高中阶段英语常见语法.doc

英语常见语法1、 虚拟语气（一）时态(tense) 1、If clause (1)与现在事实相反 If clause（一般过去时态）+could/would/should/might+do Eg: If i were you, I would go there. If I could fly, I wouldnt sit there. (2)与过去事实相反 If clause（had +Vpp 过去完成时态）+would/could/should/might+have+Vpp Eg: If I had been here, I would have seen him. If I had studied English hard last term, I would have studied it well. (3)与将来事实相反 should+do were to+do +would/could/should/might+do 一般过去时 Eg: were to rain If it should rain I wouldnt come. rained 当If从句中有were、should、had时，if可以省略，把该词提前，构成倒装。 Eg: Were it not for your help,I would fail. Had it nor been for your help, I would have failed.without、but for、otherwise（否则）、or (else) 含蓄的虚拟语气 Without electricity, the world be in the darkness. But for your help, I wouldnt have pass the exam. He walked away from the discussion, otherwise he would have said something he would regret. 2、 I wish=if only Eg: I wish I were you. I wish I had studied hard last term. 3、would rather Eg:I would rather you didnt.（接句子用一般过去） I would rather you came here now. 4、would you mind if Eg: Would you mind if I sat here?（接句子用一般过去） 5、Its (high) time that Eg: Its high time that I went to school.（接一般过去时） 6、as if/ as though Eg: He walks as if he were a woman. They talked as if they had been good friend for many ages. （二）should+do 1、It is important/necessary/surprising/strange/natural/essential/unusual+that+should do 2、It is ordered/suggested/required/advised/proposed（“坚”“决”“要”“命”） +that=should do Eg: It is advised that we (should) study hard.3、suggest/insist/persist+宾语从句(should do)4、 表语从句、同位语从句 should do Eg: My suggestion is that you should observe the regulations.（表从） I know the advice that we should practise English.（同从） （三）表示祝愿、祈祷 Eg:God bless me. Long live China.2、 情态动词（modal verbs）一般式1、Can(could)(1) ability 可以（表单纯能力） be able to 表在能力的基础上付出行为 Eg: I can speak Japanese. Could I borrow your bike?Yes, you can. I have been able to drive.我已经学会了开车 There was a big fire last night, bur everyone was able to escaped safely.(2) promission 许可 Eg:You can go home if you finished it.(3) Possibility 表可能性（必须用在问句当中） Eg: Can it be Tom? Who can it be? It cant be Tom.（表有把握的否定推测）2、 may/might(1) permission 表许可 May I come in? 用于问句且必须与第一人称连用(2) Possibility 表可能性 He may come or may not. Cant表示不可能 may not 表示可能不May as wellhad better (+动词原形) Eg.You may as well stay in;it is cold outside.不妨做某事You may as well expect a river to flow backwards as stop us from carrying out the plan.(carry out the plan 执行计划)May as wellas 两个as后面都加动词原形3、 Must(1) 必须 Must you finish it now? You must finish it, neednt you?(2) 可能性 He must be at home now, isnt he?4、 Should(1) 应该 You should listen to the teacher carefully.（表建议的应该）(2) 可能性 The photos should be ready by 12:00.5、 ought to (to 是不定式)（1） 应该You ought to take good care of your sick mother.（表义务）（2） 可能性（=should） 否定式：ought not to 6、 would (1) 助动 (2)used to(常常) (3)情态动词，表意愿、决心 I would never give in to you.7、 Need（1） 情态动词（2） 及物动词 Eg.You need to listen to the teacher carefully. mending The desk needs 表被动 need doing=need to be doneto be mended Eg.The old need take/to be taken good care of.8、 shall 表示：警告、决定、命令、允诺 Eg.You shall answer for what you have done.你要对你做的事情负责。 She shall come back before 11:00. 她必须在11:00点前回来。 You shall get what you wanted if you follow me.如果你听我的话，你将得到曾经想得到 的东西。9、 will(wont) Eg.The door wont（经过数番努力，仍然没有成功） open. 门打不开了。 The ink wont wash off. 墨水洗不掉了。 The match（火柴）wont strike.火柴划不着了。情态动词的一般式都与现在、将来有关，和过去毫无关系。完成式1、 must have done 表猜测（过去一定已经完成或发生的事） Eg.It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet, didnt it? I didnt hear the telephone;I must have been asleep.翻译疑问句：有时间状语与have后的词保持一致，没有时间状语与have保持一致。 Eg.He must have been praised just now, wasnt he?2、 should have done(ought to) 表本应、理应，但事实上没做，含后悔之意。 Eg.He felt that he should have died at birth. I should have studied hard last night.3、 couldnt have done 不可能已经发生某事（有把握的否定推测） Eg.He couldnt have gone abroad; I did see him just now. It couldnt have been a comfortable journey.4、 neednt have done（否定式）本没有必要已经做某事 Eg.You neednt have taken a taxi; it was so near.5、 might have done 可能性极小 Eg.You might have been killed buy the fish.3、 非谓语 1、 动名词（1） 作主语：Studying English is very important.（2） 作表语：Seeing is believing.（3） 作宾语：Do you mind opening the door?Finish,practise,enjoy,mind,suggest,appreciate,imagine,avoid,allow,advise这些词的宾语只能用Ving（动名词）。（4） 作定语：I have three persons helping me.分词（Ved,Ving）作前置定语，分词短语作后置定语。（5） 作宾语补足语：Ill have you standing all the class.（6） 作状语：Seeing on the top of the hill, you will see a beautiful city.（条件状语） He stood there,crying.（伴随状语） He was having dinner, using chopsticks.（方式状语） His parents died leaving him on orphan.（结果状语）Ving（动名词）作状语，表必然的、直接的结果。 Eg.He our into the cave with a buring stick. There are many people working in the field. Hearing the foot steps, he turned off the TV.（时间状语） Not knowing the way, he stopped to ask the local.（原因状语） He praised at the meeting, we should learn from him. The driver seeing a dog on the road the car was stopped.Ving（动名词）作状语，其否定式在其前面加not。2、 过去分词（1） 作定语：Here comes an old man supported by his son.（后置定语） There is a polluted river beyond the village.（前置定语）（2） 作表语：The ground is covered with snow.（表状态）（3） 作宾语补足语：Could you make yourself known to others? （表宾语状态） I cant make myself heard/understand. I heard my name called just now. He managed to get the car started at last.（4） 作状语：Seen on the top of the hill the city looks beautiful. Seeing on the top of the hill, you can get a wonderful view. Given more time, I could do it better. （条件状语）动词要保持一致： Taken on time, the medicine, will work. Taking medicine on time, youll get better.3、 不定式（1）不定时的一般式作主语（谓语用单数）：To study English is of importance.不定式，动名词，句子作主语，谓语用单数。作宾语：I want to buy a car.Want, plan,hope,wish,decide,intend,expect,mean,refuse,agree,desire,would like,love to这些词后面只能加不定式。Like,stop,remember,forget,try,mean,regret这些词后面既可以加Ving，也可以加不定式。作表语：My wish is to become a teacher.（be to do 表将来）作定语：I have a lesson to listen to.不定式作定语，一般不用被动，在强调动作承受者和有时间状语时用被动，to后面加及物动词（组），不定式作后置定语。Do you have any clothes to be washed, Master?The problem to be discussed tomorrow is how to solve the problem.作状语：Nice to meet you.（原因状语） I came here specially to see you.（目的状语） He hurried there, (only) to be told he was late.（结果状语） He is old enough to go to school. （程度状语，放在adj.后面） The question is hard to answer. to do 中的do必须是及物动词，不能用被动。 To be honest, he is not so much a teacher.（评注性状语，用于引出评论性语言） It was raining; to make things worse, I lost my way.（插入状语）作补语：He asked me to come here.（宾语补足语） I was made to clean the blackboard.（主语补足语） Why do you call her big sister? She wants to be called so.（2） 不定时的进行式 Eg.He seems to be reading a novel. 表示该动作与谓语同时发生。（3） 不定时的完成式该动作发生在谓语动词之前 Eg.He is said to have gone abroad. The book is said to have been translated into English.有可能表示本打算做而事实上未做 Eg.He planned to have finished it, but he was too busy.4、 主谓一致1、 由and连接并列主语时主谓一致的情况（1） and连接的并列主语表不同的人或物时，谓语用复数。 Eg.Tom and John come here almost at the same time.（2） and连接并列主语表同一个人或物（后一个名词前面没有冠词）谓语用单数。 Eg.The singer and writer is one of my friends.（3） 用easy,each,no,some,any所修饰的名词及使用and连接成并列主语，谓语也用单数。 Eg.Each boy and each girl in our class likes reading novels. There is something wrong with my watch.2、 遵循就进一致原则（1） 用or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also.,not.but.,with,together with,like except,but,as well as,whether.or.等词或词组连接的并列主语，其位于单复数由靠近它的主语决定Eg.Either you or she takes charge of the company when Im not here.（2）there be 结构中，be的形式取决于靠近它的主语 Eg.There are two eggs and one potato in the fridge.3、 遵循意义一致原则的情况（1） 主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，谓语用复数；主语为复数，意义为单数，谓语用单数。 Eg.The police are worth admiring.（形单意复） Maths is one of my favourite subjects.（形复意单）（2） family,team,group,class,crowd,audience,committee等词作为整体看待时，谓语用单数；就其中的每个成员而言时，谓语用复数。 Eg.My family is going to have a long journey. All my family enjoy skating.（3） 单复数同形词作主语，谓语的单复数由其所表达的意义决定，例如：means,sheep,deer,works等。 Eg.Look!A sheep is eating grass over there.（4） 由what引导的从句作主语时，谓语常用单数，但是它所指具体内容是复数意义时，谓语用复数。 Eg.What we need is more time. What we need are doctors.（5） 表示时间、重量、距离、金钱等数量词作主语时，通常看做一个整体，谓语用单数，但强调具体数量时，用谓语的复数形式。 Eg.Five minutes is not enough to do this exercise.（整体） Three years have passed since we last meet.（具体数量）（6） 主语是一本书或格言时，谓语用单数。 Eg.The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.（7） 单个的动词不定式、动名词、从句作主语，谓语用单数。（what引导的主语从句除外，其表语为可数名词时，谓表一致） Eg.It is not easy to master a foreign language. To see is to believe. It is impossible that one can master a new language is such a short period of time.（8） 两个以及两个以上不定式作主语，谓语用单数或复数看情况而定。 Eg.To go to bed and rise early is a good habit. To play basketball and to go swimming are useful.（9） Many a boy likes football. More than one likes football.（10） Such was Albert Einstein ,a simple man and a great scientist. Such were the results we got just now.（11） the rest/ the others （12） A day or two has passed. One or two days have passed.（13） 百分之几、几分之几作主语，谓语与后面的名词保持一致（population除外）单独做主语时，谓语用单数，当百分之几、几分之几连用时，谓语用复数。 Eg.70% of the students are girl student. Surface is covered with water. Population are farmers.5、 倒装句1、 partly inversion 部分倒装（1） little,few,seldom,never,hardly,scarcely,nowhere,not until,not only,no sooner,by no means,at no time,in no case等词放于句首，语序部分倒装。 Eg.Hardly can I walk on. Hardly had I finished it when he turned up. Hardly+had.when后面要用一般过去时 Nowhere else can you find a better place, Not only does he like English, but (also) I like it. Not only 放于句首，前倒后不倒 Not until he took off his glasses did I recognize him. 主倒从不倒 By no means would I give in to you.（2）only+状语短语/句子 放于句首 Eg.Only in this way can we study English well. Only when he took off his glass did I recognize him.（3） so+adj/adv.放于句首 Eg.So tall is he that he can reach it. So fast did he run that I didnt catch him.（4） so/neither(nor) Eg.If you dont go there, nor will I. 主将从现 He is a teacher and he likes the job, so it is with me. 前面句子中的系动词、助动词等 词达不成一致 Youve forgotten to turn off the lights. So I have,Ill go and turn them off.（5） as 当尽管讲（作表语、状语、谓语）提表语 Eg.Young as he is, he knows a lot. Child as he is,he knows a lot. （名词前面无冠词） As strange as it may sound,the elephant and the stray dog became friends.提状语 Eg.Much as he likes the car, he cant afford it. Hard as he tried, he did open the door.提谓语 Eg.Try as he would, he did open the door.（6） 虚拟语气，if从句中有hard,were,should,省略if，将其提前 Eg.Had you been here, you would have seen her. Should it rain tomorrow, I wouldnt come.（7） 频率副词放于句首 Eg.Often does he come late. (many a time=often)（8） 表祝愿的句子 Eg.May you succeed! Long live China!2、 全部倒装（1） 表地点方位的词或词组（例如Here,there,away,up,down,at the gate,on the top）放于句首（主语为名词） Eg. Here comes the teacher Here he comes. Away went Tom. Away he went.不会借助系动词、情态动词、助动词构成倒装；倒装句中不能出现进行时态。 At the gate stands a policeman.（2）直接引语后面要用全部倒装Im a student. said Tom.（3）表语当中是形容词、过去分词、介词词组放于句首 Eg.Present at the meeting are scientists invited from China. Gone are the days when we used foreign oil. Among the students is a young teacher.6、 强调句型It is/ was. that/who.Eg.It was 1990 when I came here. It was in 1990 that I came here. Where did you see him? It was in the hotel where he stayed. It is what you can do not what you are that matters. I saw Tom and Jack in the hotel where they stayed yesterday.-It was Tom and Jack in the hotel where they stayed yesterday. It is I,rather than you, who am to blame. Was it 8 oclock when you heard someone knocking at the door? The boy to whom I turned for help that is my classmate.7、 名词性从句1、 主语从句 subject clause（1） that（不在从句中充当任何成分，没有实际意义） Eg.That what he said is true surprised us. That he is a thief is true. It is true that he is a thief.It is natural that+句子（should+do）（2） if/whether Eg.Whether we can go there is doubtful. It is doubtful whether(=if) we can go there.whether和if的用法 I 主、表、同从中只能用whether（但当it作形式主语，主语从句放于句末，二者均可） II whether常与or用于表示一种选择。后面直接跟or not，只能用whether。 III 二者在宾语从句中可以互换，但作介宾时一般用whether。 IV whether可以与动词不定式连用 V discuss后面的定语从句只能用whether（3）wh句what=all(that) Eg.Whoever leaves last should shut the door. What we can not get seems better than what we have. Where he has gone is unknown. What we need are good books. Which book is her favourite is none of my business.Wh从句的表语要用单数，what除外（what句中，表语为名词，要谓表一致） That he left without saying good bye surprised us. It surprised us that he left without saying good bye. What surprised us is that he left without saying good bye. 2、 宾语从句 object clause(1) appreciate,hate,like,love,have,see to,rely to等词后面加it才能加宾语从句 Eg.You must see to it that all the guest are taken good care lf, You can rely on it that he is coming tonight.（2） think,suppose,believe（认为） Eg.I dont think (that) you are right, are you? He doesnt think you are right, does he? He thought you were out, didnt he? 主语是第一人称，时态是一般现在时态，否定前移；主句为第一人称，翻译疑问句主 从句保持一致，不是第一人称，与主句的主语保持一致。宾语从句中that不能省略的几种情况： I 从句和谓语之间有插入语或者主句和从句之间有插入语 II 一个句子中有两个及以上宾语从句，引导第二个及以后的从句的that III that作介词宾语 IV it作形式宾语3、 表语从句（1） that Eg.The fact that Tom is very clever.（2） Wh Eg.My question is where he has gone. My question is whether he can be here.（3） as if/ as though/because Eg. It looks as if it is going to rain. , that was because my bike broke down. The reason why/(that) he came late was that his bike broke down. （the reason作主语，其表语从句只能用that引导）4、 同位语从句He expressed the hope that he would come again.（同位语从句） I had expressed.（定语从句）Hope,wish,plan,fact,idea,answer,reply,report,advice,suggestion,word,news,order,possiablility,conclusion 以上单词能带同位语从句Eg.That he used to be thief worried him a lot. It worried him a lot that he used to be a thief. I know that he used to be a thief and that he is not the one any longer. The fact in that he used to be a thief. The fact that he told me was true he is a thief. I went to Zhuhai for the air show. Is that why you asked for leave?word同从 Word came that that was the last lesson. Order同从 Order came that should+dowhat的用法 I 在名词性从句中缺主语、宾语、表语等成分时，用what II what=先行词+that III “的”字结构 What I did我说的/做的 Do what he says.做他所说的 After what seemed to be a long time, he came up again.（在宾语从句中充当主语）whatever与no matter what一类词可用于引导让步状语从句及名词性从句（主语、宾语、表语从句);而no matter wh-的一类词：仅用于引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词从句。Eg.You must turn in, whatever you find. You must turn it in, whatever/no matter what you found.八、定语从句1、概念（1）定义：定语从句是修饰某一名词或代词的句子，同厂方在名词、代词之后。（2）先行词：被从句修饰的名词或代词（3）关系词(relative words)： 关系代词引导从句、在句中充当某一成分、 关系副词 指代先行词Eg.I saw a boy is strong and tall.2、 关系代词与关系副词（1） 关系代词：who/whom 指代某人 which 指代某事物（可以指代单词、整个句子） that 指代某人或某物 Whose+n. 任何情况下都不能省略 as 指代某事只能指代一件事（一个句子） 引导的定从放在主语前后均可，对主句进行肯定评价 关系代词在从句中作主语或者宾语，作主语时不能省略（2） 关系副词（作状语）：when where why3、 定语从句的分类（1） 限制性定语从句只能用that引导的限制性定语从句当先行词是全肯、全否的词时(all/none/little/few)All that can be done has been done.当先行词是不定代词(anything/nothing/nobody)something除外Is there anything that I can do for you?当先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰时This is the best film that I have ever seen.先行词既有人又有物的时候I still remember the school and the teachers that I visited last year.先行词前有the only, the very, the same时He is the very man that Im looking for.当定语从句出现以which或who引起的问句时Who is the boy that is standing there?关系代词在从句中作表语时She is no longer the girl that she was 先行词在主句中作表语China is no longer the country that she used to be.there be 句型两个顶从第一个用which,第二个用that（2） 非限制性定语从句（非限制性定语从句中不能用that引导）which 可指代整个句子、单词，而as只能指代一件事（一个句子）He came late, which made me angry.which和as的用法区别I which引导的定语从句只能放在主语后面，as不受限制 Eg.As is known to us all,China is a large country.（作主语或宾语） II as常与see, hear, know, remember, tell, expect连用III 对上述（主句）内容进行肯定性评判用as，进行否定评判用which Eg.He got divorced again, as was expected which was unexpected.只能用who引导的定语从句（someone, anyone,everyone, every one, those） Eg.Anybody who breaks the law should be punished. =Those who break the law should be punished.Whose door= the door of which/ of which the door只能用which/ whom引导 当定语从句出现在介词之后，指人只能用whom指物只能用which Eg.I still remember the house in which I used to live. He is the man with whom I talked. He is the man that Im looking for.9、 状语从句1、 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since, till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, no sooner.than, hardly.when, scarcely.whenEg.I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain, Every time I listen to your advise, I get into trouble.时间状语从句的特殊引导词：no sooner. than; hardly.when; scarcely. when中no sooner, hardly, scarcely放于句首，其后面的词一定是had，且语序用倒装，若不放于句首，前半句用过去完成时态，后半句用一般过去时态，句式不用倒装。2、 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless特殊引导词：as/so long as（只要）, only if（只要）, providing/provided (that), suppose(that), in case (that), on condition that.Eg.We will start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no objection, we shall hold the meeting here.providing/ provided that, in case that中的that可以省略3、 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, as, since特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering thatEg.My friend dislike me because Im handsome and successful. Now that everybody has came, lets begin our conference. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80m is quite remarkable.because引导的从句，用于回答why/just提出的疑问句；as说明说话者、听话者都明白的问题；since用现在完成时态（=now that）4、 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest（以免）= in case（主将从现）=for fear that（加情态动词should,表万一）, in the hope thatEg.You must speak louder so that/ in order that you can be heard. The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold