2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解40

2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题It shows how economic and social and, above all, political changes have played theirpart, so that, correctly（ ） , the postage stamp in which millions of people, young andold, find pleasure, knowledge and even profit, has always been a faithful mirror of the times.问题1选项A.interpretingB.being interpretedC.to be interpretedD.interpreted【答案】D【解析】非谓语动词的用法。A选项interpreting动词的分词形式，表示主动；B选项being interpreted动词被动语态的分词形式；C选项to be interpreted动词被动语态的不定式，表示将来或打算；D选项interpreted动词的过去分词。句意：最重要的是，这说明了经济、社会、政治变化如何发挥作用，从而，正确理解应该是，分析句子可知空格前的内容与interpret之间为被动关系，且应该是过去发生，而不是正在发生或将要发生，D选项正确。2. 单选题“In every known human society the males needs for achievement can be recognized. In a great number of human societies mens sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.”This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of womens pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of mens status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behavior: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of peoples sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.1.The phrase “mens sureness of their sex role” in the first paragraph suggests that they（ ）.2.The third paragraph does NOT claim that men（ ）.3.At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order to（ ）.4.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（ ）.5.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（ ）.问题1选项A.are confident in their ability to charm womenB.take the initiative in courtshipC.have a clear idea of what is considered “manly”D.tend to be more immoral than women are问题2选项A.prevent women from taking up certain professionsB.secretly admire womens intellect and resolutionC.doubt whether women really mean to succeed in businessD.forbid women to join certain clubs and societies问题3选项A.show that men are stronger than womenB.carry further the ideas of the earliest paragraphsC.support the first sentence of the same paragraphD.disown the ideas he is expressing问题4选项A.is based on the study of archaeologyB.illustrates how people expect men to behaveC.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer问题5选项A.approves ofB.argues is naturalC.completely rejectsD.expects to go on changing【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问第一段中的“男人对自己的性别角色的确信”表明他们由第一段第二句 “In a great number of human societies mens sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.在大量的人类社会里，男性对自己性别角色的确定与他们去实践女性不被允许的活动的权利或能力联系在一起。”确定C选项“对什么被看成是男子气概有清醒的认识”正确。2.细节事实题。题干询问第三段没有提及。由第三段中“.taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of womens pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world. 有时采取明显的（将女性）排除在某些职业和社会群体之外的方式；有时采取更微妙的方式去自动怀疑女性自称达到被认为是男性为运行世界这个事业而带来的智力和决断水平的真正性。”确定B选项的“背地里羡慕女性的资料和决断”在第三段中没有提及，符合题意； A选项“阻止女性从事某些职业”、C选项“怀疑是否女性真正打算去在职业上获得成功”及D选项“禁止女性加入某些俱乐部和社会团体”在第三段都有提及。3.细节事实题。题干询问在最后一段的结尾，作者使用了幽默的夸张手法来达到.。由最后一段第一句“Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology.每个人对原命或自然的乂类生活情况都有一个非常确切的想法，相比考古学，它（即有关人类原始或自然的状况的想法）更多是通过研究幽默的卡通图画来获得的”确定C选项“支持同一个段落 第一句话”正确。4.推理判断题。题干询问他在最后一段提到穴居人。由最后一段第二句 “It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology.相比考古学，它（即有关人类原始或自然的状况的想法）更多是通过研究幽默的卡通图画来获得的”确定A选项“基于研究考古学”与原文不符。由最后一段中“In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.在这种基本的自然社会里，男人出去打猎、捕鱼和击退临近的部落，而女人保持炉火不灭（即负责家务）”确定B选项“描述了人们怎样期盼男性去表现”正确。C选项“被作者以一个不相关的笑话而没有考虑”及D选项“证明男人而非女人应该是追求者”在文中没有提及。5.推理判断题。题干询问玛格丽特米德的引言概括了作者对男女关系的理解的。由最后一段中“It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of peoples sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. 相比考古学，它（即有关人类原始或自然的状况的想法）更多是通过研究幽默的卡通图画来获得的，但这个不重要，因为它不是作为理论而重要，而是作为一种内心感到的期望的表达，即人们感觉在两性角色区别上什么在根本上是合适。” 确定作者赞同Margret Mead总结的在社会中男性和女性的角色应该被区分”，所以A选项“赞同”正确。3. 单选题It shows how economic and social and, above all, political changes have played their part, so that, correctly（ ）, the postage stamp in which millions of people, young and old, find pleasure, knowledge and even profit, has always been a faithful mirror of the times.问题1选项A.interpretingB.interpretedC.to be interpretedD.being interpreted【答案】B【解析】非谓语动词的考查。分析句子意思它表明了经济的和社会的，最重要的是，政治的变革是如何发挥它们的 作用的，因此，如果正确来讲，成百万的人们，不管年轻年老，都能从邮票中找到快乐、知识甚至是利益，这一直都是最忠实反映时代的一面镜子可知，此处为非谓语动词，且主语和动词 interpret之间为被动关系，因此应用被动语态，且应用一般时态，而不是表将来的不定式或正在进行的being interpreted，B选项正确。4. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills. American firms have a problem. Human resource management (HRM) is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired or rented at the lowest possible cost, which is a much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central - usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1.Which of the following applies to the HRM of American companies?2.Whats the position of the executive of HRM in an American firm?3.The money most American firms put in work force training mainly goes on（ ）.4.Whats the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.They hire people with the least possible money regardless of their skills.B.They see skills gain as their employees own business.C.They prefer to hire self-trained workers.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen employment competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His position is likely to disappear when new technologies have been introduced.C.He has no saying in making important decisions in the firm.D.He is directly under the chief financial executive.问题3选项A.technological and managerial staff.B.workers who will run new equipment.C.workers who lack basic background skills.D.top executives.问题4选项A.American firms HRM strategies affect their competitive capacity.B.HRM is a key factor in a firms survival.C.The cost of working training in America is higher than that in Japan and Germany.D.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in HRM.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问下面哪个适用于美国公司中人力资源的管理？根据文章第一段第三句 “Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility.技能的获得被认为是个人的责任。”确定B选项“公司认为雇员掌握技术问题是他们自己的事”正确。2.细节事实题。题目提问在美国公司中人力资源部门的主管的地位怎样？根据文章第二段中第三句 “The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy.人力资源管理主管这一职位通常是一项专门的工作，位于公司等级制度的边缘。”和第四句“The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).持有该职位的行政人员从未就重大战略决策征求过意见，也没有机会晋升为首席执行官。”可以确定美国公司里的人力资源部门的主管在管理层中是非常没有地位的，在重大决策中是没有发言权的，所以C选项“他在公司里做重要决定时没有发言权”正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问大多数美国公司投入劳动力培训的资金主要用于什么？根据文章第三段第二句The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees.可知，他们在培训方面的投资也主要用在了技术和管理人员的身上。所以A选项“技术和管理人员”正确。4.主旨大意题。题目提问这篇文章主题是什么？文章主要谈论如果竞争的优势取决于工人的技术，那么美国的公司就遇到麻烦了。美国公司不正确的人才管理战略， 使它们的竞争能力受到了挑战。所以A选项“美国公司的人力资源管理策略影响了它的竞争力”正确。5. 单选题While the United States waged its war on drugs, including the imposition of severe penalties on people convicted of possession of cannabis (marijuana and hashish), the Netherlands implemented a partial decriminalization of the personal use of these same drugs.Beginning in the mid-1970s，Dutch drug policies were reformed in an attempt to limit the negative and stigmatizing effects of drug use on individual users. The Dutch did this by making a clear separation between “hard” drugsheroin, cocaine, LSD, and amphetaminesand “soft” drugsmarijuana, hashish, and mushrooms. They gave top law enforcement priority to controlling the production, importation, and trafficking of hard drugs and essentially ignored the sale or use of small amounts of cannabis (25 grams or less). Dutch officials believed that decriminalizing cannabisthereby separating the soft drug market from the market for harder drugswould reduce the likelihood that marijuana users would come into contact with heroin and cocaine users. Thus, young people experimenting with cannabis would be less likely to become involved with more dangerous or addictive drugs.The Dutch drug policies were also aimed at normalizing the drug problem. That is, the Dutch admitted that cannabis use had gained an extensive foothold in their society, and they felt that it was far more realistic to try to reduce the personal and social harms associated with drug use through education and “user-friendly” treatment programs than to rely on punitive measures.In Amsterdam, the countrys largest city, there are about 350 coffee shops where people can buy and use marijuana, hashish, and mushrooms. The coffee shops, however, are regulated. No other illegal drugs may be sold or used in them, the shops may not advertise, and they may not sell cannabis to people under age 16. Violations may result in fines and the closing of the coffee shop.The Dutch drug laws have been in effect for more than 20 years and any negative impact on Dutch society appears to have only been modest. However, it may not be wise to make direct comparisons between the Netherlands and the United States. Dutch society is very homogeneous; that is, there is little racial, ethnic, class, religious, or subcultural diversity, and the conventional values and norms of Dutch society are widely shared. American society, on the other hand, is very heterogeneous, and its extensive subcultural diversity leads to less consensus regarding norms and values. The model used by the Dutch for regulating marijuana may not work as effectively in the United States.1.The word “decriminalization” in the first paragraph means（ ）.2.Dutch officials thought that cannabis users（ ）.3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?4.The author considers the Dutch drug policies（ ）.5.From the passage, we can infer that（ ）.问题1选项A.reduction of the criminal penalties for somethingB.ceasing to treat something as legalC.elimination of the criminal penalties for somethingD.application of legal sanctions against a crime问题2选项A.were improperly stigmatized as drug addicts by other peopleB.could not possibly traffic heroin, cocaine or other drugsC.would not become addicted to it even if they take large amountsD.might content themselves with it and stay away from more addictive drugs问题3选项A.Decriminalizing cannabis use would bring more revenue to the government.B.Cannabis use in the Netherlands is rather prevalent.C.The Dutch government believed that cannabis was not as harmful as heroin.D.The Dutch believed that punishment wasnt a practical means to tackle the drug problem.问题4选项A.successful although there are some negative effectsB.too lenient in terms of punishmentC.unreasonable considering the Dutch homogeneous societyD.better than those implemented in the United States问题5选项A.it is illegal to sell cannabis in the NetherlandsB.marijuana is available in Dutch supermarketsC.selling cannabis without official permission may be punishedD.large doses of marijuana in coffee shops in Amsterdam arc available【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.词义推测题。本题是问“decriminalization”一词在第一段的意思。从上下文可知，荷兰政府区分了致瘾药品和不会成瘾的药品，并将不会成瘾药品的买卖合法化，所以可以推测“decriminalization”词义为“合法化”，C选项取消对某事物的刑事处罚。2.推理判断题。本题是问荷兰的政府认为大麻使用者如何。由第二段中的“Thus，young people experimenting with cannabis would be less likely to become involved with more dangerous or addictive drugs. 因此，被尝试大麻的年轻人不太可能涉及更危险的或者成瘾的药物。”，可知D选项可能会满足于此，远离更容易上瘾的毒品正确。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段“the Dutch admitted that cannabis use had gained an extensive foothold in their society, and they felt that it was far more realistic to try to reduce the personal and social harms associated with drug use through education and user-friendly treatment programs than to rely on punitive measure. 荷兰承认，大麻的使用已经在他们的社会中获得了广泛的立足点，他们认为，通过教育和“人性化”的治疗方案来减少与毒品使用有关的个人和社会危害远比依赖惩罚措施要现实得多”和最后一段 “The Dutch drug laws have been in effect for more than 20 years and any negative impact on Dutch society appears to have only been modest. 荷兰的毒品法已经实施了20多年，对荷兰社会的任何负面影响似乎都不大。”得知，荷兰政府运用人性化的措施且该项法律的副作用是很小的， B选项荷兰吸食大麻相当普遍。，C选项荷兰政府认为大麻的危害没有海洛因那么大。和D选项荷兰人认为惩罚并不是解决毒品问题的实际手段。正确；A选项大麻合法化将为政府带来更多的收入。的叙述错误，符合题意。4.细节事实题。本题是问作者认为荷兰毒品政策如何。由最后一段中的 “The Dutch drug laws have been in effect for more than 20 years and any negative impact on Dutch society appears to have only been modest荷兰的药物法己经成功实施 20多年，即便有反作用，但算是很轻微。”可知A选项成功，尽管有一些负面影响正确。5.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中“In Amsterdam, the countrys largest city, there are about 350 coffee shops where people can buy and use marijuana, hashish, and mushrooms. The coffee shops, however, are regulated. No other illegal drugs may be sold or used in them, the shops may not advertise, and they may not sell cannabis to people under age 16. Violations may result in fines and the closing of the coffee shop. 在荷兰最大的城市阿姆斯特丹，大约有350家咖啡馆，人们可以在这里购买和使用大麻、大麻和蘑菇。然而，咖啡店是受监管的。其他违禁药品不得销售、使用，商店不得做广告，不得向未满16岁的未成年人出售大麻。违反规定可能会导致罚款和咖啡店的关闭。”可知荷兰对药物销售有明文规定，所以C选项未经官方许可出售大麻可能会受到惩罚正确。6. 单选题Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. （1）, a true cashless society is probably not around the comer. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been（2）for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very（3）of money itself,” only to （4）itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so（5）in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payment system based on paper, several factors work（6）the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very（7）to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the（8）form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they（9）receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to（10）. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float” - it takes several days（11）a check is cashed and funds are（12）from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.（13）electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may（14）security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information（15）there. Because this is not an（16）occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and（17）funds by moving them from someone elses accounts into their own. The（18）of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to（19）security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic（20）that contains a large amount of personal data on buying h