2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考前模拟强化练习题39（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题Happiness is a byproduct of something else. The most obvious sources are those pursuits that give our lives purposeanything from studying insects to playing baseball. The more passions we have, the more happiness we are likely to experience. Finally, the belief that something permanent transcends us and that our existence has some larger meaning can help us be happier. We need a spiritual faith, or a philosophy of life. Whatever your philosophy, it should include this truism: if you choose to find the awful, you will be cursed. As with happiness itself, this is largely your decision to make.【答案】幸福是由其他东西附带来的。最明显的来源就是那些赋予我们生活以目的的追求从研究昆虫到打棒球都是。我们感兴趣的事情越多，我们就越能感受到幸福。最终，相信某种永恒的东西可以超越我们，相信我们的存在有更大的意义，这样的信念可以使我们更快乐。我们需要一种精神信仰，或者说一种生活哲学。无论你的哲学是什么，它都应该包含这样一个不言自明的道理：如果你选择寻找可怕的东西，那么你将会被诅咒。就像幸福本身一样，这在很大程度上取决于你的决定。2. 单选题The word “conservation” has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”. Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-terms climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyones daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of mans fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.1. The authors attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources is _.2. According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that _.3. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didnt realize _.4. To avoid repeating the mistake of our forefathers, the author suggests that _.5. What does the author imply by saying “living space. is figured. also in cubic volume above the earth” (Para. 3)?问题1选项A.positiveB.neutralC.suspiciousD.critical问题2选项A.they had no idea about scientific forestryB.they had little or no sense of environmental protectionC.they were not aware of the significance of nature studyD.they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials问题3选项A.the interdependence of water, soil, and living thingsB.the importance of the proper use of landC.the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floodsD.the value of the beauty of nature问题4选项A.we plant more treesB.natural science be taught to everybodyC.environmental education be directed toward everyoneD.we return to nature问题5选项A.Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller.B.Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.C.We need to take some measure to protect space.D.We must preserve good living conditions for both birds and animals.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1. 观点态度题。题干“作者对自然资源开发现状的态度是_。”根据原文第3段第1句For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers.（为了我们自己和后人的利益，我们现在必须着手弥补前人的错误。）可知，作者认为前人对自然资源开采的行为是错误的，并且后文一直在写我们应该怎样节约资源、保护环境，所以D选项“批评的”最符合，排除A选项“肯定的”、B选项“中立的”、C选项“怀疑的”。因此，本题最佳选项为D。2. 判断推理题。根据题干关键词“the greatest mistake of our forefathers”（我们前人最大的错误）定位到原文第3段第1、2句For the sake ofrepairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyones daily life.（为了我们自己和后人的利益，我们现在必须着手弥补前人的错误。因此，保护环境应该成为每个人日常生活的一部分。）为了弥补前人的错误，我们要保护环境，说明前人的行为破坏了环境，没有意识到保护环境的重要性。B选项“他们几乎没有环境保护意识”表述与原文相符。A、C选项可定位到原文第2段第1句Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea（五十年前，自然研究不是学校工作的一部分；科学林业是一个新概念）科学林业在50年前虽然是一个新概念，但前人对他并不是一无所知，选项表述错误，且这并不能说明“对科学林业一无所知”并不是“最大的错误”，排除A选项“他们对科学林业一无所知”；同理，原文只是提到了“自然研究不是学校工作的一部分”，这不能说明“没有意识到自然研究的重要性”是“最大的错误”，排除C选项“他们没有意识到自然研究的重要性”；D选项“他们不知道如何充分利用原材料”可定位到原文第1段第3句Our forefathers had no idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”.（我们的祖先不知道人口的增长会比原材料的供应更快；甚至直到最近，他们中的大多数人还愚蠢地认为资源是“无穷尽的”，“用之不竭的”。）由此可知，先人们并非不知道如何充分利用原材料（即自然资源），而是不知道自然资源也是有限的，排除D选项；也可以佐证B选项的正确性，因为他们没有环境保护意识认为自然资源“用之不竭”，而过分开采，破坏了环境。因此，本题最佳选项为B。3. 判断推理题。根据题干“从第3段可以推断出，之前的几代人没有意识到_”定位到第3段。第3段开头讲“为了弥补前人的错误，每个人都要保护环境”；接着用3个“we need to”开头的句子讲“我们应该怎么做”，第3段第4句We need to know whybefore they finally escape to the sea.（我们需要知道，为什么所有的河流流域都需要植物的保护，为什么小溪和河流必须在它们最终流入海洋之前充分惠及土壤。）；第3段第5句We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them.（我们需要被教导种树和砍伐树木的责任。）；第3段第6句We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living spaceabove the earth（我们需要知道高大成熟植被的重要性，因为大多数跟人类一样生活在这个星球上的生物，它们的生存空间不仅用平方的面积来计算，还用地表上方立方的体积来计算）；最后1句总结In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.（简而言之，我们的目标应该是尽可能地恢复自然的原始美。）由此推断，前人对自然资源的过度开采，破坏了环境，破坏了自然的原始美，D选项（没有意识到）“自然之美的价值”最符合原文。A选项“水、土壤和生物的相互依赖”、B选项“合理使用土地的重要性”、C选项“土壤破坏和河水泛滥的危害”都是根据具体的措施推断出来的，比较片面，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。4. 断推理题。根据题干“为了避免重复我们祖先的错误，作者建议_”定位到原文第3段。根据第3段给出的3个建议：第3段第4句We need to know why before they finally escape to the sea.（我们需要知道，为什么所有的河流流域都需要植物的保护，为什么小溪和河流必须在它们最终流入海洋之前充分惠及土壤。）；第3段第5句We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them.（我们需要被教导种树和砍伐树木的责任。）；第3段第6句We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because（我们需要知道高大成熟的树木的重要性，因为。）由这3个建议可以概括出，作者的建议都是“我们要知道什么”“我们要学习什么”，即要普及环境保护的知识，提高人们的环境保护意识，C选项“应面向所有人进行环境教育”最符合原文。A选项“我们要种更多的树”、B选项“向每个人教授自然科学知识”（原文建议中教授的是环境保护相关的知识，自然科学的表述不准确；而且环境保护才是全文的主题。）、D选项“我们要回归自然”原文均未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为C。5. 判断推理题。根据题干定位到原文第3段倒数第二句We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space above the earth（我们需要知道高大成熟植被的重要性，因为大多数跟人类一样生活在这个星球上的生物，它们的生存空间不仅用平方的面积来计算，还用地表上方立方的体积来计算）。这句话介绍了其他生物的生存空间的两种计算方式：第一，用平方算面积；即横切面土地面积的大小；第二，立方算体积，即三维空间里生存的空间包括森林植被等。由此可知，该句只是在介绍计算其他生物生存空间的不同角度，并不涉及生存空间的变化。A选项“我们（人类）在地球上的生活空间越来越小”属过度推断，排除；B选项“我们的生活空间应该以立方体积来衡量”，原文介绍的是其他生物生存空间的两种计算方式，即使要类比，人类生存空间的计算方式也应该是两种都要，B选项表述不完整，排除；C选项“我们需要采取一些措施来保护太空”对原文理解有误，全文都是围绕环境保护展开的，原文中的above the earth应该指的是“地表以上”；而不是地球以上即太空，排除；D选项“我们必须为鸟类和动物保持良好的生活条件。”原句告诉我们，地表上方的立体空间也是其他生物的生存空间，并且原文这句话是要说明高大成熟植被的重要性，即我们要保护植被，这一点与全文主题保护环境也相符合，D选项符合原文。因此，本题最佳选项为D。3. 单选题Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollarsmore than 10 percent of the U. S. budgetlarge numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the population are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become Americas new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctors surgery is as likely to be about the doctors latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at, several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the countrys health cost climbed 15.9 percentabout twice as fast as prices in general.11. In the U.S. patients can expect, in medical treatment _.12. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because _.13. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?14. From Paragraph 3 we know that _ from the public health system.15. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US?问题1选项A.occasional mistakes by careless doctorsB.a great deal of personal attentionC.low charge by doctors and hospitalsD.stacking nurses and bad services问题2选项A.they fear to be sued by the patientsB.they care much about their reputationC.they compete for getting more patientsD.they wish to join the private medical system问题3选项A.It must be in total chaos.B.It must be a free competition system.C.It should cover the unemployed.D.It should involve private care.问题4选项A.millions of jobless people get supportB.those with steady income do not seek helpC.some people are made ineligible to benefitD.those with private health care are excluded问题5选项A.The refusal of insurance companies to pay the bills.B.The increase of the number of doctors and hospitals.C.The lack of government control over the medical prices.D.The merger of private health care with the public system.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】11. 【选项释义】In the U.S. patients can expect, in medical treatment _. 在美国，患者可以期待，在医疗中_。A. occasional mistakes by careless doctors A. 粗心的医生偶尔会犯错误B. a great deal of personal attention B. 大量的个人关注C. low charge by doctors and hospitals C. 医生和医院收费低D. stacking nurses and bad services D. 护士成堆，服务差【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干可知，该题应该选择的是在美国医疗中可能出现的情况。原文第1段第2句提到公众对美国医疗的印象有“对个人的高度关注（a great deal of attention to the individual）”，因此，B选项“大量的个人关注”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“粗心的医生偶尔会犯错误”，可定位到原文第1段第2句提到“医生和医院不犯错误的强烈努力（intense effort not to make mistakes），否则如果处理不当，他们必须在法庭上面对财务风险”，由此可知，该选项在原文没有依据，反而医生会努力不犯错误，属于反向干扰；C选项“医生和医院收费低”，原文第4段第1句提到“医生和医院的收费是没有限制的（no limit）”，以及“医生的数量激增，价格也在攀升（prices have climbed）”，由此可知，医生和医院的收费很高，该选项表述错误，属于反向干扰；D选项“护士成堆，服务差”，原文并未提及“护士”和“服务差”，该选项属于无中生有。12. 【选项释义】Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because _. 医生和医院努力避免犯错，因为_。A. they fear to be sued by the patients A. 他们害怕被病人起诉B. they care much about their reputation B. 他们很在意自己的声誉C. they compete for getting more patients C. 他们为了得到更多的病人而竞争D. they wish to join the private medical system D. 他们希望加入私人医疗体系【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词avoid making mistakes定位到原文第1段最后一句，该句提到“医生和医院有强烈努力不犯错误（intense effort not to make mistakes），否则如果处理不当，他们必须在法庭上（in the courts）面对财务风险（financial risk）”，由此可知，医生和医院努力不犯错，是为了避免在法庭上面对财务风险，A选项“他们害怕被病人起诉”表述正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们很在意自己的声誉”，原文并未提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们为了得到更多的病人而竞争”，原文并未提及，属于无中生有；D选项“他们希望加入私人医疗体系”，原文虽然在第2段提到了“私人医疗体系（the private system）”，但这与本题无关，该选项属于无中生有。13. 【选项释义】What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.? 多数美国人是怎么看待美国的医疗的？A. It must be in total chaos. A. 必须是一片混乱。B. It must be a free competition system. B. 必须是一个自由竞争体系。C. It should cover the unemployed. C. 应该覆盖失业人群。D. It should involve private care. D. 应该包括私人医疗。【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】题干询问的是“公众的看法”，原文第2段第2句提到“与公众的看法相反（Contrary to public belief），这不仅仅是一个自由竞争体系（a free competition system）”，由此可知，这应该是一个自由竞争的体系，是公众的看法，B选项“必须是一个自由竞争体系”，表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“必须是一片混乱”，原文第2段提到“美国人现在一团糟（in a mess）”是说美国的医疗体系出现了问题，导致美国人一团糟，而不是指美国人希望这个体系一团糟，该选项属于偷换概念；C选项“应该覆盖失业人群”，虽然原文第3段提到“即使有这个庞大的公共系统，今年将消耗845亿美元超过美国预算的10%大量美国人被遗忘（large numbers of Americans are left out）”，“其中包括1100万失业者（unemployed）中的一半”，由此可知，一半的美国失业者没有包括在现有的体系内，即医疗体系应该包括失业者，但是这是本文作者的观点，原文并没有说公众对此的看法，该选项属于张冠李戴；D选项“应该包括私人医疗”，第2段倒数第2句提到“私人医疗体系已经加入了一个庞大的公共医疗体系（has been joined）”，第2段第3句提到“这是与公众看法相反的”，第2段最后一句提到“因为私人医疗体系（private care）根本就不照顾（simply not looking after）那些不幸的人和老人”，因此该选项表述错误，属于曲解原文。14. 【选项释义】From Paragraph 3 we know that _ from the public health system. 从第3段我们知道_。A. millions of jobless people get support A. 数以百万计的失业者得到了公共卫生系统的支持B. those with steady income do not seek help B. 那些有稳定收入的人不会向公共卫生系统寻求帮助C. some people are made ineligible to benefit C. 一些人没有从公共卫生系统受益的资格D. those with private health care are excluded D. 有私人医疗服务的人被排除在公共卫生系统之外【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 3定位到原文第3段。本段第1句提到“美国庞大的公共卫生体系消耗了巨额资金超过美国预算的10%，但是大量美国人被排除在外（large numbers of Americans are left out）”，由此可知，C选项“一些人没有从公共卫生系统受益的资格”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“数以百万计的失业者得到了公共卫生系统的支持”，可定位第3段最后一句，该句提到“这其中包括1100万失业者中的一半以及。”由此可知，原文想表达的是数百万的失业者无法从公共卫生体系受益。虽然换句话说也有一半的失业者受益了，但这并不是作者在本段想表达的内容，即不符合本段主旨，该选项属于本末倒置；B选项“那些有稳定收入的人不会向公共卫生系统寻求帮助”，可定位到第3段最后一句，该句提到“这其中包括以及那些没有达到政府设定的严格收入限制的人。”由此可知，原文表达的是没有满足收入要求的人无法获益（没有资格），而不是说他们自己不向公共卫生体系寻求帮助，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“有私人医疗服务的人被排除在公共卫生系统之外”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。15. 【选项释义】According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US? 作者认为，美国医疗成本上升的关键因素是什么？A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the bills. A. 保险公司拒绝支付账单。B. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitals. B. 医生和医院数量的增加。C. The lack of government control over the medical prices. C. 政府对医疗价格缺乏控制。D. The merger of private health care with the public system. D. 私人医疗和公共医疗系统的合并。【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词the key factor可知本题询问的是“关键因素”，根据另一个关键词the rise of health cost可定位到原文第4段。本段第1句提到“然而，基本问题（basic problem）是卫生系统没有中央控制（no central control）。”本段中，首句是核心句，由此可知，C选项“政府对医疗价格缺乏控制”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“保险公司拒绝支付账单”，可定位到原文第5段最后一句，该句提到“医生想收多少就收多少，因为他们知道保险公司会付账（the insurance company will pay the bill）。”由此可知，该选项表述错误，首先，保险公司会支付账单，另外，正是因为他们会支付账单，医疗成本才增加的，该选项属于曲解原文；B选项“医生和医院数量的增加”，可定位到第4段倒数第2句，该句提到“医生的数量激增，价格也在攀升”，首先，原文并未提到医院数量的增加，另外，原文也没有说价格攀升是医生数量增加带来的；D选项“私人医疗和公共医疗系统的合并”，可定位到原文第2段最后一句，虽然原文提到了“私人医疗体系已经加入了一个庞大的公共医疗体系”这个因素，但并不能体现这是医疗成本上升的关键，该选项属于本末倒置。4. 单选题Seven Ways to Save the WorldForget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial-riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same-or better-results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Romer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of the hotels wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less power. He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending about 100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his 90,000 fuel and power bill by 60,000. As a bonus, the hotels lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions by more than 200 metric tons. “For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable,” he says. “And most importantly, were not giving up a single comfort for our guests.”Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But the best argument for efficiency is its costor, more precisely, its profitability. Thats because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week.The good news is that the world is full of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the seven that could have the biggest impact:InsulateSpace heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the worlds energy. Theres virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype “zero-energy homes” in Switzerland and Germany have shown. Theres been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that dont constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.Change BulbsLighting eats up 20 percent of the worlds electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbsa 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, not only use 75 to 80 percent less electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer. Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year.Comfort ZoneWater boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jump-start the market, including Japan, where almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.Remake FactoriesFrom steel mills to paper factories, industry eats up about a third of the worlds energy. The opportunities to save are vast. In Ludwigshafen, German chemicals giant BASF runs an interconnected complex of more than 200 chemical factories, where heat produced by one chemical process is used to power the next. At the Ludwigshafen site alone, such recycling of heat and energy saves the company200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions. Now BASF is doing the same for new plants in China. “Optimizing energy efficiency is a decisive competitive advantage,” says BASF CEO Jurgen Hambrecht.Green DrivingA quarter of the worlds energyincluding two thirds of