2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解36

2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 写作题Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.【答案】参考范文As is shown in the two pictures, the same flower has different fate when put in different situations. When there is protection, the flower blooms beautifully. However, when exposed directly to rain and storm, the flower quickly withers. We can safely come to the conclusion that greenhouse flowers cannot withstand rain and storm.The same is true with our children. As the one-child policy is adopted in China, more and more parents overprotect their children. With everything done for them and every need satisfied by their parents or grandparents, these only children seem to be healthy, happy and high-spirited. But when they leave home, they become disappointed and frustrated. Facing harsh things they have never experienced before, such as competition from peers, criticism from supervisors, pressure for deadlines and restriction for discipline, they will be at a loss, miserable or even desperate. In fact, the more protection they get from their parents, the less ability they acquire. Parents love for their children turns out to be a disaster.Children, like flowers, should be treated with care, but reasonable and sensible ways of doing things will help to bring about more fruitful results, if we not only love our children but also teach them how to love, our love will be passed down from generation to generation; if we not only solve problems for our children but also encourage them to solve problems, our diligence and ingenuity will make our life more meaningful and worthwhile.2. 不定项选择题At first, the new business plan seemed counterintuitiveif not a quick route to bankruptcy. Koreans who ordered products from LG Home Shopping, a television shopping channel hawking everything from jewelry to cookware, could return them no questions asked and get a refund even before the items were collected from their home. All deliveries were free. And the new plan was launched in the depths of the Asian financial crisis in 1998.Little wonder that everyone including his staff thought LG Home Shopping Chief Executive Choi Yung Jae has a screw looses. Even as Choi offered one of the best bargains in Korea, he refused to sacrifice quality. One day, he appeared at a Seoul warehouse for a spot inspectionand canceled orders from nearly 70% of LGs suppliers. “Customer trust will make or break our business,” he declared. Not long after, Choi set up a fax line in his office to handle customer complaints directly. Complaints poured in. “But then,” says LG manager Shin Hyung Bum, “six months later he started getting complimentary faxes.” Executives are confident that sales will jump another 50% next year.Choi is still getting them. In 1998, LG Home Shopping earned its first profit as sales tripled to $169 million. The channel, which airs around the clock and prices items up to one-third cheaper than department stores, has thrived ever since. Despite the global slowdown, the company predicts sales of $ 779 million this year, up 68% from 2000.LG takes advantage of Korean demographics. Knowing that most middle-class women are homemakers, it has focused its marketing on females in their 30s and 40s. And delivery costs are minimal because nearly half of Koreas 14.3 million families reside in apartment blocks.The operation is also resolutely up-market, in contrast to similar U.S. channels. Because most cable-TV subscribers in Korea are well-to-do, LG sells no item for less than $ 23, which it figures is the minimum it can charge and still make a 4% margin after covering delivery. On average, LG shoppers spend $110 per order, triple what U.S. TV shoppers spend.Rivals acknowledge Chois contribution to electronic shopping, which has accounted for 3% of Koreas $90 billion retail market. “The whole industry is indebted to Chois pioneering campaign,” says Samsung Vice-President Suh Kang Ho, who heads the chaebols Internet Shopping division. “The big question is if LG can keep its growth in the face of tougher competition.”1. Which of the following best defines the word “counterintuitive” (L. 1, Para. 1)?2. By saying that “Choi Yung Jae has a screw looses” (L. 2, Para.2), the author means that（ ）.3. In the views of Choi（ ）4. From the text, we can infer that（ ）5. What is the attitude of Suh Kang Ho towards the future growth of LG?问题1选项A.Sensible.B.Irrational.C.Quick.D.Feasible.问题2选项A.the staff in the company are afraid of ChoiB.there is something wrong with the facility of the companyC.Choi is mad to some extentD.Chois bargains cannot be accepted by the staff问题3选项A.product quality is crucial to the success of the company.B.electronic shopping has a bright future.C.the American way of e-commerce has more disadvantages.D.the rival company has already acknowledged his contribution.问题4选项A.the new electronic shopping plan starts in an unfavorable economic situation.B.the majority of the customers of LGs service are women and children.C.the American electronic shopping companies are the rivals of LG.D.the price of the same product sold by LG is higher than that of the American Company.问题5选项A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Suspicious.D.Indifferent.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:词义推断题。本题如果记过这个单词可以直接选择，如果不认识也没有关系，根据词根词缀法我们可以发现，单词由counter-和intuitive两部分组成，词缀counter意为“反对”，intuitive意为“直觉的”，因此这个单词的意思大概为“违背直觉的”，B项正确，如果不知道这个方法也可以从后文的“if not a quick route to bankruptcy.”（如果你不想快速破产的话）可见当时普通人对新商业计划的认知都是它是不正常的，违背常理的，答案为B。第2题:作者意图题。首先定位到这个句子的前后文，后面是说到Choi拒绝牺牲商品的质量，也就是他必须要保证每一件商品的质量，在后面提到说他去视察一个工厂时，直接让那个工厂70%的商品都标为不合格并且直接取消，说明他对于商品的质量是有着很疯狂的追求的，他绝对不会牺牲商品的质量来换取营业额，题干中的“screw looses”意为做事古怪的，也与C项相符。第3题:细节推断题。题干提问在Choi的观点中是怎么样的，A项说他认为产品的质量是公司成功的关键，这一点从第二段可以看出，他非常强调商品的质量，因此A 保留；B项全文并没有提及，电子购物现在已经发展得如火如荼，但是它的未来Choi并没有给出观点，要注意题干问的是Choi的观点，并不是考生的想法，不要代入自己的主观思想，要从题干中找信息；C项也没有提及；D项是Choi的对手三星总裁的观点，答案为A。第4题:文章推断题。A项在第一段的最后一句话“And the new plan was launched in the depths of the Asian financial crisis in 1998.”可以得出，A项保留；B项错误，电视购物的主力就是家庭妇女，并没有儿童；C项错误，LG的对手主要是韩国国内的其他平台；D项也不对，只是说LG的顾客会在购买时花得更多，而不是它的单价高。答案为A。第5题:作者态度题。根据人名定位到最后一段，Suh说道“The big question is if LG can keep its growth in the face of tougher competition.”意思是不确定LG能不能在之后更加激烈的竞争中胜出，说明他对于LG的未来是持怀疑态度的，答案为C。3. 单选题Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie, an American Indian poet. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?15. What was his original goal at collage?16. Why did he take the poetry writing class?问题1选项A.He could bring unfinishied work home.B.He might have time to persue his interests.C.He might do some evening teaching.D.He could invest more emotion in his family.问题2选项A.To teach in high school.B.To write his own books.C.To be a medical doctor.D.To be a mathematician.问题3选项A.To follow his father.B.For an easy grade.C.To change his specialty.D.For knowledge of poetry.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B【解析】第1题:第2题:第3题:4. 不定项选择题Predicting the future is risky business for a scientist. It is safe to say, however, that the global AIDS epidemic will get much worse before it gets any better. Sadly, this modern plague will be with us for several generations, despite major scientific advances.As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system. Accounting for more than 3 million deaths in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest microbe in the world, more lethal than even TB and malaria. There are 34 developing countries where the prevalence of this infection is 2% or greater. In Africa nearly a dozen countries have a rate higher than 10%, including four southern African nations in which a quarter of the people are infected. And the situation continues to worsen; more than 6 million new infections appeared in 1999. This is like condemning 16,000 people each day to a slow and miserable death.Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years after AIDS was recognized, the guilty agent human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV was identified. We now know more about HIV than about any other virus, and 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in the U.S. and Western Europe.The epidemic continues to rage, however, in South America, Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. By the year 2025, AIDS will be by far the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing the public health gains of the past 50 years.It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of AIDS. The magnitude of the pandemic could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on what happens in India and China. Four million people have already become HIV-positive in India, and infection is likely to reach several percent in a population of 1 billion. Half a million Chinese are now infected; the trajectory of Chinas epidemic, however, is less certain.An explosive AIDS epidemic in the U.S. is unlikely. Instead, HIV infection will continue to fester in about 0.5% of the population. But the complexion of the epidemic will change. New HIV infections will occur predominately in the underclass, with rates 10 times as high in minority groups. Nevertheless, American patients will live quality lives for decades, thanks to advances in medical research. Dozens of powerful and well-tolerated AIDS drugs will be developed, as will novel means to restore the immune system.A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But constrained by economic reality, these therapeutic advances will have only limited benefit outside the U.S. and Western Europe.1. Which is the best title for this text?2. The phrase “gloom and doom” (L1, Para.3) probably means （ ）3. Which of the following statistics is correct according to the text?4. We can learn from the text that （ ）5. According to the author, the cure for AIDS will probably mainly depends on （ ）问题1选项A.The Spread of HIV . And Will We Ever Cure AIDS?B.The Worse Situation of AIDS . Will AIDS Ruin Human Being?C.The Statistics of AIDS . Will AIDS Spread around the World?D.The Expansion of HIV . Will Asia Become the Core of AIDS?问题2选项A.obscurity and sadness.B.darkness and despair.C.ruin and death.D.disappointment and end.问题3选项A.In India, there are 4,000,000 people who have been found HIV-positive, the infection rate almost reaching dozen percent in 1 million people.B.In China, about 50,000 people are infected by HIV, with the channel of spreading unknown to the Chinese physicians and researchers in the world.C.AIDS epidemic has caused 15,000,000 deaths in the whole world by January 2000 and more than 3,000,000 people died of it in the last year.D.In the United States, HIV infection will go on to attack about 5% of the whole population and lead to an explosive AIDS epidemic in the country.问题4选项A.HIV was found more than two years earlier than AIDS was identified.B.people know a little more about HIV than about most other viruses.C.AIDS continues to rage more wildly in Africa than in Asia.D.HIV infections will mostly happen in the poor and in minor groups.问题5选项A.international cooperation.B.powerful drugs.C.economic situation.D.strong will.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:文章标题题。根据全文的大意，我们看到全文一直围绕的是艾滋病的危害和药物的研发，B选项并没有提及，C选项艾滋病毒已经蔓延到全世界了，D只是最后几段有提到亚洲，但是没有说亚洲是中心的意思，因此答案是A。第2题:词义辨析题。gloom意为“昏暗”，doom意为“死亡，厄运”；A选项的obscurity是“朦胧；阴暗”的意思，D选项是“悲伤失望和终结”，与题干最符合，答案为D。第3题:细节推断题。问：下列哪个数据是对的？正确的是C选项，答案在第二段的开头：As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system. Accounting for more than 3 million deaths in the past year alone.（截至2000年1月，艾滋病已夺去1500万人的生命，使4000万人生活在病毒感染中，这种病毒缓慢而无情地侵蚀着免疫系统。仅去年一年，就有300多万人死于艾滋病病毒。）这句话就是C选项的转述。第4题:推断题。D选项的提示点在倒数第二段，“New HIV infections will occur predominately in the underclass, with rates 10 times as high in minority groups.”因此D正确；A、B、C通过原文都能判定出是错误的。第5题:本题的答案在最后一段。“A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But constrained by economic reality, these therapeutic advances will have only limited benefit outside the U.S. and Western Europe.（到2025年治愈艾滋病是不可想象的。但受经济现实的限制，这些治疗方面的进步在美国和西欧以外的国家的效果有限。）”因此可以看出，治疗艾滋病毒最重要的是经济实力，有经济实力才能去开发药物治疗病毒，因此答案为C。5. 翻译题Directions: There are two passages in this part with 5 sentences underlined. You are required to translate those sentences from English into Chinese. Read the following short passages carefully and ONLY translate the 5 sentences that are underlined.(1) El Nino is an intermittent disruption of the climate system centered in the equatorial Pacific that has effects on short-term climate around the Pacific basin.To understand El Nino, it is necessary to understand the normal trade-wind system in the tropical Pacific. (2) The sun heats the equatorial regions more strongly than the rest of the globe, so air tends to rise from the surface there, replaced by inflow from the subtropics. The Coriolis Effect turns these inflows to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern, resulting in the great trade-wind belts that blow equator ward and westward over the width of the tropical Pacific. (3) In the ocean, these winds tend to push the surface water towards the west, so sea level at Indonesia is about 50cm higher than at the South American coast, which gives an idea of the power and steadiness of the trade winds. As surface water is pushed west, cooler subsurface water is drawn up to the surface in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This upwelled water is nutrient rich, and supports a large population of marine and bird life, as well as an important fishery off the coast of Peru and Ecuador. (4) Then, during its journey west, surface water is heated by the sun to temperatures of about 29 over a huge area west of the dateline, known as the west Pacific warm pool, where the ocean is roughly 6 higher than when the water came to the surface in the east. This air is also very humid due to its long passage over the tropical ocean, and when it rises in the west heavy precipitin is produced over Indonesia and Southeast Asia.The warm pool is one of the major driving forces of world climate. Its warmth strengthens the rising motion in the west and thereby reinforces the westward winds of the trade wind system. (5) The rising, moisture-laden air pumps heat and water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it can be carried great distances. The huge source of heat helps set the path of the jet streams that control temperate-zone weather, much as a large rock in a stream determines the pattern of water flow, including wavery motions that extend well downstream of the rock. Therefore, when the warm pool changes shape or position, the effects ripple outward to affect much of the worlds weather.【答案】1.厄尔尼诺现象是一种以赤道太平洋为中心的气候系统的间歇性中断，对太平洋盆地周围的短期气候产生影响。2.太阳对赤道地区的加热要比地球上其他地区强烈得多，所以那里的空气往往会从表面上升，取而代之的是来自亚热带的流入。3.在海洋中，这些风倾向于将表层海水推向西部，因此印度尼西亚的海平面比南美洲海岸高出约50厘米，这让我们了解了信风的力量和稳定性。4.然后，在它向西航行的过程中，地表水在一个巨大的国际日期变更线以西的区域被太阳加热到约29摄氏度，这片区域被称为西太平洋暖池，那里的海洋温度比海水到达东方表面时大约高出6摄氏度。5.上升的充满水分的空气将热量和水蒸气抽到高层大气中，在那里它们可以被带去很远的地方。6. 不定项选择题Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time passes, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimulation that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can improve the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.1. According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM?2. How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time?3. Why does the author mention a dogs bark?4. Which of the following is true about retrieving information?5. Which of the following is true according to the passage?问题1选项A.They revert from the long term memory.B.They are filtered from the sensory storage area.C.They get chunked when they enter the brain.D.They enter via the nervous system.问题2选项A.By organizing it.B.By repeating it.C.By giving it a name.D.By writing it down on paper.问题3选项A.To exemplify poor memory.B.To analyze a type of interruption.C.To compare human memory with dogs memory.D.To illustrate the lack of efficiency of rote rehearsal.问题4选项A.Elaborate rehearsal contributes to information retrieval.B.The most efficient way of retrieving information is to assign semantic meaning to the information.C.Its impossible to retrieve forgotten information without picture prompts.D.Encoding information is more efficient than chunking it.问题5选项A.Ones memory capacity can be enhanced by rote rehearsal.B.Putting information to writing is suggested to improve memory.C.Providing sufficient prompts helps information retrieval.D.Multiple choice exams are the most difficult.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节推断题。