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名 词 一:名词的分类 专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。 如Hong Kong, China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross 个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如student, book名 普 可数名词 词 通 集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family, school, group, people名 词 不可数名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton, air, tea 抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness, news 二、 名词的数1:可数名词有单、复数形式,规则名词单复数变化:1) 绝大多数在词尾加s。如: book, books; bag, bags; cup, cups; face, faces. 2)以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的名词加es。如: watch, watches; brush, brushes; hero, heroes; class, classes; 3)以辅音字母y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es。例如:baby, babies; family, families; 以元音字母y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy, boys; key, keys 4) 以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,如:leaf, leaves; wife, wives.2. 不规则名词单复数变化:(1)单复数同形:sheep, deer, fish, means, species, works(工厂), Chinese, Japanese, Swiss (2)改变字母:man -men, woman -women, policeman -policemen, saleswoman -saleswomen, foot -feet, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, Mouse -Mice , phenomenon -phenomena (3)增加字母: child -children, ox oxen(4)以o结尾的词:加s: photo, radio, piano, zoo, studio, bamboo, tobacco, kangaroo加es: tomato, potato, hero, Negro, dingo(5)以f或fe结尾的词: 直接加s:roof, proof, belief, chief, gulf, 变f为v再加es:life, wife, knife, half, leaf, wolf, thief 另外:handkerchief(handkerchiefs或handkerchieves)3. 名词单复数的特殊情况:(1) 集体名词只用作复数 police , cattle , people , the youth(2) 集体名词用作不可数名词: clothing, furniture, luggage (baggage), wealth(3) 集体名词视具体情况而定单复数: family, class, population, group, team, company, government, committee, audience, enemy(4) 只有复数形式的名词: clothes, trousers, jeans, twins, glasses, scissors, goods ,thanks, wishes, tears, troops, (5) 以s结尾但不表示复数: 1.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 2.news是不可数名词。 3.the United States,the United Nations (应视为单数) ( The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 ) 4.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 (The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. ) 5. 表示由两部分构成的东西, glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes (衣服) 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双) a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers 6. 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思 goods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼) (6) 有没有s结尾意义不同: glass glasses, cloth clothes, work works, water waters, wood woods, goodgoods, time times(时代), paper papers(论文), custom customs(海关), spirit spirits(酒精,情绪), experience experiences(经历),arm arms(武器), (7) 姓氏后加s并带冠词,表一家人或夫妇俩: the Greens (8) 合成名词的复数形式: 将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数:looker(s)-on, passer(s)-by, mother(s)-in-law 将最后一部分变为复数: grown-up(s), go-between(s) (中间人), good-for-nothing(s) (无用之人) 含boy, girl, lady等的合成的名词: 它们始终为单数,其后的名词则用复数形式。 如: boy students, girl friends 含man或 woman的合成名词: 它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如:a man doctor, two men doctors (9)名词只能用复数形式的短语: do exercises (做操) take notes (做笔记) take turns (轮流) make repairs (搞修理) change trains (改换火车) make friends with (交朋友)shake hands with (握手 as follows (如下) in rags (衣衫褴褛) in dozens (成打的)三:名词做定语1:表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语,一般用单数形式。stone figures(石像);paper money(纸币);country music(乡村音乐);table cloth(桌布);river bank(河岸);school gate(校门口);book stores(书店);traffic lights(交通灯); summer holidays(暑假);evening dress(晚礼服)。2:但有些名词做定语必须用复数: sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览、 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 3:man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。men workers、 women teachers、 gentlemen officials 4:有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。 goods train (货车)、 arms produce(武器生产)、customs papers (海关文件 )、 clothes brush (衣刷)5:数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 two-dozen eggs(两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)) a ten-mile walk (十里路) two-hundred trees (两百棵树) 、 a five-year plan.(一个五年计划) a seven-years child (一个七岁的孩子) 四:名词的格1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下: (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。 Childrens Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书) (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。 Teachers Day(教师节) 特殊的名词复数仍要加 s如children就是child的名词复数形式它变所有格时则必须加 s (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息), Chinas population(中国的人口). (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。 a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿) 表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者 (5)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop, house等名词。 如:the tailors 裁缝店,the barbers理发店,go to the doctors上诊所, at my uncles在我叔叔家2:名词双重所有格(1)什么叫双重所有格所谓双重所有格就是指将 -s 所有格与 of 所有格结合起来一起使用:a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯先生的一张照片(2)双重所有格的使用场合当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格:I dont like that big nose of Davids. 我不喜欢大卫的那个大鼻子。Which novel of Dickens are you referring to? 你谈的是狄更斯的哪部小说?Some friends of my brothers will come. 我兄弟的一些朋友要来。【注】被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感情色彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等):That little daughter of your cousins is really a dear. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是逗人爱。(表赞赏)That daughter of your cousins is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)另外,被双重所有格修饰的名词前可以用不定冠词,但通常不用定冠词:可以说:a poem of Shellys, a novel of Dickens 不能说:the poem of Shellys, the novel of Dickens有时既可用双重所有格也可用 of 所有格,但含义稍有差别。比较:a photo of Marys 玛丽收藏的一张照片 a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片a criticism of Williams 威廉提出的批评 a criticism of William 对威廉的批评五:名词的注意事项1、 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式: The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 2、集体名词(family, class, team, group, row, police, school)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:His family is large.(她的家人很多) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:His family are all teachers(她的家人都是老师) 3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。 There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) 4、 maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数: The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如: A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句) 7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) Fish and chip is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。 There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) 9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。 Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) 10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。 A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边) 11、as well as 和名词连用时,谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。 He as well as I is responsible for it.(不但是我,他对这件事也有责任) 12、eitheror或者neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。 Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 13、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。 Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间) Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) 14、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the 等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. (因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况: Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人). (这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) 高考英语考点解析 名词导学案一 名词单复数1.不可数名词-物质名词、抽象名词通常是不可数,做主语时谓语要用单数。例如:success, water2.可数名词有单复数形式,单数做主语,谓语用单数;复数做主语谓语用复数。 名词复数规则完成下列变复数练习并总结名词复数规则:。 Desk_ brush_, zero_ potato_ leaf_ family_, city_ box_ class_ watch_ stomach_, thief_, knife_ roof_ piano_ hero_ Chinese_, tooth_,radio_ mouse_, child_, cup_, toy_ phenomenon_ policewoman_ woman teacher_ means_ deer_ passer-by_ grown-up_规则总结:1 _2._4_,5_6注意:7.表示由两部分构成的东西如:glasses (眼镜)trousers, clothes 等做主语时,谓语用_数。,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers这些词前面是 a pair of 时, 谓语用_数。8.单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, means等这些词做主语时,谓语动词的数应该 根据_来决定。改错:1) My glasses broke yesterday. I had it repaired.2) This pair of trousers fit you very well.3) All the sheep likes eating grass.4) Every means have been tried.二 名词所有格名词所有格一般是在名词后面加上s,表示某某人的,称为所属关系。名词所有格有s,of和双重所有格几种形式:关于s结构名词所有格多用于表示有生命的名词的所属关系,此时要用s表示。但其构成和用法又分为以下六种情形:1.一般情况下,是在单数名词的词尾直接加s。例如:_吉姆的足球 _凯特的猫2.以-s结尾的复数名词,只能在词尾加。比如:老师们的椅子_ 学生们的书_3.不以-s结尾的不规则复数名词,还得在词尾加s._儿童节 _男鞋_女士服装4.若表示两人各自所有的两个东西,则应在两个名词后面都加上s,且后接复数名词;若表示两人共同所有的一个东西,则只能在后面那个名词后面加上s,且后接单数名词。请比较:Toms and Mikes room s汤姆和迈克的房间(两人各有一间,共两间,不是共同拥有)Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克的房间(两人共同拥有的一间房间)5.一些表示日期、时间、距离、国家名称的无生命名词,也可加s构成所有格。请看:_一个月的时间_今天的报纸_北京的春天 6.如果s后的名词是商店、住宅等地点时,后面的名词常常要省略。比如:_在诊所,在医务室 _到我叔叔家of短语表示无生命的所属关系时,要用介词of所构成的短语来表示。 _一幅中国地图变身须知:一般来说,s结构都可以变成of短语,请看:the boys new bikethe new bike of the boy那位男孩的新自行车the twins bedroomthe bedroom of the twins双胞胎的卧室the door of the roomthe rooms door房间的门但是,并非所有的of短语都可以变成s结构。对于无生命的名词所有格最好还是用of短语。比如:教室里的画要说a picture of a classroom,而不能说a classrooms picture。三双重所有格双重所有格形式,就是既含有s结构,又含有of短语,组合成了ofs结构。双重所有格主要有两种用法:一种表示部分,另一种表示感情色彩。练习:_我父亲的一位老朋友 _你哥哥的英语书_你姐姐的这个可爱的儿子注意:双重所有格和只用of的所有格在意义上是不同的。试比较:a photo of my mothers我母亲的一幅照片(照片是我母亲的,照片上的人却不一定是我母亲)a photo of my mother我母亲的照片(照片上的人就是我母亲)练习:填空Yesterday afternoon I met a friend of _1_(I). He has a brother, _2_ is a soldier. He often showed me a picture of his_3_(brother). He told me that _4_(he) brother was strict _5_ himself. Whenever this friend tells of his brother, he always takes 6_(proud) in his 7_(brother) everything. Last week he took an _8_(8小时车程) to see his brother. 四 名词的搭配名词跟动词,介词常搭配,构成固定短语。 _ a conclusion _ sb a favor _ sth in use _ a decision _ a trick on sb _ attention to 做鬼脸_ 握手_ 名词相关练习:一 翻译短语。1.安的帽子_2.露茜和莉莉合用的卧室_3.妇女节_4.女孩子们的图画5.书桌的腿_6.一幅四川地图_7.我哥哥的一位好朋友8.他妹妹的照片_9.我的猫的名字_10.杰克和约翰的钢笔_二 .找出不可数名词,在横线上打勾,并将可数名词变成复数形式:homework _half _advice_money _knowledge _foot _blood _music _tomato _policeman_mouth _bread _information _milk _cow _tear _city_boy_news_mouse_单句改错(1) Women live longer than men in most country.(2) The film is very interesting. I have seen it many time.(3) Its said that all the ticket have been sold out.(4) The children spend a lot of times watching TV.(5) I met a lot of interesting peoples on holiday.(6) The flower in the park were all pleasing.(7)Computer are becoming more and more popular in the country.(8) Its one of the most interesting book that Ive ever read.(9) Hearing the news, the woman burst into tear.(10) He hasnt lived here long, but he has a great many friend here.(11) It was a great fun to swim in the lake in such hot weather.(12) Hes getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures.(13) Theres a papers factory near our school. (14) What a good news he brought us! (15) He had to learn to use his foot as his hands,(16) I dont like eating potato.(17). Physics are very difficult for me to learn.词形变化填空练习:1. Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _.(patient)2. If each of us do something every day, we can make a big _(different).3. A good teacher should be _(tolerant) of his or her students.4. The manager showed his _(satisfy) with our work.5. His great _(achieve) is to make his team a united one.6. We have received a lot of _(express) of support for our plan.7. All of us long for _(succeed), but it never comes easily.8. Before the interview, you should make good _(prepare) for it.9. Dont be afraid of _(fail), because its the mother of success.10. I have enough _(confident) in winning the match. Lets wait,11. I have some _(difficult) in understanding your behavior.12. I have tried all the _(means) that you told me.13. The teacher asked us to sweep all the _(leaf) on the ground.14. Were developing new _(product) these days.15. That was the best _(choose) for you.16. This is your own _(decide). I dont care.17. One of the best _(impression) is that he likes reading.7
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