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Unit 4Text A|工作、劳动和玩耍 Work, Labor, and Play威斯坦H奥登Preface We go to work every day and we think we are workers. However, after reading Audens discussion about work, labor, and play, the majority of us may find that we are no longer workers. What are we then?就我所知，汉娜阿伦特小姐是界定工作和劳动之间本质区别的第一人。一个人要想快乐，第一要有自由感，第二要确信自己有价值。如果社会迫使一个人去做他自己不喜欢的事，或者说，他所喜欢做的事被社会忽视，看作没有价值或不重要，那他就不会真正快乐。在一个严格意义上已废除奴隶制的社会里，一个人做的事情是否具有社会价值取决于他是否为完成此项工作得到了报酬。然而，今天的劳动者可以被称为名副其实的工资奴隶。如果社会给一个人提供一份他本人不感兴趣的工作，他出于养家糊口的需要不得已才从事这项工作，那这个人就是一个劳动者。So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished , whether what a man does has social value depends on whether he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.与劳动相对的是玩耍。玩游戏时，我们能从中得到乐 趣，否则就不会玩这个游戏。但这完全是一种私人的活动，我们玩不玩这个游戏社会是不会关注的。The opposite to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.处在劳动和玩耍之间的是工作。如果一个人对社会为他支付报酬的工作感兴趣，他就是一个工作者。从社会角度看是必需的劳动在他自己看来却是自愿的玩耍。一个职位是劳动还是工作，并不取决于这个职位本身，而是取决于占据这个职位的个人自己的情趣。这种差异与体力劳动和脑力劳动之间的差异并不吻合。譬如，一个园丁或者鞋匠也许就是一个工作者，而一个银行职员则可能是一个劳动者。一个人是工作者还是劳动者可以从他对闲暇的态度上看出来。对于一个工作者来说，闲暇不过是他需要放松、休息从而进行有效工作的几个小时，所以，他可能只有少量的闲暇，而不会有大量的空闲。工作者可能会死于心脏病，并会忘记自己妻子的生日。而对于劳动者来说，闲暇就意味着摆脱强制，所 以，他自然会想象：他不得不花费在劳动上的时间越少，而自由自在地玩耍的时间越多，那才越好。Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play . Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of heart attacks and forget their wives birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion , so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.在一个现代化的技术社会里，总人口中有多大比例的人能够像我一样有幸成为工作者呢？我估计大概有16，而 且，我认为这个数字将来也不会增加。What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.技术和劳动的分工成就了两件事：通过在许多领域取消了特别才能和技术的需要，把过去本来令人愉快的大量受雇职业的工作变成了令人厌倦的劳动；通过提高生产力，缩短了劳动所需的时间。已经可以想象出这样一个社会：其人口的大多数，也就是其中的劳动者们，将会享受到早期贵族们才能享受到的几乎同样多的休闲。当人们回想起过去贵族们的举止行为时，前景并非乐观。的确，在未来这样一个大众社会里，人们要解决“无聊”这个问题，也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。后者（贵族们）把他们的时间都仪式化了，譬如，有打松鸡的季节，有在城镇消磨的季节等等。广大民众更有可能以时尚来取代一成不变的仪式，而时尚将会为了某些人的经济利益频繁地变化。再者，广大民众也不会再去狩猎，因为，要不了多久可供猎取的动物就没有了。至于贵族们其他的消遣项目，比如赌博、决斗和战争，人们可以轻而易举地从危险驾驶、吸食毒品和毫无理性的暴力行为中找到同样的乐趣。工作者很少从事暴力活动，他们可以把自己的“敌对心理”用在工作上，不管是工匠的体力活，还是科学 家、艺术家的脑力活。“敌对心理”在脑力劳动中的作用可以在“紧紧咬住问题”这个短语里得到恰如其分的表达。Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy . When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse , a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting , for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling , dueling , and warfare , it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith , or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase getting ones teeth into a problem .Text B职业或事业的选择 Choosing an Occupation or Career杰拉尔德科里Preface Choosing an occupation is an important decision. When making a decision such as this, it is essential to look critically at yourself, and examine your values, interests, abilities, etc. The following text provides you with some insightful advice on the factors worth considering when choosing an occupation or career.你想从工作中得到什么？在选择职业或行业时，你最看重的因素是什么？我在一所大学职业咨询中心的工作中发 现，许多学生没有认真考虑过他们为什么选择某一职业。对于一些人来说，他们择业的主要原因是来自父母的压力或鼓励。另一些人则把当律师、工程师或医生理想化了。我指导过的许多人在决定职业时，没有审视过自己认为最有价值的东西是什么，也没有考虑过在选定的职业中，是否能够实现这些价值。在选择职业，或者对过去选择的职业进行评估 时，你也许会考虑哪些因素真正对你最有意义。What do you expect from work? What factors do you give the most attention to in selecting a career or an occupation? In my work at a university counseling center Ive discovered that many students havent really thought seriously about why they are choosing a given vocation. For some, parental pressure or encouragement is the major reason for their choice. Others have idealized views of what it will be like to be a lawyer, engineer, or doctor. Many people Ive counseled regarding career decisions havent looked at what they value the most and whether these values can be attained in their chosen vocation. In choosing your vocation or evaluating the choices youve made previously , you may want to consider which factors really mean the most to you.选择职业不是一个孤立的事件，而是一个历时较长的过程。从事职业发展研究的人员发现，在选择职业，或者更典型的是，在选择自己将会从事的几种职业时，大多数人都会经历一系列不同的阶段。在职业选择决策过程中，下列因素显然是重要的：自我概念、兴趣、能力、价值观、职业态 度、社会经济地位、父母的影响、种族身份、性别以及身 体、智力、情感和社交方面的缺陷等。让我们考虑一下与择业有关的一些因素，要牢记职业选择是一个过程，而不是一个孤立的事件。我们将审视在事业选择时的自我概念、职业态度、能力、兴趣及价值观所起的作用。Making vocational choices is a process that spans a considerable period of time, rather than an isolated event. Researchers in career development have found that most people go through a series of stages in choosing the occupation or, more typically , occupations that they will follow. The following factors have been shown to be important in determining a persons occupational decision-making process: self-concept , interests, abilities, values, occupational attitudes, socio-economic level, parental influence, ethnic identity, gender, and physical, mental, emotional, and social handicaps. Lets consider some of these factors related to career decision making, keeping in mind that vocational choice is a process, not an event. Well look at the role of self-concept, occupational attitudes, abilities, interests, and values in choosing a career.|自我概念|Self-Concept在事业发展方面，一些作家认为，职业选择是实现一个人自我概念的一种努力。譬如：自我概念弱的人，不大会想到自己能得到一份有意义或重要的工作。他们也许胸无大 志，因而所取得的成就也会平淡无奇。他们也许会选择一种自己并不喜欢或无法从中得到满足的工作，而且会一直做下去。他们之所以这样做是基于一种信念：这项工作是他们自身价值的全部。在这一点上，选择职业可以被认为是我们把自己定位为某类人的公开宣言。Some writers in career development believe that a vocational choice is an attempt to fulfill ones self-concept. People with a poor self-concept, for example, are not likely to picture themselves in a meaningful or important job. They are likely to keep their ambitions low, and thus their achievements will probably be low also. They may select and remain in a job that they do not enjoy or derive satisfaction from, based on their conviction that such a job is all they are worthy of. In this regard, choosing a vocation can be thought of as a public declaration of the kind of person we see ourselves as being.|职业态度|Occupational Attitudes研究表明，在影响我们对职业地位之态度的诸多因素 中，教育是非常重要的。一种职业对教育的要求越高，它的地位就越高。Research indicates that, among the factors that influence our attitudes toward occupational status, education is important. The higher the educational requirements for an occupation, the higher its status.我们通过向周围人们学习的方式来形成自己对地位的态度。普通的一年级学生意识不到职业的地位差异。然而，几年之后，这些孩子就开始用一种与成年人相似的方式对职业加以分级。另一些研究表明，一年级学生普遍对大多数职业持肯定的态度，但是，随着年级的提高，他们爱好的职业范围则逐渐变窄。等到学生进入高年级时，越来越多的职业被他们看作不可接受而加以拒绝。遗憾的是，他们拒绝考虑的或许恰好是那些当他们长大以后找工作时不得不选择的工 作。要是人们不得不接受他们认为是地位低下的某种职业，那就很难让他们对自己或自己的职业有信心。We develop our attitudes toward the status of occupations by learning from the people in our environment. Typical first-graders are not aware of the different status of occupations. Yet in a few years these children begin to rank occupations in a manner similar to that of adults. Other research has shown that positive attitudes toward most occupations are common among first-graders but that these preferences narrow steadily with each year of school. As students advance to higher grades, they reject more and more occupations as unacceptable. Unfortunately, they rule out some of the very jobs from which they may have to choose if they are to find employment as adults. It is difficult for people to feel positively about themselves or their occupation if they have to accept an occupation they perceive as low in status.|能力|Abilities能力，或才能，已经受到了与职业决策过程中被认为是重要的其他因素同样的重视，而且可能比其他因素使用得更多。能力包括一般能力和特别能力。学习才能（常称为综合智力或智商），一般被认为是由语言能力和数字能力构成的一种综合能力。特别能力包括：机械才能、文字才能和形态才能；抽象思维能力以及眼、手、脚的协调能力等。学习才能尤为重要，因为它基本上可以确定谁能获得进入高级职业所需要的教育。Ability, or aptitude, has received as much attention as any of the factors considered significant in the career decision-making process, and it is probably used more often than any other factor. There are both general and specific abilities. Scholastic aptitude, often called general intelligence or IQ , is a general ability typically considered to consist of both verbal and numerical aptitudes. Included among the specific abilities are mechanical , clerical , and spatial (空间的) aptitudes, abstract reasoning ability, and eye / hand / foot coordination . Scholastic aptitude is particularly significant because it largely determines who will be able to obtain the levels of education required for entrance into the higher-status occupations.有趣的是，大部分研究表明，在评估出的才能与职业工作表现及满意度之间几乎不存在直接关系。这并不意味着能力不重要，然而它的确表明：我们在进行职业规划时必须考虑其他因素。Interestingly, most studies show little direct relationship between measured aptitudes and occupational performance and satisfaction. This does not mean that ability is unimportant, but it does indicate that we must consider other factors in career planning.|兴趣|Interests兴趣评估已经十分流行，并广泛应用于职业规划。与能力不同的是，已经发现，兴趣在预测职业的成功、满意度及其持续性方面是比较有效的。因此，在职业规划时首先要考虑兴趣。重要的是，首先要确定你的职业兴趣领域，接着找出适合这些兴趣的职业，然后再确定那些你有所需能力来做出令人满意表现的职业。研究证据说明，兴趣和能力之间关系甚微。Interest measurement has become popular and is used extensively in career planning. Interests, unlike abilities, have been found to be moderately effective as predictors of vocational success, satisfaction, and persistence. Therefore, primary consideration should be given to interests in vocational planning. It is important to first determine your areas of vocational interest, then to identify occupations for which these interests are appropriate, and then to determine those occupations for which you have the abilities required for satisfactory job performance. Research evidence indicates only a slight relationship between interests and abilities.|价值观|Values认识、明确和评价自己的价值观，使其适合自己的职业是极为重要的。It is extremely important for you to identify, clarify, and assess your values so that you will be able to match them with your career.在为大学生选择职业提供建议时，我通常建议他们把自己的兴趣和价值观作为选择某个职业领域的可靠导向。譬 如，要是你的主要价值观在经济方面，你的职业决策就会建立在想得到某种经济或心理安全感的愿望之上。对大多数人来说，考虑工作的安全感是合理的，但你会发现，只有安全感并不足以使你对职业感到满意。你的主要价值观也许在社交方面，这包括和人们一起工作以及帮助他人。有许多职业都适合那些具有社交价值取向的人。In counseling college students on vocational decision making I typically Recommend that they follow their interests and values as reliable guides for a general occupational area. If your central values are economic, for example, your career decisions are likely to be based on a desire for some type of financial or psychological security . The security a job affords is a legitimate consideration for most people, but you may find that security alone is not enough to lead to vocational satisfaction. Your central values may be social, including working with people and helping people. There are many careers that would be appropriate for those with a socialOrientation (取向).当然，我所提到的这些因素只是在选择职业时需要考虑的诸多因素中的几个。既然在工作上要投入大量的时间和精力，自己确定出每种因素在我们的思想中占多大的份量极其重要。总之，如果你在职业选择时多花点时间和心思，并且积极地采取步骤去发现一种职业或行业，能使你的生活变得更加充实而不会扰乱你的生活，你对自己的工作感到满意的机会就更大。归根结底，你才是对自己能够在工作中想得到什么做出最佳决策的人。Of course, the factors Ive mentioned are only a few of the many considerations involved in selecting a vocation. Since so much time and energy are devoted to work, its extremely important to decide for ourselves what weight each factor will have in our thinking.In short, you stand a greater chance of being satisfied with your work if you put time and thought into your choice and if you actively take steps toward finding a career or an occupation that will bring more enrichment to your life than it will disruption (扰乱) . Ultimately, you are the person who can best decide what you want in your work.
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