2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解37

2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Who can shed light on the reasons?问题1选项A.turn onB.explainC.dissipateD.appeal【答案】B【解析】考查词义辨析。shed light on意为“阐明，解释，将弄明白”；turn on意为“打开”；explain意为“讲解，解释”；dissipate意为“驱散，消失”；appeal意为“上诉，申诉，呼吁”。句意：谁能解释原因呢？2. 单选题His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth.问题1选项A.indicatedB.scrutinizedC.caressedD.penetrated【答案】D【解析】考查同义动词辨析。A选项indicated“表明，显示，象征，暗示”；B选项scrutinized“仔细查看；认真检查；细致审查”，表示用挑剔的眼光以及对细节苛求的态度检查；C选项caressed“抚摸，爱抚”；D选项penetrated“看透；透过看见，洞察；发现；揭示”。 句意：他母亲审视着他的脸，想看看他是否在说真话。Scan“细看；察看；审视；端详”。D选项与scan意思最接近，因此D选项正确。3. 翻译题Population growth often increases poverty and causes migration in the search for new farmland. In a country where arable land is scarce, poor farmers are often associated with environmental degradation. It is estimated that about 85 percent of the rural poor reside in degraded areas. Continued population growth places further pressure on the existing capacity of the land, forcing farmers to cultivate their crops in higher and steeper areas. The challenge is to find sustainable agricultural production systems and nonagricultural strategies that would generate gainful employment and income for the rural poor.It is widely recognized that poverty alleviation is imperative if sustainability is to be achieved. A number of policies and associated public expenditures have been directed towards poverty alleviation, with varying levels of success. Some poverty alleviation policies may have an impact on the environment or create an incentive system that works against the environment. A recent study showed that government spending on roads has had the biggest impact on rural poverty reduction, and that the impact of road construction is almost twice that of government spending on agricultural research and development, education, rural development and irrigation also have positive but lesser impact on rural poverty reduction. However, spending on fertilizers and other subsidies was not taken into account in the study. That roads are an important part of infrastructure and have the greatest impact on poverty reduction is not contested here. However, the environmental implications of expanding road networks should be noted. Poverty-stricken populations are sometimes located near biodiversity-rich areas and tend to depend on this common pool of resources for their livelihood. Lack of access is a common on characteristic of both poverty and biodiversity. As access improves, the poverty situation tends to lessen because of better access to education, health services and income-generating opportunity.【答案】【参考译文】人口增长通常会加重贫困，并导致以寻找新耕地为目的的人口迁移。在一个耕地缺乏的国家，贫困的农民经常被与环境恶化联系在一起。据估计大约百分之八十五的农村贫困人口居住在环境恶化的地区。持续的人口增长为现有的土地生产力带来进一步的压力，进而迫使农民在更高和更陡峭的地方种植粮食。创建可持续性的农业生产体系、制定可以为农村贫困人口创造有报酬的就业机会和收入的非农业策略成为了一种挑战。人们普遍认识到，实现可持续发展需要有扶贫工作的支持。一些政策和相关的公共支出已经指向扶贫，且取得了不同程度的成功。其中部分扶贫政策可能会对环境构成影响，或者会形成一种对环境不利的激励制度。最近的调查显示，政府在道路建设上的支出对缓解农村贫困有着最大的影响，且道路建设所产生的影响几乎是政府在农业研发、教育和农村发展上的支出所带来的影响的两倍，另外，灌溉对减少农村贫困也有积极但却较少的影响。然而，该研究没有将有关肥料和其他补贴的支出考虑在内。毋庸置疑，道路是基础设施的一个重要部分且对减少贫困有最大的影响。但是，扩大道路网对环境影响也不容忽视。贫困人口有时处于靠近生物多样性丰富的地区且倾向于依靠这种共同的资源来生存。缺乏道路是贫困和生物多样性的常见特点。随着道路的改善，贫困情况就会得到缓解，因为有了更好的受教育的机会、更好的健康服务和创收机会。4. 翻译题Confucius said, “Since the age of 15, I have devoted myself to learning; since 30, I have been well established; since 40, I have understood many things and have no longer been confused; since 50, I have known my heaven-sent duty; since 60, I have been able to distinguish right and wrong in other peoples words; and since 70, I have been able to do what I intend freely without breaking the rules.”The average life expectancy at the Spring and Autumn Periods and Warring States Periods was, according to some research, about 19 years. Confucius lived 72 to 73 years, a rare god of longevity in deed. It was even hard for those with power and leisure to reach such an age. Therefore, Confucius could be very well learned, far from what an ordinary person could expect at his times.The statistics in 2001 shows that the world life expectancy is 62.27 with the Japanese taking the lead to be 79.66 while China gaining a position surpassing all developing countries by its 69.98. However, the Chinese have not yet reached the age to do what they intend freely without breaking the rules. Thus, rules are hard not to be broken.Calculated in the terms Confucius set for us in learning, those of us who have been learning English for ten years still have a long way to go before reaching the time to be established. To have no confusion, one has to spend 25 years. To truly understand the purpose of English learning, one has to do it for 35 years. It takes 45 years if one wants to distinguish right and wrong in other peoples words, and 55 years to manipulate English language freely without breaking the rules.【答案】【参考译文】子曰“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”根据一些研究，在春秋战国时人的平均寿命大约为19岁。孔子活到了72到73岁，是少有的寿星。在那时，即使是那些有权且生活闲暇的人也很难达到孔子的高寿。所以，孔子的修行是很高的，在当时，非一般人所能企及。2001年的统计数据显示，世界人口平均寿命为62.27岁，其中日本人的平均寿命最高，达到79.66岁，而中国人以平均寿命69.98岁而超过所有发展中国家人口的平均寿命。然而，中国人还没有活到随心所欲而不越出规矩的年龄。因此，不逾矩很难。若以孔子志学的时间推算，我们学习英语10年，还远远不够，因为还没有到而立之年。要想没有疑问，得学25年；要想真正懂得学习英语的目的，得学35年；要想辨别他人英语的好坏，得学45年；要想随心所欲且不逾矩地运用英语，得学55年。5. 单选题For thousands of Canadians, bad service is neither make-believe nor amusing. It is an aggravating and worsening real-life phenomenon that encompasses behavior ranging from indifference and rudeness to naked hostility and even physical violence. Across the country, better business bureaus report a lengthening litany of complaints about contractors, car dealers, repair shops, moving companies, airlines and department stores. There is almost an adversarial feeling between businesses and consumers.Experts say there are several explanations for ill feeling in the marketplace. One is that customer service was an early and inevitable casualty when retailers responded to brutal competition by replacing employees with technology such as 1800 numbers and voice mail. Another factor is that business generally has begun placing more emphasis on getting customers than on keeping them. Still another is that strident, frustrated and impatient shoppers vex shop owners and make them even less hospitableespecially at busier times of the year like Christmas. On both sides, simple courtesy has gone by the board. And for a multitude of consumers, service went with it.The Better Business Bureau at Vancouver gets 250 complaints a week, twice as many as five years ago. The bureau then had one complaints counselor and now has four. People complain about being insulted, having their intelligence and integrity questioned, and being threatened. One will hear about people being hauled almost bodily out the door by somebody saying things like “I dont have to serve you!” or “this is private property, get out and dont come back!” What can customers do? If the bureaus arbitration process fails to settle a dispute, a customers only recourse is to sue in small claims court. But because of the costs and time it takes, relatively few ever do.There is a lot of support for the notion that service has, in part, fallen victim to generational change. Many young people regard retailing “as just a dead-end job that youre just going to do temporarily on your way to a real job”. Young clerks often lack both knowledge and civility. Employers are having to train young people in simple manners because that is not being done at home. Salespeople today, especially the younger ones, have grown up in a television-computer society where theyve interacted largely with machines. One of the biggest complaints from businesses about graduates is the lack of interpersonal skills.What customers really want is access. They want to get through when they call, they dont want busy signals, they dont want interactive systems telling them to push one for this and two for thatthey dont want voice mail. And if customers do not get what they want, they defect. Some people go back to local small businesses: the Asian greengrocer, a Greek baker and a Greek fishmonger. They dont wear name tags, but one gets to know them, all by name.46. At a business place of bad service, the worst one can get is（ ）.47. One of the reasons for such ill feeling in the marketplace is that（ ）.48. What has changed at Vancouver Beler Service Burcau in the past five years?（ ）49. Young clerks often lack interpersonal skills chiefly because they（ ）.50. The authors attitude towards businesses and bad service is（ ）them.问题1选项A.indifference and rudenessB.naked hostility and physical violenceC.having intelligence and integrity questionedD.being insulted and threatened问题2选项A.shoppers are usually strident, frustrated and impatientB.shoppers often take businesses to court to settle themC.businesses use new technology instead of employeeD.businesses are keen on keeping customers, not getting them问题3选项A.More effective.B.Less bureaucracy.C.More business.D.Better staff.问题4选项A.are skilled in dealing with machines not peopleB.are not trained in simple manners at homeC.fall victims to generational changeD.take retailing to be a temporary job问题5选项A.attackingB.understandingC.regrettingD.warning【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】46.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题意定位到文章第一段第二句“It is an aggravating and worsening real-life phenomenon that encompasses behavior ranging from indifference and rudeness to naked hostility and even physical violence.（它是一个正在不断恶化的现实生活中的现象，包括从漠不关心、粗俗无礼到不加掩饰的恶意甚至身体暴力等一系列行为。）”可知，这些劣质服务行为按照严重程度递增排列。A选项“冷漠和粗鲁”；B选项“赤裸裸的敌意和身体暴力”；C选项“智力和正直受到质疑”；D选项“被侮辱和威胁”，其中最恶劣的是不加掩饰的恶意甚至身体暴力，因此B选项正确。47. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题意定位到文章第二段，第二段分析了三个原因。第一个原因是：零售商应对残酷的竞争采用技术取代员工。第二个原因是：商家一般都开始把重点更多放在赢得顾客而不是保持顾客上。第三个原因是：一些吵闹的、失望的没有耐心的购买者经常惹恼店主。A选项“购物者通常是刺耳的、沮丧的和不耐烦的”只是个别现象；B选项“购物者经常把商家告上法庭”文中没有提到；C选项“商家使用技术替代员工”符合题意；D选项“企业热衷于留住顾客，而不是得到他们”与文意不符，因此C选项正确。48. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题意定位到文章第三段的第一句“The Better Business Bureau at Vancouver gets 250 complaints a week, twice as many as five years ago. The bureau then had one complaints counselor and now has four.（温哥华商业促进局每周接到250起投诉，是五年前的两倍。该局当时只有一名投诉顾问，现在有四名。）”可知，投诉多了，业务更加繁忙了。A选项“效率更高”；B选项“官僚作风减少”；D选项“更好的职员”文中没有提到，C选项“更多的业务”符合题意，因此C选项正确。49. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题意可定位到文章第四段，第四段提到了服务成了代与代之间变化的受害者并对其进行了阐述。A选项“擅长与机器而非人打交道”与年轻职员人际交流能力差相关，而且是直接原因；B选项“在家没有接受简单的礼仪训练”；C选项“成为代与代之间变化的受害者”；D选项“将零售视为临时的工作”都是年轻人其他方面的表现，因此A选项正确。50. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】作者意图题。文中作者主要描述了劣质服务的存在及分析其原因。最后一段作者写到顾客真正想要的是一个接近的机会。如果顾客得不到他们想要的服务，他们就会跑掉。由此可见作者是在呼吁并警告服务行业要善于找出他们的服务问题并进行改善。A选项“攻击的”；B选项“理解的”；C选项“懊悔的”；D选项“警告的”，因此D选项正确。6. 翻译题With the Armistice of 1918, and the peacemaking of 1919 (and the 18th Amendment of the same year, that in theory made America a dry nation), the American prose-writer entered a new period of revolt. In some ways this was a continuation of earlier movements. But the writers themselves did not think so; they acknowledged no kinship with prewar writers, except perhaps Theodore Dreiser. Henry Adams had said that the generations in American history were discontinuous: the younger did not learn from the older one, nor could it. Few of Adamss contemporaries would have agreed with him. However, his Education, when published in a popular edition in 1918, made an immediate appeal to young people who were convinced that if they knew none of the answers, at any rate they had clues of which their parents had no inkling. Since they learned from Adams, who was old enough to be their collective grandfather, it might seem that he disproved his own theory. Such an objection, though, would have been met with the argument that Adams could make contact with them because he was out of touch with his own era. The post-war generation, the Lost Generationwhen had any age-group been so self-consciously aware of itself?laid eager claim to lost souls from the past. In reviving such figures as Melville it apologized for the stupidity of its ancestors.【答案】【参考译文】随着1918年第一次世界大战停战协定的签订和1919年调停的达成（同一年的第18版修正案在理论上让美国变成了一个“没有战事”的国家），美国散文作家进入了一个新的反叛时期。从某种程度上来说，这是早期反叛运动的延续。但这些散文作家自己并不这么认为。除了西奥多德莱塞之外，他们不承认与战前的作家有任何密切关系。享利亚当斯称，在美国历史上，代与代之间是没有延续关系的：年轻的一代既没有，也不能向年长的一代人学习。亚当斯的同代人中很少有人赞同他的观点。然而，当他的教育一书在1918年以普及本被出版后，立刻引起了年轻人的兴趣。这些年轻人坚信，对于那些父辈们一无所知的问题，即便是他们也不知道答案，他们也至少知道一些相关的线索。由于他们向在年龄上可充当他们共同祖父的亚当斯学习，他似乎反驳了自己的理论。而这种反驳也早该和亚当斯做出的与之相关的言论符合，因为他与自己所在的时代没有联系。战后的一代，即迷惘的一代有哪个年龄阶段的人曾如此清楚地意识到自己？热切地声称有权拥有从过去迷失的灵魂。在让诸如梅尔维尔等人物振作起来的过程中，迷失的一代为祖辈的愚蠢行为进行了道歉。7. 翻译题In the process of the on-going nationwide campaign launched to consolidate the market order, punishments have been meted out in accordance with laws against with crimes that do harm to peoples lives and health, including production and sale of counterfeit and substandard foods and medicines, and other crimes such as tax evasion and defraud, financial swindling, smuggling and pyramid selling. This has effectively protected the peoples legitimate rights and interests. Work has been intensified to investigate and prevent on-job crimes, with special focus on investigating and punishing those convicted of serious bribery and corruption offenses, bringing to justice those proven to have acted as behind-the-scene leaders of Mafia-like gangs or as their “protective umbrellas” by taking advantages of their powers and influence.【答案】【参考译文】在全国范围内开展的整顿市场秩序活动中，依法惩治了生产、销售假冒伪劣食品、药品等危害人民生命健康的犯罪和偷税、诈骗、金融诈骗、走私、传销等其他犯罪。这有效地保障了人民的合法权益。加大查办和预防职务犯罪工作力度，重点查处严重受贿、腐败犯罪分子，将那些被证明是黑社会性质组织的幕后领导人或利用其权力和影响力充当其“保护伞”的人绳之以法。8. 单选题Flood,（ ）and famine are natural disasters often facing the people in the peninsula.问题1选项A.warB.sanctionC.overpopulationD.drought【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项war“战争，斗争，军事，竞争”；B选项sanction“制裁，处罚，认可，支持”；C选项overpopulation“人口过剩”；D选项drought“干旱，久旱”。句意：洪水、（ ）和饥荒是半岛人民经常面临的自然灾害。题干中主要谈论natural disasters自然灾害，空格前后也都是自然因素。因此D选项正确。9. 翻译题Asian Americans. Asians in the United States include many nationalities: Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and other. Asian Americans have been heralded as the newest “hot ethnic market”. The demographics support this optimistic outlook. As of the year 2000, approximately 11 million Asians were living in the United States. By 2025 the U.S, Census Bureau has projected that nearly 22 million Asians will reside here. Though the 2.4 million Chinese are the largest group of Asians living in the United States, Asian Indians grew the fastest during the decade from 1990 to 2000, with that population doubling and now totaling 1.7 million in the United States.Asian Americans on average are better educated, have higher incomes, and occupy more prestigious job positions than any other segment of American society. The median household income for Asian Americans in one recent year was $46,700 compared with median incomes of $40,600, $30,300, and $25,900 for whites, Hispanics and African Americans respectively.It is important to emphasize that just as there is no single black or Hispanic market, there certainly does not exist a single Asian market. Moreover, unlike other ethnic groups, such as Hispanics, who share a similar language, Asian Americans speak a variety of uniquely different languages. Among Asian nationalities there are considerable differences in product choices and brand preferences. Even within each nationality there are variations in terms of English language skills and financial well-being. Indeed, it is estimated that over 50 percent of all Asian Americans over the age of 5 do not speak English fluently and many are “linguistically isolated” insofar as they live in homes where no adults speak any English.【答案】【参考译文】亚裔美国人。在美国的亚洲人包括很多民族：印度人、中国人、菲律宾人、日本人、韩国人、越南人和其他民族。亚裔美国人一直被视为是最新的“热门族裔市场”。人口统计数据支持这一乐观前景。截止2000年，大约有1100万亚洲人生活在美国。美国人口普查局预计，到2025年，将会有近2200万亚洲人居住在这里。虽然240万中国人是生活在美国的最大亚洲人群体，但亚裔印度人在1990年到2000年的十年间增长最快，人数翻了一番，现在总计达到170万。与美国社会的其他阶层相比，亚裔美国人平均受教育程度更高，收入更高，占据着更有声望的职位。亚裔美国人的中等家庭收入在最近的一年为4.67万美元，而相比之下的白人、西班牙裔和非洲裔美国人中等家庭的收入分别为4.06万美元、3.03万美元和2.59万美元。需要强调的是，正如没有单一的黑人或西班牙裔市场，当然不存在一个单一的亚裔市场。此外，与其他民族不同，比如拥有类似语言的西班牙裔民族，亚裔美国人讲着各种独特不同的语言。亚裔各民族之间在产品选择和品牌偏好上存在相当大的差异。甚至在每个民族中，在英语语言技能和财务状况方面也有不同。据估计，所有5岁以上的亚裔美国人中实际有50%以上的人不能流利地讲英语，并且还有很多人是“语言上被孤立”，因为他们生活的家庭中没有人讲英语。10. 翻译题我国高等教育大众化过程需要更加关注4个问题：理解高等教育规模扩大的本原，加强人文素质教育，平衡优秀与平等的关系，协调大学与政府、市场间的关系。所有这些都要以明析高等教育哲学的一个根本问题为前提，即大学的根本使命和目标如何定位的问题。现代大学一定要使学生和公众都能够理解大学最终和最基本的使命是什么。大学不是提供获利的手段和就业单位的场所，而是要激发他们理性的光辉和力量，培养学生坚持长远地、全面地看待个人、社会与历史的发展所需要的能力。【答案】【参考译文】More attention should be paid to four issues during the massification of Chinese higher education: (1) how to understand the prime cause of the expansion of higher education; (2) how to reinforce liberal education; (3) how to balance the relationship between equality and excellence; and (4) how to harmonize the relationship between the university, the government and the market. All these are based on the orientation about the ultimate mission and goal of universities. Modern universities must make students and the public understand their ultimate mission. A university is not a place where stratagems for profits and opportunities of employment are provided; rather, it should inspire students rationalistic potencies, cultivate their ability to look upon the development of individuals, society and history from a long-term and all-around perspective.11. 单选题The surgical instruments have to be （ ）before use to prevent infection.问题1选项A.heatedB.scaldedC.sterilizedD.burned【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。heat意为“加热，变热”；scald意为“烫伤”；sterilize意为“消毒，灭菌”；burn意为“燃烧”。由句中后面的目的状语to prevent infection（为了预防感染）可知The surgical instruments（手术器械）应该消毒，因此选C。句意：手术器械使用前必须消毒，以防感染。12. 单选题Even though he was guilty, the（ ）judge did not send him to prison.问题1选项A.mercifulB.impartialC.conscientiousD.conspicuous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。merciful意为“仁慈的，宽恕的，温和的”；impartial意为“公正的，不偏不倚的”；conscientious意为“一丝不苟的，认真的”；conspicuous意为“明显的”。由前面even though（即使，纵然）引导的让步状语从句中的guilty和主句中的did not send him to prison表示the judge是仁慈的，因此选A。句意：即使他有罪，仁慈的法官也没有把他送进监狱。13. 单选题Complacency has led to some appalling ecological（ ）.问题1选项A.damagesB.tragediesC.catastrophesD.dangers【答案】C【解析】查名词辨析。damage意为“损害、毁坏”等时，是不可数名词，意为“价钱、费用”时，是可数名词，意为“赔偿费”时，必须用其复数形式。tragedy意为“悲剧，惨剧”；catastrophe意为“灾难，灾祸”；danger意为“危险”，泛指“危险”时，danger是不可数名词,指具体的“危险、危险物、可能造成损伤、疼痛等的人”时，是可数名词。句意：自满导致了一些可怕的生态灾难。14. 单选题The university refused to accept him because he was not （ ）for admission.问题1选项A.admissibleB.permissibleC.eligibleD.suitable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。admissible意为“(尤指法庭)可接受的，受理的”；permissible意为“容许的，许可的”；eligible意为“有资格的，合格的，具备条件的” ；suitable意为“合适的，适当的”。句意：这所大学拒绝接收他，因为他不合入学资格。15. 翻译题6. Instead of being approached by human personnel, the bank foyer is staffed by a robot, which serves as the bank lobby manager, and is able to communicate with customers to meet their needs and solve their problems. The difference between a traditional self-service bank and the unmanned bank is the intelligent self-service equipment which is able to access various banking services within the branch.【答案】【参考译文】6.在银行大厅迎客的不是人类员工，而是作为银行大堂经理配备的一个机器人，它能与客户交流互动以满足其需要并解决其问题。传统的自助银行和无人银行之间的区别在于智能自助服务设备，它能够访问分支机构内的各种银行服务。16. 翻译题中国的电影行业已经步入了一个新阶段，始于七年前的行业结构改革使国内票房以年均3%的惊人速度达到一个新的增长水平，这在世界上也是不多见的。更多的优秀电影展现给了公众，这自然会吸引越来越多的观众走进电影院，也会激发投资商对该行业投资的热情，这的确是个良性循环。中央政府已经采取了新政策，帮助刺激国内市场的发展。随着国内与国际市场密切关系的建立，国产影片在海外的影响和竞争力一定会越来越大。中国也已经承诺，将按照WTO协议进一步开放娱乐市场。当前，中国的电影制作人主要是自筹资金，但是新的筹资渠道正在出现。随着中国金融体制的完善，越来越多的电影电视公司依靠金融机构筹集资金，同时以票房收入、版权转让以及演员的个人声望做保障。【答案】【参考译文】Chinas film industry has entered a new stage. The structure reform of film industry starting from seven years ago has increased the domestic box of