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第1章 Computer system overview(操作系统概述)I. Pre-reading Questions1. What is a digital computer?The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. The word “digital” implies that theinformation in the computer is represented by variables that take a limited number of discrete values. These values are processed internally by components that can maintain a limited number of discrete states. Digital computer is also called electronic computer or computer.2. Are there any differences between the binary number system and the common decimal number system?The decimal digits has ten digits: 0,1,2, and 9. The binary number system has two digits: 0 and 1. The binary numbers use a base 2. The decimal digits use a base 10.3. How many types of computers do you know? Name at least four of them.Computers are usually classified into four broad categories: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers and supercomputers.II Fill in the following blanks. 1. Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields.2. An 8-bit signed integer can have any value between -128 and 127 3. System softwarecontrols the computer and enables it to run the hardware and applications software.4. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system .5. List four types of computers: microcomputers, minicomputers , mainframe computers,and supercomputers .III True or False. 1. The software system is the physical equipment that you can see and touch.1.F2. Typically, a data value is set to zero to represent FALSE and 1 value forTRUE. 2. F 3. In the earliest general-purpose computer, most input and output media were magnetic disks. 3. F4. Supercomputers are largest, fastest, and most expensive computer available.4.T5. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. 5. T IV Matching terms. 1、(b) CPUThe processing unit is at the heart of a computer.2、(c) bitA unit of information conveyed by a single binary digit.3、(a) integrated circuit (IC)A complete electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic components on a small silicon chip.4、(d) ASCII A system for encoding characters as binary digits. V Translating Terms. (1) coding techniques 编码技术 (2) application software 应用软件 (3) floating point data 浮点数据(4) timesharing 分时，分时技术 (5) storage capacities 存储容量VI Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.This chapter introduces digital computer, data types, the evolution of computers, and types of computers. 1 is known to all, its hard to find a field in 2 computers are not being used. Digital computer, also called electronic computer or computer, is a digital system that 3 various computational tasks. Digital computers use the 4 number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1.By using various coding 5 , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers 6 other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. Programs tell the hardware what to do. 7 software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and engineering. Computers are usually 8 into four broad categories: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. Its hard to give a 9 definition to each type because computer speeds and storage 10 change rapidly.1. A. AsB. ItC. As itD. That2. A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when3. A. performs B. carriesC. makesD. integrates4. A. decimalB. binaryC. Arabian D. American5. A. techniqueB. Technology C. techniquesD. technologies6. A. instead ofB. rather than C. but alsoD. as well7. A. Application B. System C. WordD. Excel8. A. putB. madeC. conductedD. classified 9. A. preciousB. progress C. proceedingD. precise10. A. capacitiesB. capable C. capabilities D. capacity1.A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 1 0.C VII. Translate the following into English.1. By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols. 通过应用各种编码技术。一组二进制不但可以表示二进制数据，而且还可以表示其他离散符号，如十进制数字或字母表中的字母。2. System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs. 另一方面，系统软件控制计算机系统，它不仅包括专业人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序，而且还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其它程序使用的管理程序。3. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results. 数据是数字和其他二进制代码信息，这些二进制代码信息是可操作并能满足要求的计算机结果。4. 4. Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings. 计算机能将若干字符连成串，而不是用算术方法或逻辑方法处理字符，用串代替其它字符或另行处理字符串。5. Software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.软件应用像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、画图程序及桌面印刷等等起到一定的商业效力，使更多的人去使用计算机。第2章 Computer System OrganizationI. Pre-reading Questions1. What is a computer system?A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three primary subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem. The software system can be divided into two broad categories: application software and system software.2. How many levels of memory hierarchy do you know? Name at least three of them.The memory hierarchy system consists of three levels.They are a cache ,the main memory and the auxiliary memory.3. Identify the types of data transfer modes.Data transfer has three modes: programmed I/O, interrupts, and direct memory access (DMA).II Fill in the following blanks. 1. The computer hardware consists of three major parts which are the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem. 2. There are two major types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).3. The cache memory in personal computers is constructed from SRAM4. input-output interface (I/O interface) provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices.5. Data transfer between the central computer and I/O devices may be handled in a variety of modes. These modes are programmed I/O, interrupts, and direct memory access (DMA).IIITrue or False. 1. FThe data bus always receives data from the CPU, and the CPU never reads the data bus.2. TMain memory holds whatever programs and data are available for immediate use by the CPU.3. FDynamic RAM does not have to be refreshed.4. FDot-matrix printer work by squirting tiny droplets of liquid ink at the paper.5. FThe auxiliary memory is very small, relatively expensive, and has very high access speed.IV Matching terms. 1、 E2PROM an electrically erasable PROM2、DMAA transfer mode that can be improved is the transfer of data between memory and I/O devices.3、ALU The unit which performs most arithmetic and logical operations4、RAM Memory that is erased when the computer is turned off.V.Translating Terms. 1. system buses 系统总线2. virtual memory 虚拟存储器3. computer architecture 计算机体系结构4. instruction set 指令集 5. direct memory access 直接存储器存取VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.A computer system 1 of hardware system and software system. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three 2 subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O 3 . The CPU is made up of three major parts, Register Set, the 4 logic unit, or ALU, and Control Unit. It performs many operations and controls computer. Memory is also known as 5 memory or main memory, which is cataloged into two major types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).It refers to the 6 in the computer that hold whatever programs and data are available 7 immediate use by the CPU, along with the programs data. Computer systems include special hardware 8 between the CPU and peripherals to supervise and synchronize all input and output transfers. These components are called 9 units because they interface between the processor bus and the peripheral device. The I/O subsystem allows the CPU to 10 with input and output devices.1. A. Consists B. makes up C. Constitutes D. comprise2. A. premier B. Primary C. preliminary D. elementary 3. A. system B. machine C. subsystemD. device4. A. mathematicB. authorative C. Arithmetic D. authoritative5. A.externalB.exteriorC. InteriorD. internal6. A. circuitsB. wiresC. linesD. hardware7. A.byB. forC. withD. in8. A.softwareB. settingC. listing D. components9. A. singularB.dual C. interfaceD. compact10. A.handle B. interactC. respondD. link 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. BVII Translate the following into English.1. By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions. 为了保证内部和外部控制信号的序列正确，控制单元保证CPU和计算机的其他部件提供需要正确执行的指令操作。2. In a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed. 在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中，很少使用的程序从RAM被移到硬盘中，仅当需要时才被移回来。3. A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time. 为了弥补操作速度的不匹配，在CPU和主存之间采用非常快的小缓存，它的存取时间接近于处理器的逻辑时钟周期。4. The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.外设的数据传输速率通常比CPU的传输速率慢，因此就需要一个同步装置。5. In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning address of the I/O service routine is stored. 在一些计算机中，中断向量是一个地址，它指向存储器中存储I/O服务程序起始地址的单元。第3章 Computer system architectureI. Pre-reading Questions1. How many types of parallel processing do you know? Name at least four of them.?There are a variety of ways that parallel processing can be classified. One classification introduced by M. J. Flynn considers the organization of a computer system by the number of instructions and data items that are manipulated simultaneously. Flynns classification divides computers into four major groups as follows: 1、Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD). 2、Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD). 3、Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD). 4、Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD).2. What is a pipelining?Pipelining is a technique of decomposing a sequential process into suboperations, with each subprocess being executed in a special dedicated segment that operates concurrently with all other segments.3. What is a RISC?RISC processors exclude these instructions, opting for a smaller instruction set with simpler instructions.II Fill in the following blanks. 1. It is characteristic of pipelines that several computations can be in process in distinct segments at the same time.2. The overlapping of computation is made possible by associating a register with each segment in the pipeline.3. The vector instruction includes the initial address of the operands, the length of the vector, and the operation to be performed.4.RISC processors have fewer and simpler instructions than CISC processors.5. The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an instruction stream.The operations performed on the data in the processor constitutes a data stream.III True or False. 1. Shift registers operate in serial fashion all the bits of the word at a time.1.F2. RISC processors have larger instruction sets that often include some particularly complex instructions.2. F3. SIMD represents an organization that includes many processing units under the supervision of a common control unit.3. T4. Parallel processing is established by distributing the data among the multiple functional units.4. T5. RISC is a complex instruction set computer.5. FIV Matching terms. (a) SISD(b) SIMD(c) MISD(d) MIMD1.c_ multiple instruction stream, single data stream 2.b_ single instruction stream, multiple data stream3.d_ multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream4.a_ single instruction stream, single data stream V Translating Terms. 1. parallel processing 1.并行处理 2. pipeline processing 2流水线处理3. vector processing 3. 向量处理4. scalar processor 4. 标量处理器1. 5. backward compatibility 5. 向下兼容VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank. In computer engineering, computer architecture is the _1_ design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a _2_ and functional description of requirements, especially speeds and interconnections, and design implementations for the various parts of a computer _3_ largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory. Computer system architecture _4_ the design of the four _5_: parallel processing, pipelining, vector processing and RISC. Parallel processing system is used to provide simultaneous data-processing tasks for the purpose of increasing the _6_ speed of a computer system and is able to perform _7_ data processing to achieve faster execution time. A pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often _8_ in parallel or in time-sliced fashion. A vector processor, is a CPU design that is able to run mathematical operations on multiple data elements simultaneously. Computers with vector processing capabilities are in demand in 9_ applications. RISC processors have fewer and _10_ instructions than CISC processors. As a result, their control units are less complex and easier to design.1. A. lastestB. conceptualC. ideal D. simple2. A. planB. designC. blueprint D. concept3. A. relyingB. dependingC. attachingD. focusing 4. A. refersB. speaksC. involvesD. interacts5. A. ingredientsB. typesC. kindsD. lists6. A. computational B. computer C. computation D. computing7. A. current B. compound C. concurrentD. massive8. A. displayedB. carried C. accomplishedD. executed9. A. specialB. specializedC. specificD. especial10. A. simpleB. simplifyingC. singularD. Simpler1. B2. C3. D4. C5. A6. A7. C8. D9. B10.DVII. Translate the following into English.1. The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability and increase its throughput, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time. 1. 并行处理的目的是加快计算机的处理速度并增加其吞吐量，所谓吞吐量是指在规定的时间间隔内所完成的指令。2. It is characteristic of pipelines that several computations can be in process in distinct segments at the same time. 2. 流水线的特征就在于在同一时间里可以在不同的子过程中处理几个不同的运算。3. To achieve the required level of high performance it is necessary to utilize the fastest and most reliable hardware and apply innovative procedures from vector and parallel processing techniques.3. 只有采用最快和最可靠的硬件并应用向量处理和并行处理等新技术才能获得这些高性能的处理能力。4. In general, the greater the number of instructions in an instruction set, the larger the propagation delay is within the CPU. 4. 一般来说，指令集中的指令数量越多，CPU内部的传播延迟时间就越长。5. Although CISC processors are more complex, this complexity does not necessarily increase development costs.5. 虽然CISC处理器更为复杂，但这并不一定必然会导致开发成本的增加。第4章 Algorithms and Data StructureI. Pre-reading Questions1. What is an algorithm?An algorithm is an ordered set of unambiguous, executable steps, defining a terminating process.2. Name at least four of algorithmic techniques.(1) Brute-force Algorithms (2) Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms(3) Dynamic Programming (4) Greedy Algorithms3. How many classes of data structures do you know? Name at least four of them.The data structures have five classes. They are the array, list, linked list, stacks and queues, a tree.II. Fill in the following blanks. 1. Each primitive consists of two parts: its syntax and its semantics.2. A pseudocode is a notational system in which ideas can be expressed informally during the algorithm development process.3. The running time is refer to the computational time required by an algorithm.4. We define the worst case running time of an algorithm to be the maximum running time of that algorithm over all possible inputs of size n.5. A list is one of the most fundamental data structures used to store a collection of data items.III. True or False. 1. A number of different algorithms can exist for solving a computational problem, and each of these algorithms could have a same running time complexity. F2. The divide-and-conquer algorithm is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subproblems, the dynamic programming solves problems in a top-down fashion. F3. An important property of arrays is that their size and shape are constant. T4. If all of the elements stored in a list are of the same type, then the list is said to be heterogeneous. However, if different types of elements are stored in the list, then the list is said to be homogeneous. F5. A queue is a dynamic set that obeys the LIFO property. FIV. Answer the following question. 1. List the steps involved in a divide-and-conquer algorithm.1. The steps involved in a divide-and-conquer algorithm can be summarized as follows: First，divide the original problem into a number of subproblems. Next, solve (i.e., conquer) the subproblems. If the subproblems are small enough, they should be solved directly; otherwise, they should be solved recursively. Finally, combine the solutions to the subproblems to produce the final solution.2. List approach that is often used to solve optimization problems.Brute-force AlgorithmsDivide-and-conquer AlgorithmsDynamic ProgrammingGreedy AlgorithmsRandomized Algorithms3. Describe differences between a binary tree and a tree.The essential differences between a binary tree and a tree as follows:A binary tree can be empty, whereas a tree cannot.Each node in a binary tree has exactly two subtrees (one or both of these subtrees may be empty). Each node in a tree can have any number of subtrees.The subtrees of each node in a binary tree are ordered. The subtrees in a tree are unordered.V Translating Terms. 1. parallel algorithm1.并行算法2. exhaustive search 2. 穷举搜索3. dynamic programming 3. 动态规划4. doubly-linked list 4. 双向链表5. two-dimensional array 5. 二维数组VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank. Algorithms are essential to the way computers process information, because a computer program is 1 an algorithm that tells the computer what specific 2 to perform in certain order in order to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees paychecks or printing students report cards. Thus, an
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