animals, in addition to the many well-known, is also in the inner world. The heart is an important organ; however, the inner world is a landscape. It gradually took shape under the constant influence of the outside world on the heart. Everyone is so concerned about the health of the hearts of their beloved ones as well as his that a slight disease would cause great anxiety. But not everyone is concerned about the inner world of themselves and their beloved ones.【答案】迄今为止，地球环境最重大的变化始于人类文明的工业革命。工业意味着煤，随后是石油，这两者的燃烧污染了环境，因此人类文明是目前造成全球环境变化的主要原因。然而，我们却拒绝承认这个事实，也很难相信我们对地球的影响现在必须用计算月球对海洋的引力或风对山脉的力量的同一标准来衡量。如果我们有能力改变像地球与太阳之间的关系这样重要事物的话，我们必须承认自己有责任合理谨慎使用这些权利。然而，到目前为止，我们似乎没有意识到地球自然系统的脆弱性。实际上，我认为每个人都有一个花园，那就是我们的内心世界。人的才智需要开发，内心世界也一样。人与动物之间的区别，除了众所周知的一些特征，还包括内心世界。心脏是一个重要的器官，然而，内心世界却是一道风景。它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都非常关心他们所爱的人以及他自己的心脏健康，以至于一场轻微的疾病都会引起巨大的焦虑。但并不是每个人都关心自己和爱人的内心世界。3. 翻译题Put the following Iwo passages into Chinese.Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation. It is the function of education, the function of all of the great institutions of learning in the United Stales, to provide continuity for our national life to transmit to youth the best of our culture that has been tested in the fire of history. It is equally the obligation of education to train the minds and the talents of our youth; to improve, through creative citizenship, our American institutions in accord with the requirements of the future. We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.Fame is very much like an animal chasing its tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it. Fame and celebrity that accompanies it, force the famous person to participate in his or her own destruction. Ironic, isnt it? Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of possessing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc. The successful performer develops a style that is marketed aggressively and gains some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy. But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year, or the painter becomes bored painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly. The demand of the public holds the artist to his or her own success, fame. If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc., the audience may turn away and look to confer fame on another and then, in time, on another, and so on and so on.【答案】永恒的真理如果不在新的社会形势下赋予新的意义，它要么就不是真理，要么就不是永恒的。它是教育的功能，是美国所有伟大学府的功能，为我们国家的生活提供延续把我们在历史的烈火中经受住考验的精华文化传给年轻人。教育同样有责任培养我们青年一代的思想和才能；通过创造性的公民身份来改善我们美国的制度，使之符合未来的要求。我们不能为我们青年创造未来，但是我们能针对未来造就我们的青年。名誉很像一只追逐自己尾巴的动物，在抓住之后除了继续追逐外，不知道还有其它什么事可做。随之而来的名望迫使名人参与到他/她自己的毁灭中。很讽刺，不是吗？那些成名的人往往是因为拥有某种才能或技能：唱歌，跳舞，绘画或者写作等。成功的表演者发展成一种风格，在市场上非常受欢迎，正因为受欢迎，表演者继续以同样的风格表演，因为这似乎是公众想要并且所欣赏的。但随着时间的推移，表演者厌倦了年复一年地用同样的方式唱同一首歌，画家厌倦了画同样的场景或者肖像或者演员不想再重复出演同样的角色。公众的需求使艺术家得以成名。如果这个艺术家试图改变他/她的写作、跳舞或者歌唱风格等，观众可能会转身把名誉给另外一个人，然后随着时间的推移再给另一个人，如此反复下去。4. 单选题The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Mans brief life it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the seasonal growth and fall of the leaves, but to forester it represents the climax of a long succession of events. No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all lime. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earths surface has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive. However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes occurs, called a primary succession.First to colonize the barren land are the lowly lichens, surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris accumulates, and mosses establish a shallow root hold. Ferns may follow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually from a covering of plant life. Roots probe even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first tress. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination-closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years.Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivation. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coats of mammals. For as long as it stands and thrives, the forest is a vast machine, storing energy and many elements essential for life.1.What does the forest strike mankind as permanent?2.What has sometimes caused plants to die out of the past?3.In a “primary succession”，what makes it possible for mosses to take root?4.What conditions are needed for shrubs to become established?5.Why is a “secondary succession” quicker?问题1选项A.The trees are in community.B.The forest is renewed each season.C.Mans life is short in comparison.D.It is an essential part of our lives.问题2选项A.Interference from foresters.B.Variations in climate.C.The absence of wooded land.D.The introduction of new type of plants.问题3选项A.The type of rock.B.The amount of sunlight.C.The amount of moisture.D.The effect of lichens.问题4选项A.Ferns must take root.B.The ground must be covered with grass.C.More soil must accumulate.D.Smaller plants must die out.问题5选项A.The ground is more suitable.B.There is more space new plants.C.Birds and animals bring new seeds.D.It is supported by the forest.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“对于人类来说，森林的永恒之处在于”。文章第一段第二句提到“对于人类短暂的生命来说，森林似乎是永恒不变的”（In terms of Mans brief life it appears permanent and unchanging），因此选项C“相比之下，人类生命很短暂”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“以前有时导致植物灭绝的因素是什么”。文章第一段提到“在过去，地球表面每个部分都曾因为太干或者太冷而使植物无法生存”（in ages past, virtually every part of Earths surface has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive），由此可知气候原因导致某些植物灭绝，选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“在初级演替中，什么是苔藓生长成为可能”。文章第二段第一二句提到“首先在贫瘠土地上生长的是地衣，它们生长在光秃秃的岩石上。慢慢地，这些微生物产生的酸性物质破坏了岩石的表面，植物碎屑堆集，苔藓会建立一个很浅的根系”（First to colonize the barren land are the lowly lichens, surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris accumulates, and mosses establish a shallow root hold），由此可知是因为有地衣，才有苔藓成长的可能。选项D符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“灌木稳固生长需要什么条件”。文章第二段第三句提到“紧接着可能出现的是蕨类植物，短草和灌木逐渐从植物覆盖的土壤中开始生长”（Ferns may follow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually from a covering of plant life），蕨类生长的前提是苔藓形成的土壤层，因此可知灌木要生长需要累积更多的土壤，选项C符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“第二次演替较快的原因是”。文章最后一段提到“如果这篇土地被废气了，就会发生第二次演替，在更适合生长的土壤将发展得更快”（If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil），因此选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Grandma Moses is among the most celebrated twentieth century painters of the United States, yet she had barely started painting before she was in her late seventies. As she once said of herself: “I would never sit back in a rocking chair, waiting for someone to help me.” No one could have had a more productive age.She was born Anna Mary Robertson on a farm in New York State, one of five boys and five girls. (“We came in bunches, like radishes.)At twelve she left home and was in domestic service until, at twenty seven, she married Tomas Moses, the hired hand of one of her employers. They farmed most of their lives, first in Virginia and then in New York State, at Eagle Bridge. She had ten children, of whom five survived; her husband died in 1927. Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a hobby, but only switched to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pass the time. Her pictures were first sold at the local drugstore and at a fair, and were soon spotted by a dealer who bought everything she painted. Three of the pictures were exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art, and in 1940 she had her first exhibition in New York. Between the 1930s and her death she produced some 2,000 pictures: detailed and lively portrayals of the rural life she had known for so long, with a marvelous sense of color and form. I think really hard till I think of something really pretty, and then I paint it” she said.1.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?2.According to the passage, Grandma Moses began to paint because she wanted to（ ）.3.From Grandma Moses description of herself in the first paragraph, it can be inferred that she was（ ）.4.Grandma Moses spent most of her life（ ）.5.In line 14, the word “spotted” could best be replaced by（ ）.问题1选项A.Grandma Moses: A Biographical Sketch.B.The Children of Grandma Moses.C.Grandma Moses: Her Best Exhibition.D.Grandma Moses and Other Older Artists.问题2选项A.decorate her homeB.keep activeC.improve her salaryD.gain an international reputation问题3选项A.independentB.prettyC.wealthyD.timid问题4选项A.nursingB.paintingC.embroideriesD.farming问题5选项A.speckledB.featuredC.noticedD.damaged【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“最适合做文章标题的是”。文章全文讲述了Grandma Moses的个人及艺术生涯，选项A符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“Grandma Moses开始画画是为了”。文章第一段提到“我不想坐在摇椅上等别人来帮助我”（I would never sit back in a rocking chair, waiting for someone to help me），第二段提到“想让自己把持忙碌来打发时间”（she wanted to keep busy and pass the time），由此可知选项B“保持活跃”符合题意。3.判断推理题。题目问的是“从第一段中Grandma Moses对于自己的描述可以得知”。文章第一段提到“我不想坐在摇椅上等别人来帮助我”（I would never sit back in a rocking chair, waiting for someone to help me），可以看出她是一个非常独立的人，选项A符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“Grandma Moses大部分时间花在了”。文章第二段提到“他们大半生时间是在农场度过的”（They farmed most of their lives），由此可知选项D符合题意。5.词义题。题目问的是“spotted可以由哪个词代替”。文章第二段中提到“（她的画作）很快被一个经销商，买走了她画的所有东西”（and were soon spotted by a dealer who bought everything she painted），可以推测画作很快被发现，接着被买走，因此，spotted在这里的意思应该是“被发现，被注意到”，选项C符合题意。6. 单选题Despite wars, famines, and epidemics, Earths population is booming ahead to new records with no end in sight.Every day, the world adds enough people to populate a medium-sized city in the US. In one month, the number of new world citizens equals the population of New York City. Every year, there are 90 million more mouths to feed, more than the total population of Germany.Several factors are propelling this rapid growth, including an element that of often overlooked; the huge number of teenagers who are becoming mothers, particularly in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa.In four African nations-Niger, Mali, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast-1 out of every 5 adolescent females of childbearing age has a baby annually.The US Bureau of the Census says this high rate of motherhood among teens has helped to maintain the high pace of births across most of the African continent. By starting a family early, a typical woman in Somalia, for instance, has seven children during her lifetime. Equally large families are the rule in Zambia, Zaire, Uganda, Mauritania, Mali, Malawi, and Ethiopia.The current record-holder for fertility is strife-torn Rwanda, where a typical mother has at least eight or nine children.While population experts often focus on Africas problems, analysts note that teenaged mothers are also far more prevalent in the United States than in France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, or Britain.This issue-“babies having babies”-has recently gained prominence in the US. Teenaged motherhood in the US has fueled an expansion of the State-federal welfare system and brought cries for welfare reform from lawmakers.With its high rate of teen births, the US now ranks alongside Indonesia and parts of South America, and only modestly ahead of Mexico, India, and Pakistan.Overall, the fertility rate among Americans remains relatively low at 2.1 births per woman- about the replacement level. Although the US population is expected to climb steadily, from 260 million today to 323 million by 2020, most of that growth will come from immigration.The Census Bureau estimates that in Haiti, where thousands of citizens are trying to flee to the US because of military oppression and poverty, AIDS will cut the annual growth rate during the next 25 years from 2.1 percent to 1.3 percent.The decline in growth is even sharper in the Central African Republic, where rates will dip from 2.4 percent to 0.7 percent. In Thailand, which already had low birth rates, ADIS will drive population downward to 0.8 percent a year.In the 16 countries that are hit hardest, AIDS will lower populations by 121 million over expected projections by 2020. In Africa, the impact of AIDS is so great that trends toward longer life spans during the past 40 years being reversed. Some nations will suffer declines in average life spans of 0 to 30 years compared with expected life spans without AIDS.In the US, where AIDS is also a substantial problem the impact will be lower because the disease is mostly limited to homosexuals and drug user, says Peter Way, a Census Bureau research. In many African nations, AIDS is prevalent among the heterosexual populations, with sharply boosts infant mortality.A compelling chapter in the research deals with aging. Today the median age in developed countries is 35, and that in developing nations is only 23. By 2020, the corresponding figures will be 42 and 28.Today there are fewer adults over 60 (525 million) than children under 5 (636 million). As the world population ages, by 2020 the number over 60 will be more than 1 billion, while those under 5 will total 717 million.1.Sub-Saharan African countries（ ）.2.The passage states teenaged births are（ ）.3.The population growth rate in the US is（ ）.4.From the factual data in the passage, we know that by the year 2020（ ）.5.The passage implies that by the year 2020（ ）.问题1选项A.will have the largest world population by 2020B.have the highest reproductive rate in the worldC.are only modestly affected by AIDSD.will have increasingly long life span问题2选项A.rare in developed countriesB.most prevalent in IndonesiaC.common in RwandaD.solely responsible for population increase问题3选项A.higher than that in IndiaB.lower than that in MexicoC.higher than that in IndonesiaD.lower than that in South America问题4选项A.the population growth rates in Thailand will have increasedB.there will be disproportionate number of older peopleC.US population growth rate will stabilizeD.the average age of Europeans will be 35问题5选项A.birth rates will be curbed in developing countriesB.there will no longer be a population problemC.there will be too many young childrenD.the distribution of the worlds population will have altered【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“撒哈拉以南非洲国家”。文章第六段提到“人口出生率记录的现在保持者是饱受战乱的卢旺达，那里一位母亲至少有八个或九个小孩”（The current record-holder for fertility is strife-torn Rwanda, where a typical mother has at least eight or nine children），由此可知选项B“有世界上最强的繁殖能力”符合题意，2.推理判断题。题目问的是“文章称青少年当母亲”。提到“人口出生率记录的现在保持者是饱受战乱的卢旺达，那里一位母亲至少有八个或九个小孩”（The current record-holder for fertility is strife-torn Rwanda, where a typical mother has at least eight or nine children），由此可知在卢旺达生孩子的年龄偏小是中普遍现象，选项C符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“美国人口增长率”。文章第九段提到“由于美国高的青少年为人母比率高，它的出生率现在跟上了印度尼西亚和非洲的部分地区，比墨西哥，印度以及巴基斯坦稍微高些”（With its high rate of teen births, the US now ranks alongside Indonesia and parts of South America, and only modestly ahead of Mexico, India, and Pakistan），由此可知选项A符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文中的实际数字，我们知道到2020年的时候”。文章最后一段最后一句话提到“随着世界人口老龄化，到2020年，60岁以上的人口将超过10亿，而5岁以下的人口总数将达到7.71亿”（As the world population ages, by 2020 the number over 60 will be more than 1 billion, while those under 5 will total 717 million），选项B“将出现比例失调的老年人数量”符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“文章暗示到2020年”。文章提到了不同国家的人口出生率，以及最后提到世界人口老龄化程度加剧，都说明世界人口分布将发生变化，选项D符合题意。7. 单选题Cancer researchers are learning to read genes like a crystal ball to predict how patients will respond to cancer therapy, who will suffer the worst side effects and what treatments may be best for a particular patient. Foreseeing the outcome of treatment, and knowing with certainty which drugs are best for individual patients, have long been the goals of cancer researchers.For at least 40 years, oncologists have puzzled over why some patients respond so well to chemotherapy while others obtain modest benefits or none at all. The discovery decades ago that linked a chromosome abnormality to one form of leukemia paved the way for the development of the drug Gleevec by Druker