2022年考博英语-通用考博英语考试名师点拨押题密卷93（含答案详解）

2022年考博英语-通用考博英语考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 翻译题现在我们正面临着一项严峻的挑战：全球变暖。地球气候持续恶化，正在演变成一场事关紧要的战争，而从任何一个方面来看，美国正在输掉这场战争。美国每年释放的温室气体约占全球总量的25%，并声称它不打算采取任何减排措施。困难还在于，即使绝大多数人认为气候变化是个全球性的紧急事件，如何解决这个问题很难达成共识。工业界提出自己的方案，可惜这些方案通常解决不了什么问题。环保主义者也献策，可惜他们的方案往往过于天真，以至于会严重阻碍美国社会和经济的发展。但是一个宏大而有效的方案到底是什么样的呢？如何才能让我们同时拥有安全的环境和良好的经济增长？然而，只要我们能制定出可行的战略，将短期措施和长远目标结合起来，将务实精神和雄心壮志结合起来，我们就能做到既不损害经济，又帮助遏制气候变化带来的最坏影响，并保证我们的后代在这个世界上能生存下来。要实现这个目标，最需要的是决心和意志。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】Now we are confronted with a formidable challenge: global warming. The global climate goes on deteriorating and is evolving into a crucial war the United States is losing from any perspective. Every year, the United States emits nearly 25% of the global greenhouse gases and claims that it has no intention of taking any emission-reduction measures. The difficulty also lies in the fact that even the overwhelming majority of people consider the climate change to be a global emergency, it is very difficult to find a commom ground as to how to solve those problems. The industrial world has come up with schemes, which unfortunately are not solutions to problems. Environmentalists also suggest ways and means, but regrettably their schemes are so naive that they may hinder the social and economic development of the United States. But what on earth is a grand and effective scheme like? How can we possess both a safe environment and a fantastic economic growth?However, as long as we work out feasible tactics, combine short-term measures with long-term goals, integrate practical spirit with ambition, we can not only protect economy but also help hold back the worst effects caused by climate changes and ensure that our descendents survive in the world. To realize this goal, what we need most is determination and will.2. 单选题Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.问题1选项A.They form the basis on which he builds his theory of love.B.They were carried out over a period of some thirty years.C.They were done by his former colleague at Yale.D.They are focused more on attraction than love.问题2选项A.The relationship cannot last long if no passion is involved.B.It is not love if you dont wish to maintain the relationship.C.Romance is just impossible without mutual understanding.D.Intimacy is essential but not absolutely indispensable to love.18.问题3选项A.Whether it is true love without commitment.B.Which of them is considered most important.C.How the relationship is to be defined if any one is missing.D.When the absence of any one doesnt affect the relationship.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C【解析】Recording OneOkay. So lets get started. And to start things off I think what we need to do is consider a definition. Im going to define what love is but then 16 most of the experiments Im going to talk about are really focused more on attraction than love. And Im going to pick a definition from a former colleague, Robert Sternberg, who is now the dean at Tufts University but was here on our faculty at Yale for nearly thirty years. And he has a theory of love that argues that its made up of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment, or what is sometimes called decision commitment. And these are relatively straightforward. He argued that you dont have love if you dont have all three of these elements. Intimacy is the feeling of closeness, of connectedness with someone, of bonding. Operationally, you could think of intimacy as you share secrets, you share information with this person that you dont share with anybody else. Okay. Thats really what intimacy is, the bond that comes from sharing information that isnt shared with other people. The second element is passion. Passion is the drive that leads to romance. You can think of it as physical attraction. And Sternberg argues that this is a required component of a love relationship. The third element of love in Sternbergs theory is what he calls decision commitment, the decision that one is in a love relationship, the willingness to label it as such, and a commitment to maintain that relationship at least for some period of time. 17 Sternberg would argue its not love if you dont call it love and if you dont have some desire to maintain the relationship. So if you have all three of these, intimacy, passion and commitment, in Sternbergs theory you have love. 18 Now whats interesting about the theory is what do you have if you only have one out of three or two out of three? What do you have and how is it different if you have a different two out of three? Whats interesting about this kind of theorizing is it gives rise to many different combinations that can be quite interesting when you break them down and start to look at them carefully. So what Ive done is Ive taken Sternbergs three elements of love, intimacy, passion and commitment, and Ive listed out the different kinds of relationships you would have if you had zero, one, two or three out of the three elements.16. What does the speaker say about most of the experiments mentioned in his talk?【试题答案】D【试题解析】题目问关于演讲中提到的大多数实验，说话者说了什么? 录音开头提到说话者要给爱下定义，接下来指出将要谈论的大多数实验实际上更多地聚焦于吸引力而不是爱。D选项“更多地聚焦于吸引力而不是爱”是录音原文的复现，因此正确。A选项“它们形成了他建立爱的理论的基础”在录音中并没有提及；B选项“它们实施了大约三十年了”，利用录音中的thirty years设置的干扰项，录音中说的是说话人的同事在耶鲁工作了近30年，并不是说实验实施了大约30年；C选项“是他在耶鲁大学的前同事做的”录音中确实提到了说话人以前的同事，但并没有信息表明这些实验是他在耶鲁的前同事做的， 因此C选项排除。17. What does Robert Sternberg argue about love?【试题答案】B【试题解析】题目问Robert Sternberg对爱有什么看法？录音提到在Sternberg的理论中，爱的第三个要素就是他所说的决定承诺。他主张，如果你不把它称之为爱，如果你没有想要维持这段关系的想法，那就不是爱。B选项中的wish to是对录音原文中have some desire to的同义替换，因此B选项“如果你不想维持这段关系，那就不是爱”正确。A选项“如果没有激情，这段关系就不会长久”这一信息在录音中并没有提及；C选项“没有相互理解，不可能有浪漫”中并没有提及mutual understanding（相互理解）；D选项“对于爱来讲，亲密是基本的，但并非绝对必要”，根据Sternberg的理论，爱的三要素就包括intimacy，因此D选项不正确。18. What question does the speaker think is interesting about Sternbergs three elements of love?【试题答案】C【试题解析】题目问关于Sternberg的爱情三要素，说话者认为哪个问题很有趣？录音最后提到，根据Sternberg的理论，如果你拥有了亲密、激情和承诺这三个要素，你就拥有了爱。但现在关于这个理论有趣的问题是，如果你只拥有三个中的一个或两个的话，那你拥有的是什么呢？也就是说，如果其中任何一个要素缺失，那么该如何定义这段关系？C选项与原文表述相符，因此正确。A选项“没有承诺是否是真正的爱”，这一问题，Sternberg已经给出明确的答案：没有承诺就不是真正的爱，因此A选项可排除；B选项“哪一个被认为是最重要的”并不是说话者认为很有趣的问题；D选项“当缺少了任何一个要素，都不会影响这段关系”与录音表述不符，因此可排除。3. 单选题Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.问题1选项A.She was uninterested in advertising.B.She found her outfit inappropriate.C.She was unhappy with fashion trends.D.She often checked herself in a mirror.问题2选项A.To save the trouble of choosing a unique outfit every day.B.To meet the expectations of fashion-conscious clients.C.To keep up with the current trends.D.To save the expenses on clothing.问题3选项A.It enhances peoples ability to work independently.B.It helps people succeed in whatever they are doing.C.It matters a lot in jobs involving interaction with others.D.It boosts ones confidence when looking for employment.问题4选项A.Design their own uniform to appear unique.B.Wear classic pieces to impress their clients.C.Fight the ever-changing trends in fashion.D.Do whatever is possible to look smart.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】Passage TwoI work in advertising and I like to keep up with current trends, mainly because Im aware that we live in an image-obsessed world. 12 However, when I first started my job, occasionally Id catch a glimpse of myself in the lifts and find myself thinking that I looked a total mess. Was I being held back by my choice of clothing? The short answer is yes, especially when clients are quick to judge you on your style rather than your work. 13 But no one can be unique with their outfit every day. I mean thats why uniforms were invented. So heres what I did. I created my own uniform. To do this, I chose an appropriate outfit. Then I bought multiple items of the same style in different shades. Now I never worry about what Im wearing in the morning, even if I do get a bit tired of just wearing the same classic pieces. Overall, when it comes to work, you have to ask yourself: will looking smarter enhance my ability to do my job? For some, this question may not be an issue at all, especially if you work remotely and rarely see your colleagues or clients face to face. 14 But if your job involves interacting with other people, the answer to this is often yes. So rather than fighting the system, 15 I think we should just do whatever helps us to achieve our goals at work. If that means playing it safe with your image, then lets face it. Its probably worth it.12. What do we learn about the speaker when she first started her job?【试题答案】B【试题解析】题目问说话者刚开始工作的时候，我们可以了解到什么？录音开头提到，当说话者刚开始工作的时候，偶尔会在电梯里瞥一眼自己，发现自己看起来一团糟（I looked a total mess）。后面指出，之所以一团糟是因为服装的原因，因此B选项“她发现她的服装很不合适”正确。A选项“对广告不感兴趣”利用录音开头的“advertising”设置干扰，录音说的是说话人从事的是广告业，并未提及她对广告业不感兴趣，因此排除；C选项“她对时尚潮流不满意”，录音开头说的是，说话者喜欢跟随当下的潮流，因此C选项不正确；D选项“她经常照镜子检查自己”在录音中并未提及，因此也可排除。13. Why were uniforms invented, according to the speaker?【试题答案】A【试题解析】题目问说话者谈及的制服被发明的原因。录音中提到，没有人可以每天穿着独一无二的衣服，这就是制服被发明的原因。A选项“为了省去每天选不同衣服的烦恼”与原文意思表述相符，因此正确。B选项“满足有时尚意识的客户的期望”和D选项“节省服装开支”在录音中均未提及，因此排除；C选项“跟上当前的潮流”，利用录音开头的keep up with current trends设置干扰，但这并不是发明制服的原因，因此不正确。14. What does the speaker say about looking smarter?【试题答案】C【试题解析】题目问的是说话者关于“看起来更时尚”的看法。在录音后半部分，说话者提出一个问题，即看起来更时尚是否会提升我们的工作能力，接下来随即对此进行了回答，如果你的工作需要与其他人进行面对面交谈，则答案是肯定的，C选项“这在需要与他人接洽的工作中很重要”与原文意思表述一致，因此正确。A选项“这能提高人们独立工作的能力”和D选项“这能增强求职者的信心”在录音中均没有信息提及，因此排除。B选项“这帮助人们在他们所做的任何事情上取得成功”说法过于绝对，不符合题意。15. What does the speaker advise people to do in an image-obsessed world?【试题答案】D【试题解析】题目问在这个看重外貌形象的世界里，说话者建议人们怎么做？录音结尾提到，说话者认为人们应该竭尽所能去做能实现工作目标的事情，包括谨慎塑造自己的形象，这都是值得的。D选项“做任何能（使我们的形象）看起来时尚的事情”与原文意思符合，因此正确。A选项“设计他们自己的制服，使其看起来独一无二”；B选项“穿经典的衣服给客户留下深刻印象”和C选项“对抗不断变化的时尚潮流”均不正确，在原文找不到相关依据，因此排除。4. 单选题Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.问题1选项A.Not benefiting from free-market capitalism.B.Not playing a role in a workplace revolution.C.Not spending enough time on family life and leisure.D.Not earning enough money to provide for the family.问题2选项A.People would be working only fifteen hours a week now.B.Most workers could afford to have a house of their own.C.The balance of power in the workplace would change.D.Technological advances would create many new jobs.问题3选项A.Loss of workers personal dignity.B.Deprivation of workers creativity.C.Unequal distribution of working hours.D.Deterioration of workers mental health.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D【解析】Recording TwoFree-market capitalism hasnt freed usit has trapped us. Its imperative for us to embrace a work-place revolution. We are unlikely to spend our last moments regretting that we didnt spend enough of our lives slaving away at work. 19 We may instead find ourselves feeling guilty about the time we didnt spend watching our children grow, or with our loved ones, or travelling, or on the cultural or leisure pursuits that bring us happiness. Unfortunately, the average full-time employee in the world works 42 hours a week, well over a third of the time we are awake. Some of our all too precious time is being stolen: office workers do around two billion hours of unpaid overtime each year. So it is extremely welcome that some government coalitions have started looking into potentially cutting the working week to four days.The champions of free market capitalism promised their way of life would bring us freedom. But it wasnt freedom at all: from the lack of secure, affordable housing to growing job insecurity and rising personal debt, the individual is trapped. 20 Nine decades ago, leading economists predicted that technological advances and rising productivity would mean that wed be working a 15-hour week by now: that target has been somewhat missed.Here is the most malignant threat to our personal freedom, particularly as the balance of power in the workplace has been shifted so dramatically from worker to boss. A huge portion of our lives involves the surrender of our freedom and personal autonomy. Its time in which we are directed by the needs and desires of others, and denied the right to make our own choices. Thats bad for us: it is hardly surprising that 21 over half a million workers suffer from work-related mental health conditions each year, or that 15.4 million working days were lost to work-related stress last year, a jump of nearly a quarter.Yes, there are those who, far from being overworked, actually seek more hours. But a shorter working week would enable us to redistribute hours from the overworked to the underworked. We need to look at ways of cutting the working week without slashing living standards: after all, the worlds workers have already suffered the worst deduction in wages since the early 1800s. And cutting the working week would be conducive to the individual, giving millions of workers more time to spend as they see fit.19. What do people often feel guilty about according to the speaker?【试题答案】C【试题解析】题目问的是根据说话者的说法，人们通常对什么感到内疚？录音开头提到，我们可能会觉得内疚，因为我们没有花时间看着我们的孩子成长或去追求那些带给我们快乐的休闲活动。因此C选项“没有花足够的时间在家庭生活和休闲上”正确。A选项“没有从自由市场资本主义中受益”，虽然录音处处透露出自由市场资本主义带给人的 不好影响，但是说话者没有指出人们对此感到内疚，因此A选项可排除。B选项“没有在职场革命中发挥作用”和D选项“挣的钱不够养家”在录音中均未提及。20. What did leading economists predict 90 years ago?【试题答案】A【试题解析】题目问90年前一流的经济学家预测了什么？录音提到，90年前一流的经济学家曾预测现在的我们每周只需工作15个小时，因此A选项“现在人们一周只工作15个小时”与录音原文表述一致。B选项“大多数工作者都有钱买房子”，录音中提及的是从缺乏安全的、负担得起的住房，到工作越来越得不到保障，再到个人债务不断增加，个人被困住了，并没有提及大多数人都有钱买房子，因此B选项不正确；C选项“工作场所的权力平衡将会改变”，录音中虽然提到相关信息，但这并不是经济学家的预测，因此C选项可排除；D选项“技术进步将创造许多新的工作岗位”在录音中并没有提及。21. What is the result of denying workers right to make their own choices?【试题答案】D【试题解析】题目问剥夺劳动者自主选择权的后果是什么？录音提到，我们被剥夺了选择的权利。这对我们是不利的：每年有超过50万的劳动者受累于与工作相关的精神健康问题。由此可知，D选项“劳动者心理健康状况恶化”与之意思符合，所以正确。A选项“丧失劳动者的人格尊严”和B选项“剥夺劳动者的创造力”在录音中没有提及；C选项“工作时间分配不均”，利用redistribute hours设置干扰，录音只是说更短的工作周将使我们能够重新分配工作时间，并没有提到分配不均的问题，因此C选项错误。5. 单选题Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.问题1选项A.To fight childhood obesity.B.To help disadvantaged kids.C.To urge kids to follow their role models.D.To encourage kids to play more sports.问题2选项A.They are most effective when appearing on TV.B.They best boost product sales when put online.C.They are becoming more and more prevalent.D.They impress kids more than they do adults.问题3选项A.Do what they advocate in public.B.Always place kids interest first.C.Pay attention to their image before children.D.Message positive behaviors at all times.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D【解析】Recording ThreeToday, Id like to talk about what happens when celebrity role models get behind healthy habits but at the same time promote junk food? 23 Currently, there is mounting criticism of Michelle Obamas Lets Move! Campaign, which fights childhood obesity by encouraging youngsters to become more physically active, and has signed on singer Beyonce, and basketball player Shaquille ONeal, both of whom also endorse sodas, which are a major contributor to the obesity epidemic. Now theres a lot more evidence of how powerful a celebrityespecially a professional athletecan be in influencing childrens behavior.In a report published by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University, researchers studied 100 professional athletes and their endorsement contracts. The team focused on athletes since they are theoretically the best role models for active, healthy lifestyles for children. After sorting the deals by category, they determined that among the 512 brands associated with the athletes, most involved sporting goods, followed closely by food and beverage brands.Sports drinks, which are often high in sugar and calories made up most of the food and drink deals, with soft drinks and fast food filling out the remainder. Of the 46 beverages endorsed by professional athletes, 93% relied exclusively on sugar for all of their calories.Its no surprise that high profile athletes can influence childrens eating behaviors, but the scientists were able to quantify how prevalent these endorsements are in the childrens environment. Advertisements featuring professional athletes and their endorsed products tend to get impressive exposure, on TV, radio, in print and online. And in 2010, 24 the researchers reported that children ages 12 to 17 saw more athlete-endorsed food and beverage brand commercials than adults.One reason any campaign wants a popular celebrity spokesperson is because kids are attracted to them no matter what they are doing. We cant expect kids to turn off that admiration when the same person is selling sugar. At best, kids might be confused. At worst, theyll think the messages about soda are the same as the messages about water. But those two beverages arent the same.If children are turning to athletes as role models, its in their best interest if their idols are consistent. 25 Consistent messaging of positive behaviors will show healthier lifestyles for kids to follow.23. What is the aim of Michelle Obamas campaign?【试题答案】A【试题解析】题目问米歇尔奥巴马竞选的目的是什么？录音开头提到目前针对米歇尔奥巴马的“让我们动起来”的运动有越来越多的评论，该运动鼓励孩子多参加运动来对抗儿童肥胖。因此米歇尔奥巴马发起该运动的目的就是对抗儿童肥胖，A选项与原文表述一致，因此正确。B选项“帮助弱势儿童”；C选项“敦促孩子们跟随他们的榜样”在录音中均未提及；D选项“鼓励孩子多运动”最具干扰性，这是对抗儿童肥胖的方式，并不是最终的目的，因此不正确。24. What does research find about advertisements featuring professional athletes?【试题答案】D【试题解析】题目问关于职业运动员广告的研究发现了什么？根据录音，2010年，研究人员报道指出，12到17岁的孩子比成年人看更多由运动员代言的食品和饮料品牌的广告。也就是说，由专业运动员代言的广告给孩子留下的印象比给成年人留下的更深刻。D选项“他们给孩子留下的印象比给成年人留下的印象更深刻”与原文表述相符，因此正确。A选项“出现在电视上最有效”；B选项“放在网上时最能促进产品销量”，利用TV和online设置干扰项，录音原文并没有对这些广告出现在什么地方最有效进行对此，因此可排除；C选项“它们变得越来越普遍”在录音中并未提及，因此也可排除。25. What does the speaker think kids idols should do?【试题答案】D【试题解析】题目问说话者认为孩子们的偶像应该做什么？录音最后提到，如果孩子们以运动员为榜样，如果他们的这些偶像能够始终如一，那么孩子们将得到最大的益处。持续传达积极行为的信息能向孩子们展现他们应该要追随的更健康的生活方式，所以讲话人认为孩子们的偶像应该一直传达积极行为的信息。D选项中的at all times是录音中consistent的同义表达，因此D选项“时刻传达积极的行为”正确。A选项“做他们向公众提倡的事情”；B选项“总是把孩子的利益放在首位”以及C选项“在孩子面前注意他们的形象”在录音中均没有提及，因此排除。6. 单选题Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.问题1选项A.He found there had been little research on their language.B.He was trying to preserve the languages of the Indian tribes.C.His contact with a social worker had greatly aroused his interest in the tribe.D.His meeting with Gonzalez had made him eager to learn more about the tribe.问题2选项A.He taught Copeland to speak the Tarahumaras language.B.He persuaded the Tarahumaras to accept Copelands gifts.C.He recommended one of his best friends as an interpreter.D.He acted as an intermediary between Copeland and the villagers.问题3选项A.Unpredictable.B.Unjustifiable.C.Laborious.D.Tedious.问题4选项A.Their appreciation of help from the outsiders.B.Their sense of sharing and caring.C.Their readiness to adapt to technology.D.Their belief in creating wealth for themselves.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】Passage TwoThe idea to study the American Indian tribe, Tarahumaras, came to James Copeland in 1984, 12 when he discovered that very little research had been done on their language. He contacted a tribe member through a social worker who worked with the tribesmen in Mexico. At first, the tribe member, named Gonzalez, was very reluctant to cooperate. He told Copeland that no amount of money could buy his language. But after Copeland explained to him what he intended to do with his research and how it would benefit the Tarahumaras, Gonzalez agreed to help. 13 He took Copeland to his village and served as an intermediary. Copeland says: “Thanks to him, the Tarahumaras understood what our mission was and started trusting us.”14