初中英语教学知识体系.doc

初中英语知识体系及教学目标初中英语学科目标基础教育阶段英语课程的主要任务是：激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力；培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神；帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。一、英语学科素质教育的总体目标和具体目标 基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力包括语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等五个方面。（一）语言技能目标技能 目标描述听1 能根据语调和重音理解说话者的意图；2 能听懂有关熟悉话题的谈话，并能从中提取信息和观点；3 能借助语境克服生词障碍，理解大意；4 能听懂接近正常语速的故事和记叙文，理解故事的因果关系；5 能在听的过程中用适当的方式作出反应；6 能对所听语段内容记录简单信息。说1 能就简单的话题提供信息，表达简单的观点和意见，参与讨论；2 能与他人沟通信息，合作完成任务；3 能在口头表达中进行适当的自我修正；4 能有效地询问和请求帮助；5 能根据话题进行情景对话；6 能用英语表演短剧；7 能在以上活动中语音、语调自然，语气恰当。读1 能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的意义；2 能理解各段落间的逻辑关系；3 能找出文章中的主题、理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；4 能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；5 能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；6 能 利用字典等工具书进行学习；7 除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。写1 能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材；2 能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进行修改；3 能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系；4 能简单描述人物和事件；5 能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落和操作说明。（二）语言知识目标语音1 了解语音在语言学习中的意义；2 了解英语语音包括发音、重音、连读、语调、节奏等内容；3 在日常生活会话中做到语音、语调基本正确、自然、流畅；4 根据重音和语调的变化理解和表达不同的意图和态度；5 根据读音拼写单词和短语。词汇1 了解英语词汇包括单词、短语、习惯用语和固定搭配等形式；2 理解和领悟词汇的基本含义以及在特定语境中的意义；3 运用词汇描述事物、行为和特征，说明概念等；4 学会使用1500-1600 个的单词和200-300个习惯用语和固定搭配。语法1 了解常用语言形式的基本结构和常用表意功能；2 在实际运用中体会和领悟语言形式的表意功能；3 理解和掌握描述人和物的表达方式；4 理解和掌握描述具体事件和具体行为的发生、发展过程的表达方式；5 初步掌握描述时间、地点、方位的表达方式；6 理解、掌握比较人、物体及事物的表达方式。功能1 在日常生活中恰当理解和表达问候、告别、感谢、介绍等交际功能；2 在日常人际交往中有效地进行表达。话题1 熟悉与学生个人、家庭和学校生活密切相关的话题；2 熟悉有关日常生活、兴趣爱好、风俗习惯、科学文化等方面的话题。（三）情感态度目标1.有明确的学习英语目的，能认识到学习英语的目的在于交流；1 有学习英语的愿望和兴趣，乐于参与各种英语实践活动；2 有学好英语的信心，敢于用英语进行表达；3 能在小组活动中积极与他人合作，相互帮助，共同完成学习任务；4 能体会英语学习中的乐趣，乐于接触英语歌曲、读物等；5 遇到问题时，能主动向老师或同学请教，取得帮助；6 在生活中接触英语时，乐于探究其含义并尝试模仿；7 对祖国文化能有更深刻的了解；8 乐于接触并了解异国文化。（四）学习策略目标策略类别目标描述认知策略1 根据需要进行预习；2 在学习中集中注意力；3 在学习中积极思考；4 在学习中善于记要点；5 在学习中善于利用图画等非语言信息理解主题；6 借助联想学习和记忆词语；7 对所学习的内容能主动复习并加以整理和归纳；8 注意发现语言的规律并能运用规律举一反三；9 在使用英语中，能意识到错误并进行适当的纠正；10 必要时，有效借助母语知识理解英语；11 尝试阅读英语故事及其他英语课外读物。调控策略1 明确自己学习英语的目标；2 明确自己的学习需要；3 制定简单的英语学习计划；4 把握学习的主要内容；5 注意了解和反思自己学习英语中的进步和不足；6 积极探索适合自己的英语学习方法；7 经常与教师和同学交流学习体会；8 积极参加课内外英语学习活动。交际策略1 在课内外学习活动中能够用英语与他人交流；2 善于抓住用英语交际的机会；3 在交际中，把注意力集中在意思的表达上；4 在交际中，必要时借助手势、表情等进行交流；5 交际中遇到困难时，有效地寻求帮助；6 在交际中注意到中外交际习俗的差异。资源策略1 注意通过音像资料丰富自己的学习；2 使用简单工具书查找信息；3 注意生活中和媒体上所使用的英语；4 能初步利用图书馆或网络上的学习资源。 二、新课标语法项目1名词（1）可数名词及其单复数（2）不可数名词（3）专有名词（4）名词所有格2代词（1）人称代词（2）物主代词 （3）反身代词 （4）指示代词 （5）不定代词 (some, any, no) （6）疑问代词 3数词（1）基数词（2）序数词4介词和介词短语5连词6形容词（比较级和最高级）7副词（比较级和最高级）8冠词9动词（1）动词的基本形式（2）系动词（3）及物动词和不及物动词（4）助动词（5）情态动词10时态（1）现在进行时（2）一般现在时（3）一般过去时（4）一般将来时（5）过去进行时（6）现在完成时11被动语态 （一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时）12非谓语动词 （动词不定式做宾语、宾语补足语、目的状语）13构词法 （常用的前缀、后缀，以及加前后缀的方法，常用词的转化、合成）14句子种类（1）陈述句（肯定式和否定式）（2）疑问句 （一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句）（3）祈使句（4）感叹句15句子成分（1）主语（2）谓语（3）表语（4）宾语（5）定语（6）状语（7）宾语补足语16简单句的基本句型（1） 主语+系动词+表语（2） 主语+不及物动词（3） 主语+及物动词+宾语（4） 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（5） 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（6） there be句型17并列复合句18主从复合句（1）宾语从句（2）状语从句（3）定语从句（能辨认出带有由that, which, who引导的限定性定语从句，并能理解句子意思。）三、新课标词汇表说明： 1本表共收1600词。2本表原则上不列词组和短语。3词汇的词性根据学习要求标注，即只要求学习和掌握词汇已标出词性的词义和用法。4无单数形式的词汇，如pants，则以复数形式收录。5动词人称与时态变化、名词复数特殊变化等，采用括号形式标注，如be (am, is, are)，child (pl. children)。6本词汇表不列语法术语。7部分可根据构词法推导出的名词、形容词、副词等不单列。Aa/an artability nable a about prep, adabove adabroad a & ad absent aaccept vaccident naccording toachieve vacross prepact vaction nactive aactivity nactor nactress nadd vaddress n admire vadvantage n advice nadvise vafford vafraid aAfrica n after adafternoon nagain adagainst adage nago adagree vagreement n air nairport nalive aall pronallow valmost adalone aalong prepaloud adalready adalso adalthough conjalways adAmerica nAmerican a, n among prepancient aand conjangry aanimal nanother pronanswer v, n.ant nany pronanybody pronanyone pronanything pronanyway adanywhere adappear vapple nApril narea narm n army n around adarrive vart n article n artist nas conjAsia n Asian a, n ask vasleep aat prepAtlantic n, a attend vattention n August naunt n Australia n Australian a, nautumn navailable aavoid v awake aaway adawful aBbaby n back ad, nbackground n bad a bag n ball n balloon nbamboo n banana n bank n baseball n basic abasket n basketball n bathroom n be (am, are, is, was, were, been) vbeach n bean nbear n beat (beat, beaten) v, n beautiful abecause conjbecome (became, become) vbed n bedroom n beef nbefore adbegin (began, begun) vbehind adbelieve vbell n below ad, prepbeside prepbest a, adbetter a, adbetween prepbig abike =bicycle nbill n bird n birth n birthday n biscuit n bit nblack a, n blackboard n blind ablock n & v blood n blouse nblow (blew, blown) vblue n, a board n boat n body n book n bored aboring aborn v, aborrow vboss n both pronbottle n bottom n bowl n box nboy n brain n brave a bread n break (broke, broken) vbreakfast nbridge n bright abring (brought, brought) vBritain nBritish abrother n brown n , a brush n, vbuild (built, built) vbuilding n burn (-ed, ed/burnt, burnt) vbus n business n busy abut conjbutter n buy (bought, bought) vby prep, adbye interjCcabbage n cake n calendar ncall vcamera n camp n, v can (cant cannot) vCanada n Canadian n, acancel vcandle n candy ncap n capital n car n card n care v, n careful acareless acarrot ncarry vcartoon ncat n catch (caught, caught) vcause n, vcelebrate vcent n central acentre n century n certain a certainly adchair n chalk nchance n change vcheap acheck vcheer v, ncheese n chemistry n chess n chicken n child (pl. children) nChina nChinese a, nchocolate nchoice nchoose (chose, chosen) vchopsticks n Christmas n church ncinema n circle n, vcity n class n classmate n classroom n clean aclear aclever aclimb vclock n close v, aclothes n cloud n cloudy a club n coach n coal n coast n coat n coffee n coin n cold a, n collect vcollege n colour (AmE color) n, vcome (came, come) vcomfortable acommon acommunicate vcommunication n community ncompany n compare vcompetition n complete a, v computer n concert n condition n connect vconsider vcontinue vcontrol vconversation n cook v, ncookie ncool a copy v, ncorn ncorner n correct v, a cost v, ncotton n, a cough n, vcould vcount vcountry ncountryside n couple ncourage ncourse n cousin n cover n, vcow n crayon ncrazy acreate vcross v, n cry v, nculture ncup ncustomer ncut (cut, cut) vcute aDdad (daddy) n daily a, addance v, ndanger n dangerous adark adate n daughter n day ndead a deaf adeal vdear a December ndecide vdecision n deep a, ad degree n delicious a dentist n depend v describe v desk n develop vdevelopment n dialogue (AmE dialog) n diary n dictionary n die v difference n different adifficult adifficulty n dig (dug, dug) vdining ndinner ndirect adirection n director n dirty adiscover vdiscovery n discuss v discussion n disease n dish n district ndivide vdo vdoctor n dog n dollar n door n double n, vdoubt n, vdown addownstairs addraw (drew, drawn) vdream (-ed, -ed/dreamt, dreamt) vdress n, vdrink (drank, drunk) vdrive (drove, driven) vdriver n drop v, ndrum n dry v, a duck n dumpling n during prepdust v, nEeach pronear n early aEarth n earthquake neast n, a, adeastern aeasy aeat (ate, eaten) veducation neffort n egg n eight numeighteen numeighth numeighty numeither pronelder aelectricity nelephant n eleven numelse aemail nempty aencourage vend n, venemy n energy n engineer n England n English a, nenjoy venough adenter venvironment n eraser n especially adEurope n European a, neven adevening never adevery aeverybody proneveryday a everyone proneverything proneverywhere adexactly adexam =examination n example n excellent aexcept prepexcited aexciting aexcuse n, v exercise v, n exhibition n expect vexpensive aexperience n experiment n explain v express veye n Fface n, v fact n factory n fail vfair afall v (fell, fallen), n family n famous afan n fantastic afar afarm n farmer n fast a, adfat a, nfather n favourite a, nfear n February nfeed (fed, fed) vfeel (felt, felt) vfeeling n festival n fever n few ad, n, pronfield n fifteen vfifth numfifty numfight (fought, fought ) vfill vfilm n finally adfind (found, found) vfine a finger n finish vfire n first numfish n fisherman n fit afive numfix vflag n flat n floor n flower n flu n fly (flew, flown) vfollow vfood n foot (pl. feet) n football n for prepforce n, vforeign a forest n forget (forgot, forgot) vfork n form n forty numforward adfour numfourteen numfourth numFrance nfree a freeze (froze, frozen) vFrench n, afresh aFriday nfridge (=refrigerator) n friend n friendly afriendship n from prepfront nfruit n full afun n funny afurniture nfuture nGgame n garden n gate n general agentleman n geography n German n, aGermany nget (got, got) vgift n giraffe n girl n give (gave, given) vglad a glass n glove n glue ngo (went, gone) vgold n, a good agoodbye interjgovernment n grade n grammar n granddaughter n grandfather (grandpa) ngrandmother (grandma) ngrandparent n grandson n grape n grass n great agreen a, ngrey aground n group n grow (grew, grown) vguard n guess v, nguest n guide nguitar n gun n gym n Hhabit n hair n half nhall n ham n hamburger n hand n handbag n handsomehang (hung, hung) vhappen v happy a hard adhardly adharmful ahat n hate vhave (has) vhe pronhead n headache n health n healthy ahear (heard, heard) vheart n heat n heavy aheight n hello interjhelp v, nhelpful ahen n her pronhere adhero n hers pronherself pronhi interjhide (hid, hidden) vhigh a, adhill n him pronhimself pronhis pronhistory n hit (hit, hit ) vhobby n hold (held, held) vhole n holiday n home n, ad hometown n homework n honest ahope v, nhorse n hospital n hot a hotel n hour nhouse n housework n how adhowever adhuge ahuman a, n humorous ahundred numhungry ahurry vhurt (hurt, hurt) vhusband n II pronice n ice-cream n idea n if conjill a illness n imagine vimmediately adimportant aimpossible a improve vin prep, adinch n include vincrease v, n India n Indian a, nindustry n influence n information n insect ninside prep, adinstead adinstruction n instrument ninterest n interesting ainternational a Internet n interview n, vinto prepintroduce v introduction n invent vinvention n invite viron n, visland nit pronits pronitself pronJjacket n jam nJanuary nJapan n Japanese n, a jeans n job n jog vjoin vjoke njourney njuice n July njump vJune njust ad, aKkeep (kept, kept) v key n keyboard n kick v, nkid nkill vkilo = kilogram n kilometre n kind nking n kiss v, nkitchen n kite n knee n knife (pl. knives) n knock vknow vknowledge n Llab = laboratory n lady nlake n lamb n lamp n land n, vlanguage n large alast a, adlate alater adlaugh vlaw n lay (laid, laid) vlazy alead (led, led) vleader n leaf (pl. leaves) n learn (learnt, learnt) vleast ad, aleave (left, left) v left a, n leg n lemon nlend (lent, lent) v less ad, pron lesson n let (let, let) vletter n level n library n license n lie (lay, lain) vlife n lift v, nlight a, n, vlike v, prepline n lion n list n, vlisten vlitter v, nlittle a, nlive vlively alocal alock v, nLondon n lonely a long alook v, nlose (lost, lost) vlot nloud a, adlove v, nlovely alow aluck n lucky alunch nMmachine n mad a magazine n magic a mail n main amajor amake vman (pl. men) n manage vmanager n many amap n March nmark n, vmarket n marriage n marry vmatch v, n math(s) = mathematics n matter nmay vMay nmaybe adme pronmeal n mean (meant, meant) vmeaning n meat n medical a medicine n meet (met, met) vmeeting n member n memory n mention n, vmenu n mess nmessage n messy ametal n, a method n metre (AmE meter) n middle n might vmile n milk n mind n, v mine pronminute nmirror n Miss1 n miss2 vmissing amistake (mistook, mistaken) v mix v mobile phone nmodel n modern amoment n Monday nmoney n monkey n month nmoon n moral amore a, avmorning nmost amother (mom, mum) nmotorcycle n mountain n mouse (pl. mice) n mouth n move vmovie n Mr. n Mrs. n Ms. n much admuseum n music n musician nmust vmy pronmyself pronNname n national a natural anature n near prep, adnearly adnecessary a neck n need v, nneighbour (AmE neighbor) n neither conjnervous a never adnew anews n newspaper n next anice anight nnine numnineteen numninety numninth numno adnobody pronnod vnoise n noisy adjnone pronnoodle n noon nnor conjnorth a, n northern a nose n not adnote n, vnotebook n nothing pronnotice v, nNovember nnow adnor conjnumber n nurse n Ooclock adobject n ocean n October nof prepoff ad, prepoffer v, n office n officer n often adoil n OK interjold aOlympics non prep, adonce adone num, prononly aopen a, voperation n opinion nopposite prepor conjorange a, n order v, n other pronour pronours pronourselves pronout adoutside prep, adover ad, prepown aowner n PPacific n, apackage n page n pain n, vpaint n, v pair npalace n pale apancake n panda n pants npaper n pardon n parent n park n, vpart nparty n pass v, npassage n passenger n passport n past adpath n patient apay (paid, paid) vPE = physical education npeace n pear n pen n pencil n people n percent nperfect aperhaps adperiod n person n personal a pet n phonephoto = photograph n physics n piano n pick vpicnic n picture n pie n piece npig n pilot n pink n, a pioneer n pity n place n, v plan v, nplane n planet n plant n, vplastic n, a plate n play v, nplayer n playground n pleasant a please vpleasure n plenty npocket n poem n point v, npolice n policeman (policewoman) n policy n polite apollute vpollution npool n poor apop = popular a popular apopulation n pork n position n possible a post n, vpostcard n postman n potato n pound n practice npraise v, nprepare vpresent n president npretty a , adprevent vprice n pride n primary a print vprison n prisoner n private a prize n probably adproblem n produce vproduct nprogramme (AmE program) n progress n, vproject npromise vpronounce v pronunciation n proper aprotect vproud a prove vprovide vprovince n public a, n pull vpunish vpupil n purple a, npurpose n push vput (put, put) vQquarter nqueen n question n quick aquiet aquite adRrabbit n race n radio n railway n rain n, vraincoat n rainy a raise vrapid arather adreach vread (read, read) vready a real arealise (AmE realize) vreally ad reason n receive vrecently adrecite vrecord v & nrecorder n red a, nrefuse vregard vregret n, vregular arelationship nrelative nrelax v remain vremember v repair vrepeat vreply v, nreport n,vrequire vresearch n rest n, vrestaurant n result n return v, nreview v, n rice n rich aride (rode, ridden) vright n, a ring v (rang, rung), n rise v (rose, risen), nrisk n river n road n robot n rock n role n room n rope n rose n round a, preprow n, vrubber n rubbish n rule n, vruler n run (ran, run) vrush vRussia n Russian n, aSsad a safe asafety n sail n, vsalad n sale n salt n same asand n sandwich n satisfy vSaturday nsausage n save vsay (said, said) vscarf n school nschoolbag nscience n scientist n scissors nscore n, vscreen n sea (saw, seen) vsearch n, vseason nseat n second numsecret n secretary nsee vseem vseldom adsell (sold, sold) v send (sent, sent) vsense n sentence n separate v, aSeptember nserious aserve vservice n set v (set, set), nseven numseventeen numseventh numseventy numseveral ashake (shook, shaken) vshall vshame n shape n, vshare vshe promsheep (pl. sheep) n shelf （pl. shelves） nshine (shone, shone) vship n shirt n shoe n shop n short a, nshould vshoulder n shout v, nshow (showed, shown) vshower n shut (shut, shut) vshy asick a side n sight nsilence n silent asilk n silly asilver n similar asimple asimply adsince conj, pronsing (sang, sung) vsingle asir n sister n sit (sat, sat) v situation n six numsixteen numsixth numsixty numsize n skate vskill n skirt n sky n sleep v