2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解35

2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Every country and culture, whether its as ancient as India or as young as the Czech Republic, has a history that will greatly affect both the market and the marketer. A market that has been heavily exploited in the past by foreigners will turn a predictably skeptical eye toward any overseas company seeking new sales territory. It may even refuse products that could greatly benefit the society. Understanding that history will enable a marketer to approach the culture in a more subtle manner, and it will certainly cause an adjustment of schedule. On the other end, a culture that has been marked by independence for some time will have few fears of foreign operations and may find the subtle approach far too lackluster and slow.Marketers may bring their own business to the process and should take care to separate themselves, at least emotionally, from their personal and cultural history. Oftentimes, this includes racial prejudices that are difficult to shake, earlier political disagreements that have never been fully settled, of old unhealed war wounds. Lets look at the race issue first. Companies with Caucasian marketing personnel returning to post-apartheid South Africa are generally plagued with a feeling that they owe something to the new black majority government. Its a completely self-generated debt as the government is, in reality, overjoyed that investment has returned after the long embargo. However, this joy doesnt prevent South Africa companies from taking advantage of counterparts guilt feelings when its time to cut a deal. On the political front, the relationship, between Vietnam and the United States is a prime example of two sets of marketers misinterpreting each others history and culture when it came time to do business. Following in the wake of the bloody two-decade war that ended in 1975, the United States and Vietnam finally reopened trade in 1994. The Vietnamese assumed that American business community would heap investment on them to make up for past wrong, while the American thought they would be welcomed as the saviors of Vietnams floundering economy. Most of Americas marketers sent to Vietnam were small children during the war, and the conflict had little bearing on their lives .Vietnams decision makers on the other hand were primarily veterans of the conflict and saw it as the key element of the relationship. Neither side paid attention to the others view of history nor the results have been decidedly disappointing for almost everyone.1.The passage mainly discusses that（ ）.2.It is advisable for a marketer to（ ）.3.According to the passage, which of the following is true?4.The Caucasian example indicates that（ ）.5.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?问题1选项A.cultural differences force companies to adjust scheduleB.marketing success and failure are much like historyC.developing countries are hostile to developed countriesD.the history of a country or culture influences the market问题2选项A.understand the history of a country or cultureB.exploit the market with great effortC.keep a skeptical eye on overseas companiesD.slow down foreign operations问题3选项A.Marketeers should be responsible for the burdens of the past.B.Marketeers should separate themselves from their personal and cultural history.C.Marketeers should disagree on racial prejudices.D.Marketeers should take care of the wounded in the war.问题4选项A.South Africans are plagued with a guilty feelingB.South Africans are overloved with the overseas investmentC.South Africans owe debts to Caucasian companyD.South African companies take advantage of their counterparts guilty feelings问题5选项A.The failure of the reopened trade between American and Vietnam should be taken as a lesson.B.The Vietnamese take it for granted that the American business community will invest money in Vietnam to make up for past wrongs.C.The relationship between Vietnam and the US is a good example of forgetting the past.D.Misinterpreting history and culture leads to business failure.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文开头“Every country and culture, whether its as ancient as India or as young as the Czech Republic, has a history that will greatly affect both the market and the marketer. 每个国家和文化，无论是像印度一样古老还是像捷克共和国一样年轻，都有一段对市场和营销人员都有巨大影响的历史。并且文中列举了两个例子来论证一个国家的文化或历史会影响市场。故D项正确。2.细节事实题。由第一段“Understanding that history will enable a marketer to approach the culture in a more subtle manner, and it will certainly cause an adjustment of schedule. 了解历史可以使营销人员以一种更微妙的方式接近文化，这肯定会导致对日程表的调整。”可知商人了解一个国家的文化或历史很重要。故A项正确。3.推理判断题。由第二段“Marketers may bring their own business to the process and should take care to separate themselves, at least emotionally, from their personal and cultural history. 营销人员可能会把他们自己的业务带入到这个过程中，他们应该注意把自己与他们的个人和文化历史分开，至少在情感上是这样。”可知B项“市场营销人员应该把自己与个人和文化历史分开。”正确。4.推理判断题。由第三段“However, this joy doesnt prevent South Africa companies from taking advantage of counterparts guilt feelings when its time to cut a deal. 然而，这种喜悦并不能阻止南非公司在谈判时利用对手的内疚感。”可知D项“南非的公司利用了他们对手的负罪感”正确。5.推理判断题。由最后一段“On the political front, the relationship, between Vietnam and the United States is a prime example of two sets of marketers misinterpreting each others history and culture when it came time to do business. 在政治方面，越南和美国之间的关系就是一个典型的例子，两国商人在做生意的时候会误解对方的历史和文化。”以及“ The Vietnamese assumed that American business community would heap investment on them to make up for past wrong, 越南人认为美国商界会向他们大量投资，以弥补过去的错误，”可知ABD三项均正确，C项“越南和美国的关系是一个忘记过去的好例子。”与原文不符，越南和美国的关系是由于双方商人对于对方的历史和文化的误解。故答案C。2. 单选题He is totally（ ）to other peoples attitudes.问题1选项A.concernedB.carelessC.indifferentD.cold【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concerned“有关的；关心的”；B选项careless“粗心的；无忧无虑的”；C选项indifferent“冷淡的；不关心的” D选项cold“冷淡的，不热情的”。句意：他对别人的态度漠不关心。be indifferent to是固定搭配，表示 “对漠不关心”，因此C项正确。3. 单选题He could tell by the（ ）in her lower lip that she was about to cry.问题1选项A.quiverB.stiffnessC.stillnessD.facilitation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。quiver“颤抖，震动”；stiffness“僵硬，坚硬”；stillness“静止，沉静”；facilitation“简易化，助长，容易”。句意：他可以通过她下唇的颤抖判断出她要哭了。由she was about to cry可推断出下嘴唇是颤抖的，故A项正确。4. 写作题Directions: China is a country with a population of more than 1.3 billion people. With that many people in one country, discipline is a major societal focus, and this carries over into parenting. The most common parenting style in China is referred to as authoritarian parenting, which is characterized by children who are submissive to their parents without question and trust their parents to lead them in the right direction, and emphasizes high standards and a tendency to control kids. This is distinguished from authoritative parenting, which also emphasizes high standards, but is accompanied by high levels of parental warmth and a commitment to reason with children. When compared with authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting is linked with lower levels of self-control, more emotional problems, and lower academic performance.There is much debate as to whether authoritarian parenting is harmful to a childs development. According to some researchers, Chinese parents are less likely to face the choice between scholastic success and social success. Some educators in China have expressed concern that traditional Chinese parenting does not faster creativity or divergent thinking. But in any case, there are good things about traditional Chinese parenting and Chinese culture: Chinese parents are more likely to emphasize effort over innate talent and believe that effort, not innate intelligence, is the key to achievement.Is the controversy justified? What do you think about the advantages and disadvantages of traditional Chinese parenting? Write a composition of about 250 words expressing your own opinions. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)【答案】略5. 单选题When department stores have an oversupply of goods, they frequently（ ）prices to encourage sales.问题1选项A.concealB.reviewC.damageD.reduce【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项conceal“隐藏；隐瞒”；B选项review“回顾；检查；复审”；C选项damage“损害，毁坏” D选项reduce“ 减少；降低”。句意：当百货公司的商品供过于求时，他们经常降价以促进销量。空格处动词的宾语是“价格”，根据后面的“以促进销量”可知D项符合句意。6. 单选题With price（ ）so much, its hard for the company to plan a budget.问题1选项A.fluctuatingB.wavingC.swingingD.vibrating【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。fluctuate“使波动，使动摇，涨落”； wave“挥手，挥舞”；swing“摇摆，旋转”；vibrate“使振动，使颤动”。句意：由于价格波动大，所以这家公司很难做出预算计划。A项符合题意。7. 单选题Since market reforms were instituted in the late 1970s, China has been among the most rapidly growing economies in the world, regularly（ ） 10 percent GDP growth annually.问题1选项A.exceededB.exceedingC.has exceededD.having exceeded【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语。句意：自上世纪70年代末实行市场改革以来，中国一直是世界上增长最快的经济体之一，每年的GDP增长率经常超过10%。句中已有谓语动词has been，所以填空处应填入非谓语，由此可首先排除C选项和D选项；其次，这里应使用现在分词形式表示超过的状态，而且超过是主动语态，所以选项B正确。8. 单选题In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence .Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologist, geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing, wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, disease such as polio measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine, our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society; however, they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprise our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.1.In the first paragraph the author implies that we（ ）.2.The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrate（ ）.3.Nothing，according to the author ,can match the invention of the computer in term of （ ）.4.The author seems to be unhappy about（ ）.5.The authors tone in the passage is （ ）.问题1选项A.would not survive without scienceB.take the amenities of science for grantedC.could have raised the standards of living with scienceD.would be free of disease because of scientific advances问题2选项A.how science has been developedB.what science means to societyC.what the nature of science isD.how disease affects society问题3选项A.powerB.noveltyC.benefitsD.complexity问题4选项A.peoples ignorance of their cultureB.peoples ignoring the amenities of scienceC.peoples making no contributions to societyD.peoples misunderstanding of scientific advances问题5选项A.criticalB.cognizantC.appreciativeD.paradoxical【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。第一段指出：Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologist, geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline (没有化学家、物理学家、生物学家、地质学家和其他勤奋的科学家所取得的巨大进步，我们的生活水平就会下降)，由此推断C项“有了科学，我们的生活水平才得以提高”正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。第二段开头指出：Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances(医疗保健是社会的一个方面，它将我们与古老的祖先区分开来，它完全建立在科学发现和进步的基础上)，后面又以疫苗为例，其实是为了论证本文主题：科学对社会的重要性。故选B项。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。第三段指出：此外，科学已经发明出也许是世界历史上最令人敬畏、最重要的发明计算机。没有这台机器，世界的确可以存着，但是计算机给生活带来的便利是无与伦比的。因此C项“益处，用处”正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。倒数第二段开头指出：尽管如今的创新者和科学家奉献了他们的伟大成就和成果，但我们有必要审查（重视）科学带来的便利，这在我们的文化中往往是被公然漠视的。后面作者又举例说明是科学家们发明了灯泡、电、电话等必需品。因此，B项“人们忽视了科学带来的便利”正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。作者通篇都在强调科学对我们的意义和重要性，通过“science is the essence of our existence”以及“ Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing”等字眼可以看出，作者的语气是感激的，欣赏的。故选C。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:9. 单选题When they marry, husbands and wives have well-developed health histories and well-established congenital and developmental propensities toward good and ill health. Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health propensity and health condition of an individual at a particular time, his or her probability of better or worse future health is affected by a variety of socially mediated factors that are subject to influence or manipulation by his or her spouse.Spouses can promote each others health by ameliorating psychological stress. A substantial literature develops strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increase mortality risk, and serves as an important mechanism that links socioeconomic characteristics to health and mortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress by talking about it to a trusted other person, psychological treatment, physical exercise, recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors.Spouses also can promote each others health by providing each other with supportive social contact, and they can facilitate or inhibit each others social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, coworkers and acquaintances. Recent experimental data shows that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to experimentally introduced upper respiratory viruses than persons with less diverse social networks.Spouses can also promote each others health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage money income effectively. Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health more likely. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic and safe environment, medical care, and amenities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged or unusually wealthy, husbands and wives almost always share their financial resources and purchase and consume many of these health-promoting goods and services jointly. In short, there are many ways in which spouses can influence each others probability of good health.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.According to the author, what is the most effective way for the husband to reduce psychological stress?3.Which one is the suitable summary of paragraph 1?4.How can money make good health?5.Which of the following is likely to throw spouses into ill health?问题1选项A.How spouses can promote each others physical condition.B.The spouses probability of future well-being.C.Effects of spouses hours of work on each others health.D.Spouses influence each other in various ways.问题2选项A.To talk to other person.B.To go to see psychiatrist.C.To take pleasure.D.To talk with his wife.问题3选项A.Spouses influence is of vital importance to each others health.B.Spouses influence has nothing to do with health.C.Healthy spouses will remain health after their marriage.D.There are a variety of socially mediated factors.问题4选项A.Money sometimes may be powerful enough to buy health directly.B.Spouses can manage money income effectively for each others healthC.Money can provide spouses with goods and services, which is likely to make good health.D.For the sake of each others heath, husbands and wives should share everything.问题5选项A.Positive interaction with relatives.B.Appropriate physical exercise.C.Few social networks.D.Nutritious food.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，作者在第一段指出丈夫或妻子的健康状况不仅受到社会因素的影响，还会受到其配偶的影响。接着后面的三个段落分别从三个不同的角度讲述了配偶之间应该如何相互帮助来促进彼此的健康，所以选项C符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的内容，减压机制包括消除压力来源，通过与信任的人谈话来管理压力，还有心理治疗，体育锻炼，娱乐休闲等其他方法。配偶可以提供或鼓励所有这些减轻压力的行为。由此可知，作者认为丈夫减轻心理压力最有效的办法应该是与信任的人也就是妻子进行谈话沟通，所以选项D正确。3.主旨大意题。根据第11题的分析可知，第一段主要是讲丈夫或妻子的健康状况不仅受到社会因素的影响，还会受到其配偶的影响。也就是说配偶的影响对彼此的健康至关重要。所以选项A符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第二句“Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health more likely. 金钱不能直接买到健康，但它可以用来购买使人更有可能获得健康的商品和服务。”由此可知，选项C符合原文。5.细节事实题。A选项“与亲人之间的积极互动”；B选项“适当的体育锻炼”； D选项“有营养的食物”都能够促进配偶的健康状况，只有C选项“很小的社交圈子”可能会让配偶健康状况不佳。所以本题选C。10. 翻译题Directions: Choose two of the following sentences and translate them into English. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 5 points each)Note: You are required to translate 2 of the following sentences.1、世界是丰富多彩的，各种文明和社会体制应当求同存异并，取长补短。我们不能照搬照抄别国的政治制度。2、世界上很难找出政党制度和政治制度完全相同的国家。各国有各国的国情。关键的是要有利于经济发展和政治稳定，维护和实现人民的根本利益。3、腐败作为一种社会历史现象，古今中外很多社会都有。现在世界上没有哪个国家能说已经完全消除了腐败。只有程度的不同。4、不谋万世者，不足谋一时；不谋全局者，不足谋一域。5、子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉；择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”【答案】1. Our world is diverse and colorful. All kinds of civilizations and socialist systems should seek common ground while reserving differences and learn from each other to make up deficiencies. We should not copy the political system of other countries mechanically.2. We can hardly find two countries that have exactly the same political party system and political system. Different countries have different national conditions. What is essential is that the kind of party system they institute should serve their economic development, political stability, and maintenance and realization of the fundamental interests of their people.3. Corruption, as a social and historic phenomenon, has existed in many societies, both in the past and at present. No country in the world today can acclaim that it has completely eliminated corruption. The only difference lies in the degree of seriousness of this problem.4. Without long-term strategy, short-term achievement is impossible. Without full-scale consideration, simple action is impracticable.5. Confucius said, “When three are walking together, I am sure to find teachers among them. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.”11. 写作题Directions: Human identity, the idea that defines each and every one of us, could be facing an unprecedented crisis. It is a crisis that would threaten long-held notions of who we are, what we do and how we behave. According to neuroscientists, this crisis could reshape the way we think, we learn and we interact with each other, alter what makes us happy, and modify our capacity for reaching our full potential as individuals. It is caused by one simple fact: We are excessively reliant on the use of the information technology. Likewise, the way we traditionally learn and teach in classrooms is under threat from the modern technology and fails to attract the post-1990s, who have been negatively stereotyped as a selfish group or labeled as Iphone fans or Wechat-(or QQ-) addicted kids.What do you think of the possible changes th