GMAT题库考题及翻译.docx

GMAT题库考题及翻译-Argument篇为了方便考生复习，本资料的题目按照网上广为流传的方式编号：即按照Official Guide（第十版）的顺序编排，删去的题目（54，56,69,71,90,98,99,103）保持原来的序号。虽然在2006年10月公布的题库中，删除了所有2005年新增的题目，但是仔细分析就会发现这部分题目有相当一部分与最新题库中的某些题比较相似；另一方面，某些考题在考试中仍会出现，所以本资料保留了这部分题目，供考生参考。目前的题库（共179道）由三部分组成：1）OG上面的题库，编号1-139，删去了八道（54，56,69,71,90,98,99,103），共131道题；2）2005年增加34道题，编号140-1733）2006年增加14题，编号174-1871.The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods.下文摘自一家奥林匹克食品公司（一家冷冻食品公司）递交给股东的年度报告。“Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1790 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.” Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion. 随着时间的推移，企业学会了更好的工作方法，从而提高了效率，因此加工成本逐步下降。以彩色胶卷为例，冲印一张35英寸照片的成本从1970年的50美分并耗时5天降至1984年的20美分，且只需要一天就可以完成。同样的规律也适用于食品加工业。由于奥林匹克食品公司马上就要举办25周年庆典大会了，我们可以凭借长期的从业经历才实现成本的最小化，从而达到利润最大化的目标。你觉得这个论证的推理怎么样？请在你的论述中分析这个论证的推理过程以及所使用的论据。比如，你需要考虑支持作者观点的假设是否可疑，有没有其他解释或者反例可以削弱这一结论。你也可以讨论什么样的论据可以加强或者反驳这个论证，对该论证做出怎么样的改变才能使它更加符合逻辑，以及哪些东西可以帮助你更好地评价这个结论。2. The following appeared in a memorandum from the business department of the Apogee Company.下文摘自Apogee公司业务部的一份备忘录。“When the Apogee Company had all its operations in one location, it was more profitable than it is today. Therefore, the Apogee Company should close down its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location. Such centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs and helping the company maintain better supervision of all employees.”当Apogee公司的所有业务集中在一个地方时，它的盈利水平要比现在高。因此，Apogee公司应该关闭在其他地方开设的办事处，把业务集中到一个地方。这样不但可以降低成本，而且有助于公司更有效地监控员工，从而全面提高公司的盈利能力。3The following appeared in a memorandum issued by a large citys council on the arts.下文摘自一个大城市艺术委员会发行的备忘录。“In a recent citywide poll, fifteen percent more residents said that they watch television programs about the visual arts than was the case in a poll conducted five years ago. During these past five years, the number of people visiting our citys art museums has increased by a similar percentage. Since the corporate funding that supports public television, where most of the visual arts programs appear, is now being threatened with severe cuts, we can expect that attendance at our citys art museums will also start to decrease. Thus some of the citys funds for supporting the arts should be reallocated to public television.”在最近开展的一项全市民意测验中，回答自己收看视觉艺术类电视节目的居民比5年前调查时高出了15个百分点。在过去的五年中，参观市艺术博物馆的人数也增加了相似的百分点。鉴于由公司赞助的公共电视台即大多数视觉艺术节目播放的地方目前所收到的赞助有可能会大幅削减，我们可以预计，参观市艺术博物馆的人数也会开始减少。因此，应该从市艺术基金中拨出一部分资金给公共电视台。4The following appeared in a report presented for discussion at a meeting of the directors of a company that manufactures parts for heavy machinery.下文摘自一份重型机械部件生产公司董事会的讨论报告。“The falling revenues that the company is experiencing coincide with delays in manufacturing. These delays, in turn, are due in large part to poor planning in purchasing metals. Consider further that the manager f the department that handles purchasing of raw materials has an excellent background in general business, psychology, and sociology, but knows little about the properties of metals. The company should, therefore, move the purchasing manager to the sales department and bring in a scientist from the research division to be manager of the purchasing department.” 公司收入的减少和生产的延误是同时出现的。而延误的主要原因是采购金属材料的计划很糟糕。考虑到负责原料采购的部门经理虽然具有深厚的商业背景和丰富的心理学、社会学知识，但是对金属材料的性质知之甚少，公式应该将采购经理调到销售部门，并从研究部门调一位研究员来担任采购部门经理一职。5The following appeared in an announcement issued by the publisher of the Mercury, a weekly newspaper.下文摘自The Mercury周刊出版商的公告。“Since a competing lower-priced newspaper, The Bugle, was started five years ago, The Mercurys circulation has declined by 10,000readers. The best way to get more people to read the Mercury is to reduce its price below that of The Bugle, at least until circulation increases to former levels. The increased circulation of The Mercury will attract more businesses to buy advertising space in the paper.” 自从五年前The Bugle这份竞争力强、价格低廉的报纸问世以来，The Mercury的发行量下降了一万份。使更多的人订阅The Mercury的最好方法是把它的价格降到The Bugle之下，并且降价至少要持续到发行量恢复以前的水平为止。随着发行量的增加，The Mercury会吸引更多的企业来订购该报纸的广告版面。6The following appeared as part of an article in magazine devoted to regional life.下文摘自一份区域生活类杂志上的一篇文章。“Corporations should look to the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. Even in the recent recession, Helioss unemployment rate was lower than the regional average. It is the industrial center of the region, and historically it has provided more than its share of the regions manufacturing jobs. In addition, Helios is attempting to expand its economic base by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies.”企业在寻找新的商机或者新的办事处时，应该关注Helios市。即使在最近的经济萧条时期，Helios市的失业率也比地区平均水平低。它是该地区的工业中心，以前也曾为本地区创造了非常多的制造就业机会。另外，Helios正试图通过吸引那些专注于新技术研发的公司来拓展自己的经济基础。7 The following appeared in the health section of a magazine on trends and lifestyles.下文摘自一份流行和时尚杂志的健康栏目。“People who use the artificial sweetener aspartame are better off consuming sugar, since aspartame can actually contribute to weight gain rather than weight loss. For example, high levels of aspartame have been shown to trigger a craving for food by depleting the brain of a chemical that registers satiety, or the sense of being full. Furthermore, studies suggest that sugars, if consumed after at least 45 minutes of continuous exercise, actually enhance the bodys ability to burn fat. Consequently, those who drink aspartame-sweetened juices after exercise will also lose this calorie-burning benefit. Thus it appears that people consuming aspartame rather than sugar are unlikely to achieve their dietary goals.”食用人造甜味剂糖精的人最好直接食用天然糖，因为糖精不但不能减少体重，反而会导致体重增加。比如，高浓度的糖精可以耗尽大脑中某种让人感觉餍足的化学物质，从而引起人们对食物的渴望。另外，研究显示，如果在连续运动超过45分钟以后食用天然糖，将会切实提高人体燃烧脂肪的能力。因此，运动后饮用含糖精的饮料，人体就会失去耗散热量的益处。由此看来，食用糖精而不是天然糖的人很难达到节食的目标。8The following appeared in the editorial section of a corporate newsletter.一下内容摘自公司简报的社论部分。“The common notion that workers are generally apathetic about management issues is false, or at least outdated: a recently published survey indicates that 79% of the nearly 1,200 workers who responded to survey questionnaires expressed a high level of interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs.” 通常认为，工人一般对管理事务并不关心。这种观点即使不是错误的，至少也是过时的：最近公布的一项调查显示，在回应问卷调查的近1200名工人中，有79%的人表示对公司重组以及重新设计福利项目这两个问题很感兴趣。9 The following appeared in the opinion column of a financial magazine.以下内容摘自某财经杂志的意见栏。“ On average, middle-aged consumers devote 39% of their retail expenditure to department store products and services, while for younger consumers the average is only 25%. Since the number of middle-aged people will increase dramatically within the next decade, department stores can expect retail sales to increase significantly during that period. Furthermore, to take advantage of the trend, these stores should begin to replace some of those products intended to attract he younger consumer with products intended to attract the middle-aged consumer.”一般而言，中年消费者的领用消费支出中有39%的钱花在百货商店和服务项目上，而在年轻的消费者中这一比例平均只有25%。由于中年消费者的数量在接下来的10年中将急剧增长，百货商店有望在此期间实现零售销售额的大幅增长。另外，为了更好地领用这一趋势，百货商店应该开始把一些原来以年轻人为购买对象的商品替换成吸引中年消费者的商品。10The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.以下内容摘自一份地方报纸的社论部分。“This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000Waymarsh students evidently werent so concerned about their education: they either stayed on the campus or left foe winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the states college students than are the protesters. Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.”去年冬天，Waymarsh州立大学有200名学生前往州议会大厦，抗议对各种州立大学项目基金进行削减的提案。另外1.2万名Waymarsh的学生显然对他们的教育不太关心：他们不是呆在校园里，就是出去过寒假了。由于未参加抗议的人数远多于抗议者，所以他们比抗议者更能代表本州立大学生的意见。因此，州立法机构不必理会抗议学生的呼吁。11 The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.以下内容摘自一份地方报纸的社论部分。“ In the first four years that Montoya has served as mayor of the city of San Perdito, the population has decreased and the unemployment rate has decreased. Two businesses have closed for each new business that has opened. Under Varro, who served as mayor for four years before Montoya, the unemployment rate decreased and the population increased. Clearly, the residents of San Perdito would be best served if they voted Montoya out of office and reelected Varro.” 在Montoya担任San Perdito市市长的前四年里，该市人口减少而失业率上升。每新开一家公司就有两家公司倒闭。而在Montoya之前Varro担任市长的4年间，失业率下降，人口增长。显然，如果投票让Montoya下台，重新选Varro担任该市的市长，San Perdito市的市长将会得到更好的服务。12 The following appeared as part of a promotional campaign to sell advertising space in the Daily Gazette to grocery stores in the Marston area.以下内容摘自Daily Gazette向Marston 地区的杂货店推销其广告页面的促销宣传。“Advertising the reduced price of selected grocery items in the Daily Gazette will help you increase your sales. Consider the results of a study conducted last month. Thirty sale items from a store in downtown Marston were advertised in the Gazatte for four days. Each time one or more of the 30 items were purchased, clerks asked whether the shopper had read the ad. Two-thirds of 200shoppers asked answered in the affirmative. Furthermore, more than half the consumers who answered in the affirmative spent over $100 at the store.”在Gazatte Daily上刊登选定商品的减价广告有助于提高销售额。不妨参考上个月开展的一项研究的结果。Marston中心区的一家商店连续四天在Gazette日报上刊登30中降价商品的广告。每当有人购买这些降价商品的时候，售货员就会问他们有没有看过这则广告。在接受访问的200名顾客中有三分之二的人回答说看过，并且回答看过广告的顾客中有超过一半的人在该店的消费在一百美元之上。13 The following appeared as part of a campaign to sell advertising time on a local radio station to local businesses.以下内容摘自一份地方报纸向当地企业推销广告业务的宣传资料。 “The Cumquat Caf began advertising on our local radio station this year and was delighted to see its business increase by 10% over last years totals. Their success shows you how you can use radio advertising to make your business more profitable.”Cumquat餐馆今年开始在我们本地电台播放广告，结果可喜地看到它的业务比去年的总量增长了10%。他们的成功向您展示了如何利用电台广告使您的企业获利更多。 14The following appeared as part of a newspaper editorial.以下内容更摘自某家报纸的社论。“Two years ago Nova High School began to use interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects. The school dropout rate declined immediately, and last years graduates have reported some impressive achievements in college. In future budgets the school board should use a greater portion of the available funds to buy more computers, and all schools in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum.”两年前，Nova高中开始在三门学科中使用互动式计算机教学。该学校的退学率立刻下降，而且去年的毕业生报告说他们在大学取得了很好的成绩。在未来的预算中，校董事会应该在能得到的资金中拨出更多资金用来购买更多的计算机，而且该地区的所有学校都应该在所有课程中使用互动式计算机教学。15 The following appeared as a part of an advertisement for Adams, who is seeking reelection as governor.以下内容摘自Adams力求再次当选为地方长官的广告宣传。“Re-elect Adams, and you will be voting for proven leadership in improving the states economy. Over the past year alone, seventy percent of the states workers have had increases in their wages, five thousand new jobs have been created, and six corporations have located their headquarters here. Most of the respondents in a recent poll said they believed that the economy is likely to continue to improve if Adams is reelected. Adamss opponent, Zebulon, would lead our state in the wrong direction, because Zebulon disagrees with many of Adamss economic policies.”再次选举Adams，并向他投票吧！相关事实已经证明他具有改善本州经济的领导能力。仅仅在过去一年的时间内，本州有70%的工人工资上涨，新增了5000个工作岗位，另外还有6家公司把他们的总部设在了这里，在最近的一次民意调查中，大部分的回答者表示，如果Adams再次当选，他们相信经济会持续发展。Adams的对手Zebulon会让我们州地经济误入歧途，因为Zebulon在很多经济政策问题上和Adams唱反调。16 The following appeared as part of an article in the education section of a Waymarsh City newspaper.以下内容摘自Waymarsh市报教育版的一篇文章。“Throughout the last two decades, those who earned graduate degrees found it very difficult to get jobs teaching their academic specialties at the college level, Those with graduate degrees from Waymarsh University had an especially hard time finding such jobs. But better times are coming in the next decade for all academic job seekers, including those from Waymarsh. Demographic trends indicate that an increasing number of people will be reaching college age over the next ten years; consequently, we can expect that the job market will improve dramatically for people seeking college-level teaching positions in their fields.在过去的20年里，获得学位的研究生们发现在大学里找一份教授他们学术专长的工作是很困难的。那些从Waymarsh大学获得研究生学位的人要找到这类工作尤其困难。但是在接下来的10年中国，寻找学术职位的人就业形势会有大好转，包括Waymarsh大学的毕业生。人口统计反映的趣事表明适龄上大学的人数在未来10年将增加。因此我们可预计，对那些在自身领域内寻找大学教学工作的人来说，就业市场将会有很大改观。17 The following appeared in an article in a consumer-products magazine.以上内容摘自某消费者产品杂志上的一篇文章。“ Two of todays best-selling brands of full-strength prescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid, Acid-Ease and Pepticaid, are now available in milder nonprescription forms. Doctors have written 76 million more descriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease than for full-strength Pepticaid. So people who need an effective but milder nonprescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid should choose Acid-Ease.”Acid-Ease和Pepticaid是如今最畅销的两种用于缓解胃酸过多的强力处方药，目前它们可以作为轻度非处方药出售。医生开出的强力Acid-Ease药方要比强力Pepticaid药方多出7600万张。所以需要有效但较温和的非处方药来治疗胃酸过多的人应该选择Acid-Ease。18 The following is an excerpt from a memo written by the head of a governmental department.以下内容摘自政府某部门领导所写的备忘录。“Neither stronger ethics regulations nor stronger enforcement mechanisms are necessary to ensure ethical behavior by companies doing business with this department. We already have a code of ethics that companies doing business with this department are urged to abide by, and virtually all of these companies have agreed to follow it. We also know that the code is relevant to the current business environment because it was approved within the last year, and in direct response to specific violations committed by companies with which we were then workingnot in abstract anticipation of potential violations, as so many such codes are.”我们既不需要严格的道德规范，也不需要强化执行机制来确保和本部门做生意的公司在行为上合乎道德。我们已经有了和本部门做生意的公司必须遵守的道德准则，事实上所有这些公司也同意遵循这些准则。我们也知道该准则和当前的经济环境吻合，因为它是去年被批准的，而且针对的是当时与本部门办事时公司违规的实例。和其他规则有所不同，我们的准则并非抽象地估计可能会出现的违规行为。19 The following appeared as part of an article in the travel section of a newspaper.以下内容摘自某报旅游版上的一篇文章。“Over the past decade, the restaurant industry in the country of Spiessa has experienced unprecedented growth. This surge can be expected to continue in the coming years, fueled by recent social changes: personal incomes are rising, more leisure time is available, single-person households are more common, and people have a greater interest in gourmet food, as evidenced by a proliferation of publications on the subject.”在过去的10年中，Spiessa国的餐饮业经历了前所未有的增长。该增长有望继续保持下去，其动力是最近的一些社会变化：个人收入增加，人们的休闲时间增加，单身家庭越来越普遍，人们对美食更感兴趣这从美食类出版物的大量发行中可以看得出来。20 The following appeared in an article in a health and fitness magazine.以下内容摘自某健康健身杂志上的一篇文章。“Laboratory studies show that Saluda Natural Spring Water contains several of the minerals necessary for good health and that it is completely free of bacteria. Residents of Saluda, the small town where the water is bottled, are hospitalized less frequently than the national average. Even though Saluda Natural Spring Water may seem expensive dringking it instead of tap water is a wise investment in good health.”实验室研究表明，Saluda天然矿泉水含有多种健康必须的矿物质，且完全无菌。在灌装此水的Saluda小镇，居民患病就医的频率低于全国平均水平。尽管Saluda天然矿泉水看似价格不菲，但用它来替代自来水作为饮用水是一项有益健康的明智投资。21 The following appeared as part of an editorial in an industry newsletter.以下内容摘自某行业简报的社论部分。“ While trucking companies that deliver goods pay only a portion of highway maintenance costs and no property tax on the highways they use, railways spend billions per year maintaining and upgrading their facilities. The government should lower the railroad companies property taxes, since sending goods by rail is clearly a more appropriate mode of ground transportation than highway shipping. For one thing, trains consume only a third of the fuel truck would use to carry the same load, making them a more cost-effective and environmentally sound mode of transport. Furthermore, since rail lines already exist, increases in rail traffic would not require building new lines at the expense of taxpaying citizens.”货车运输公司只需缴纳一部分高速公路养路费，不必为他们使用的公路缴纳财产税，但铁路公司每年得花几十亿来保养和更新铁路设施，政府应该降低铁路公司的财产税，因为在陆路运输方面，铁路货运比公路货运更合适，运送相同的货物时火车所用燃料相当于货车的三分之一，这一点就使它成为更高效更环保的运输方式，此外，由于铁道线路已经存在，增加铁路交通不需要耗费纳税人的钱。22 The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper.以下内容摘自某报纸的社论部分。“As public concern over drug abuse has increased, authorities have become more vigilant in their efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country. Many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana, which is bulky, or heroin, which has a market too small to justify the risk of severe punishment, to cocaine. Thus enforcement efforts have ironically resulted in an observed increased in the illegal use of cocaine.”随着公众对吸毒问题越来越关注，当权者在防止非法毒品进入国内这方面提高了警惕。许多毒贩子已经从贩卖大麻和海洛因转向贩卖可卡因，因为大麻体积太大，而海洛因市场太小，冒风险不合算。这样一来，具有讽刺意义的是，当权者大力加强对毒品的监管力度反而导致了可卡因的非法使用者明显增多。23 The following appeared in a speech delivered by a member of the city council.以下内容摘自市议会某成员的演讲。“Twenty years ago, only half of the students who graduated from Einstein High School went to attend a college or university. Today, two thirds of the students who graduate from Einstein do so. Clearly, Einstein has improved its educational effectiveness over the past two decades. This improvement has occurred despite the fact that the schools funding, when adjusted for inflation, is about the same as it was twenty years ago. Therefore, we do not need to make any substantial increase in the schools funding at this time.”20年前，Einstein高中的毕业生只有一半上大学继续深造，现在，该中学的毕业生中有三分之二的人可以上大学。显然，这20年来，Einstein高中的教学质量提高了。尽管除去通货膨胀因素以后，学校现有经费和20年前几乎持平，但该校还是提高了教学质量。因此，目前看来，我们无需大幅度增加学校的经费。24 The following appeared in a memo from the customer service division to manage of Mammon Savings and Loan.以下内容摘自客服部门提交给Mammon借贷银行经理的备忘录。“We believe that improved customer service is the best way for us to differentiate ourselves from competitors and attract new customers. We can offer our customers better service by reducing waiting time in teller lines from an average of six minutes to an average of three. By opening for business at 8:30 instead of 9:00, and by remaining open for additional hour beyond our current closing time, we will be better able to accommodate the busy schedules of our customers. These changes will enhance our banks image as the most customer-friendly bank in town and give us the edge over our competition.”我们相信提高客服质量是我们有别于竞争对手，并吸引新客户的最佳办法。我们可以把顾客在出纳台前排队等待的时间从平均6分钟缩短到3分钟，从而为客户提供更加完善的服务。如果营业网点的开门时间从9点提前到8点半，停止营业的时间向