2022年考博英语-西南政法大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷81

2022年考博英语-西南政法大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题We must continue with the reform in tax and fee in rural areas to lighten the burdens of farmers and protect their interests.China does not seek hegemony or predominance in world affairs. It advocates a new international political and economic order.If we do not crack down on corruption, the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the people will suffer a lot and the Party will be in danger of losing its ruling position, or possibly heading for self-destruction.Nobody in any sector, public or private, should offer benefits unless for a good reason.Dams are a dramatic example of a human activity that degrades freshwater ecosystems.【答案】为了减轻农民的负担和保护他们的利益，我们一定要继续进行农村税费改革。中国在世界事务中不谋求霸权或主导地位。它主张一个新的国际政治和经济秩序。如果我们不打击腐败，那么党和人们之间的血肉联系将会深受其害，并且党将会处于失去其执政地位的危险之中或可能走向自我毁灭。除非有正当的理由，否则任何部门(公共的或私人的)没有人应该提供福利。水坝是人类活动使淡水生态系统退化的一个引人注目的例子。2. 单选题Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the US and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to “promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in Novembers mid-term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded than for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not as if the developing world wants any favors, says Gerald Ssendwula, Ugandas Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labor are cheap, and as fanning methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenvas economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “least-developed country” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha. Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to these talks and his personal devotion to free trade.1.By comparison, farmers（ ） receive more government subsidies than other.2.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a（ ） motive behind Bushs signing of the new bill.3.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that（ ）.4.The writers attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is（ ）.问题1选项A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America问题2选项A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural问题3选项A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in tradeB.“the least developed country” status benefits agricultural countriesC.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationD.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies问题4选项A.favorableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reserved.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段倒数第三句“Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. 上个月，美国总统布什签署了一项新的农业法案，将在未来10年向美国农民提供1900亿美元的资金，比原计划多出830亿美元，并将美国的农业援助提高到接近欧洲的疯狂水平。”由此可知，欧洲农民得到的政府补贴比其他国家都多，所以选项C正确。2.判断推理题。根据第一段最后一句“It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in Novembers mid-term elections. 该法案还旨在帮助共和党在11月中旬的选举中赢得参议院的控制权。”由此可知，选项A“党派的”正确。3.作者意图题。本题可采用排除法。根据第二段最后一句“Its not as if the developing world wants any favors, says Gerald Ssendwula, Ugandas Minister of Finance. What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.乌干达财政部长Gerald Ssendwula说，发展中国家并不需要任何帮助。我们希望富裕国家让我们参与竞争。”由此可知，选项A“应该给贫穷国家平等的贸易机会”符合原文；根据第三段第四句“但这一切可能在2008年发生改变，届时肯尼亚将略微富裕到没有资格获得“最不发达国家”的地位，而“最不发达国家”的地位允许非洲生产商对某些农产品免征高额的欧洲进口税。”由此可知，选项B“最不发达国家的地位有利于农业国家”不符合原文；根据最后一段最后一句“Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to these talks and his personal devotion to free trade. 布什上个月的农业补贴使得美国对这些会谈的承诺以及布什个人对自由贸易的热爱成为一个谎言。”由此可知，选项C“穷国应该消除对贸易自由化的怀疑”不正确；根据第二段“1999年，联合国贸易和发展会议的结论是，发展中国家每获得1美元的援助，就会损失多达14美元，原因仅仅是对其制成品出口设置了贸易壁垒。”由此可知，贫穷国家的农民并没有得到补贴的好处，所以选项D错误。只有选项A表述是正确。4.观点态度题。根据最后一段最后一句“Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to these talks and his personal devotion to free trade. 布什上个月的农业补贴使得美国对这些会谈的承诺以及布什个人对自由贸易的热爱成为一个谎言。”由此可知，作者的态度是批判的。选项C正确。3. 单选题It is his （ ）. If the bike is damaged, he must pay.问题1选项A.abilityB.liabilityC.capacityD.capability【答案】B【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项ability“能力，才能”；B选项liability“责任，债务”；C选项capacity“能力，资格”；D选项capability“能力，性能”。句意：这是他的责任。如果自行车坏了，他必须赔偿。选项B符合句意。4. 单选题It would be（ ） to arrive at a conclusion now.问题1选项A.premierB.prematureC.preliminaryD.prior【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项premier“首要的”；B选项premature“不成熟的，早产的”；C选项preliminary“初步的，开始的”；D选项prior“优先的”。句意：现在下结论还为时过早。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题Mrs. Lackey was awakened by the ringing of the bedside phone 12 hours after her husbands boat had been（ ）.问题1选项A.wreckedB.collapsedC.decayedD.fired【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。A选项wrecked“破坏，毁灭，船舶失事”；B选项 collapsed“倒塌，崩溃”；C选项decayed“腐烂，衰退”；D选项fired“点火，激发”。句意：在她丈夫的船失事12个小时后，Lackey夫人被床边的电话铃声吵醒。选项A符合语境。6. 单选题If you（ ） your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want.问题1选项A.conductB.dismissC.grantD.moderate【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。A选项conduct“组织”；B选项dismiss“解散，解雇；不予理会，不予考虑”；C选项grant“授予”；D选项moderate“节制，减轻”。句意：如果你不考虑自己的需求，你将会有更多的机会获得你想要的。选项B符合句意。7. 单选题As business increased, the Managing Director had to learn to（ ） work.问题1选项A.shunB.defineC.delayD.delegate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项shun“避开”；B选项 define“定义”；C选项delay“延迟”；D选项delegate“授权，委托”。句意：随着业务的增加，总经理不得不学会委派工作。选项D符合句意。8. 单选题Most people in the north wanted to（ ）slavery while the slave owners of the south held that slavery should be allowed.问题1选项A.extinguishB.vanishC.abolishD.withdraw【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。A选项extinguish“熄灭，压制”；B选项vanish“消失”；C选项abolish“废除”；D选项withdraw“撤退”。句意：大多数北方人想废除奴隶制，而南方的奴隶主则认为应该允许奴隶制的存在。选项C符合句意。9. 单选题Each month 5 Yuan is（ ）from my salary for house-repairing payment.问题1选项A.excludedB.expelledC.compelledD.docked【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项exclude“排除”；B选项expel“驱逐，开除”；C选项compel“强迫”；D选项dock“使靠码头，从（工资）中扣除（一部分的钱）”。句意：每个月从我的工资中扣去5元用于修房子。选项D符合句意。10. 单选题The actress（ ）the terms of her contract and was sued by the producer.问题1选项A.isolatedB.signedC.implementedD.violated【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项isolated“使孤立，使分离”；B选项signed“署名，写下”；C选项implemented“实施，执行”；D选项violated“违反”。句意：这位女演员违反了合同条款，被制片人告上了法庭。选项D更符合语境。11. 单选题They were accused of （ ）to overthrow the government and were sentenced to jail.问题1选项A.intrigueB.conspiracyC.plotD.sin【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。A选项intrigue“阴谋，私通”；B选项conspiracy“阴谋，共谋”；C选项plot“情节”；D选项sin“罪恶”。句意：他们被指控共谋推翻政府，并被判入狱。conspiracy侧重于政治方面的阴谋，所以选项B更符合语境。12. 单选题This article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point（ ）the other.问题1选项A.in honor ofB.in accordance withC.in contrast withD.in agreement with【答案】C【解析】词组辨析题。A选项in honor of“为庆祝”；B选项in accordance with“依照，与一致”；C选项in contrast with“与形成对比”；D选项in agreement with“同意，与一致”。句意：这篇文章的开头和结尾是对两篇新闻报道的描述，每一篇都有一个主要观点与另一篇形成对比。选项C符合语境。13. 单选题How fast is your personal computer? When people ask this question, they are typically referring to the frequency of a minuscule clock inside the computer, a crystal oscillator that set the basic rhythm used throughout the machine. In a computer with a speed of one gigahertz （千兆赫），for example, the crystal licks” a billion times a second. Every action of the computer takes place in tiny steps, each a billionth of a second long. A simple transfer of data may take only one step; complex calculations may take many steps. All operations, however, must begin and end according to the clocks timing signals.Because most modem computers use a single rhythm, we call them synchronous. Inside the computers microprocessor chip, a clock distribution system delivers the timing signals from the crystal oscillator to the various circuits, just as sound in air delivers the beat of a drum to soldiers to set their marching pace. Because all parts of the chip share the same rhythm, the output of any circuit from one step can serve as the input to any other circuit for the next step. The synchronization provided by the clock helps chip designers plan sequences of actions for the computer.The use of a central clock also creates problems. As speeds have increased, distributing the timing signals has become more and more difficult. Present-day transistors can process data so quickly that they can accomplish several steps in the time that it takes a wire to carry a signal from one side of the chip to the other. Keeping the rhythm identical in all parts of a large chip requires careful to the other. Keeping the rhythm identical in all parts of a large chip requires careful design and a great deal of electrical power. Wouldnt it be nice to have an alternative?Our research group at Sun Microsystems Laboratories seeks such alternatives. Along with several other groups worldwide, we are investigating ways to design computing systems in which each part can proceed at its own pace instead of depending on the rhythm of a central clock. We call such systems asynchronous. Each part of an asynchronous system may extend or shorten the timing of its steps when walking across rough terrain.1.What determines the rhythm of the personal computer?2.Why does the author mention sound in air in the second paragraph?3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of the use of a central clock?4.The word “alternative” means（ ）.5.We can infer from the article that（ ）.问题1选项A.An alarming clock.B.A crystal oscillator.C.Complex calculations.D.The clocks timing signals.问题2选项A.To illustrate the timing signals are delivered in a similar way sound travels in air.B.To show us that timing signals speed can be as fast as that of sound.C.Because the wave of timing signals is similar to the sound wave.D.Because sound is delivered by timing signals.问题3选项A.Distributing the timing signals is more difficult when speeds are higher.B.It has to take a wire to carry a signal from one side of the chip to the other.C.Careful design is necessary to keep the rhythm identical in all parts of a large chip.D.A great deal of electrical power is required to a whole chip synchronous.问题4选项A.methodB.substituteC.answerD.machine问题5选项A.the structure of an asynchronous system is different from that of a synchronous system.B.the central clock sets the rhythm of parts of an asynchronous systemC.each part of an asynchronous system can change the rhythm of the central clock.D.searching for better replacement for the synchronous system is an international problem.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段第二句“How fast is your personal computer? When people ask this question, they are typically referring to the frequency of a minuscule clock inside the computer, a crystal oscillator that set the basic rhythm used throughout the machine.你的电脑有多快？当人们问这个问题时，他们通常指的是计算机内部一个微小时钟的频率，它是一个晶体振荡器，设定了整个机器使用的基本节奏。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。2.判断推理题。根据原文句意“在计算机的微处理器芯片中，一个时钟分配系统将晶体振荡器发出的定时信号传送到各个电路中，就像鼓声通过空气传播给士兵，以此来确定他们行进的步伐一样。”由此可推断，这里提到鼓声在空气中传播是为了说明定时信号的传递和声音在空气中传播的方式是类似的，所以选项A正确。3.判断推理题。根据第三段第二句“As speeds have increased, distributing the timing signals has become more and more difficult. 随着速度的提高，定时信号的分配变得越来越困难。”选项A符合原文；根据第三段倒数第二句“Keeping the rhythm identical in all parts of a large chip requires careful design and a great deal of electrical power. 要使一个大芯片的所有部件都保持相同的节奏，需要精心的设计和大量的电力。”选项C和D符合原文。选项B是由于速度过快导致的结果而不是缺点，所以不正确，本题选B。4.词义题。结合原文内容可知，“alternative” 意为“替代品”，选项B与之意思相近。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段第一句“Our research group at Sun Microsystems Laboratories seeks such alternatives. Along with several other groups worldwide, 我们在太阳微系统实验室的研究组正在寻找这样的替代品。和世界上其他几个组织一起.”由此可推断，寻找更好的同步系统替代品是一个国际性问题，选项D正确。选项A，B，C均是事实，不是推导出来的，所以不符合题意。14. 单选题He was extremely（ ）by the illness of his daughter.问题1选项A.agitatedB.exploitedC.influencedD.dominated【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。A选项agitate“使.不安”；B选项exploit“开发”；C选项influence“影响”；D选项dominate“控制，支配”。句意：女儿的疾病使他特别焦虑不安。选项A符合句意。15. 单选题His parents gave him many expensive toys as some form of（ ） for his lameness and inability to play active games.问题1选项A.remedyB.compensationC.treatmentD.comfort【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。A选项remedy“补救”；B选项compensation“补偿，报酬”；C选项treatment“治疗，处理”；D选项comfort“安慰，舒适”。句意：他的父母给了他许多昂贵的玩具，作为他跛脚而不能玩活动类游戏的某种补偿。选项B符合句意。16. 单选题The driver was in an（ ）of sorrow because he had knocked the girl down.问题1选项A.agonyB.acheC.ailingD.ailment【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。A选项agony“苦恼，极度痛苦”；B选项ache“疼痛”；C选项ailing“不适，困扰”；D选项ailment“小病，不安”。句意：司机因为撞倒了那个女孩而感到极度悲痛。选项A更符合语境。17. 单选题Oscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the worlds saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half-century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week-from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extras earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80-hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun-loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germanys engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year Most Germans get six weeks paid annual holiday, even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two.Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether peoples aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the worlds richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinister social implications. Parents spend less time with their children who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise?Some explanations for Americas time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost-cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less.Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment-which is more or less where the argument began.Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers really explains why the century-long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain show signs of following Americas lead). Perhaps cultural differences - the last refuge of the defeated economists- are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that “basic needs” - for a shower with built-in TV, for a rocket-propelled carexpand continuously. Shopping is already one of Americas most popular pastimes. But it requires moneyhence more work and less leisure. Or try this, the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.1.In the United States, working longer hours is（ ）.2.According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?3.Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated by the writer?问题1选项A.confined to the manufacturing industryB.a traditional practice in some sectorsC.prevalent in all sectors of societyD.favored by the economists问题2选项A.Rise in employees working efficiencyB.Rise in the number of young offendersC.Rise in peoples living standardsD.Rise in competitiveness问题3选项A.Expansion of basic needsB.Cultural differencesC.Increase in real earningsD.Advertising【答案】第1题:C