2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解45

2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 填空题Directions: In each of the following sentences, there is one part that is grammatically incorrect. Mark out the erroneous part and then put the correct form in the brackets following the sentence.36. Basing on the research of the foreign language, this paper concludes the ways to learn English well. （ ）37. Nations, sensing a threat of their economies, tried to take actions to protect themselves. （ ）38. The fund was designed to encouraging the growth of international trade by stabilizing currencies. （ ）39. How many life insurance does the average person buy? （ ）40. Sports in America take a various of forms: organized competitive struggles, athletic games and hunting and fishing. （ ）【答案】36.basingbased37.economieseconomy38.encouragingencourage39.manymuch40.variousvariety【解析】36.非谓语动词应该和句子的主语保持一定的逻辑关系，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，发出base这个动作的施动者是人，所以应该使用过去分词-ed形式。37.这里的主语是nations “国家”，所以economy在这里是“经济体制，经济状况”的意思，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。38.to在作介词时，没有表目的的意义，这里的to是与后面的动词原形组合在一起组成不定式，所以encouraging应该用动词原形encourage。39.life insurance“人寿保险”这个名词是不可数名词，所以不能用how many修饰，应该把many改为much。40.various是形容词，可以直接修饰名词，而of前面的词一般都是名词，所以这里应该用variety。2. 单选题Cancer is feared by everyone. And this fear is reaching epidemic level. Not the disease itself there is no such thing as a cancer epidemic. Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking, the incidence rates are leveling off, and in the case of some kinds of cancer are decreasing. But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety. The earth itself is coming to seem like a huge carcinogen (致癌物). The ordinary, more or less scientific statement that something between 80 and 90 percent of all cancers are due to things in the environment is taken to mean that none of us will be safe until the whole environment is “cleaned up.” This is not at all the meaning. The 80-percent calculation is based on the unthinkable differences in the incidence of cancer in various societies around the worldfor example, the high proportion of liver cancer in Africa and the Far East, stomach cancer in Japan, breast cancer in Western Europe and North America, and the relatively low figures for breast cancer in Japan and parts of Africa and for liver cancer in America. These data indicate there may be special and specific environmental influences, largely based on personal life-style, that determine the incidence of various forms of cancer in different communitiesbut that is all the data suggest. The overall incidence of cancer, counting up all the cases, is probable roughly the same everywhere.1. Which of the following is closest to meaning to the phrase “leveling off？2. According to the passage, the incidence of cancer is generally believe_.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the writers opinion about the relationship between cancer and environment is_.4. According to the passage, the writer seems to feel that_.5. Which of the following would be the best TITLE for the passage?问题1选项A.Became very popularB.Reached its lowest level in popularityC.Stopped being popularD.Stopped increasing its popularity问题2选项A.to be based on inactive life styleB.to be due to anxietyC.to result from environmental influencesD.to be caused by heavy smoking问题3选项A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.approving问题4选项A.cancer risk is on the riseB.the whole earth resembles a huge carcinogenC.the risk of catching cancer is not so great as most people conceiveD.cancer can be cured sooner or later问题5选项A.Cancer and EnvironmentB.The Fear Caused by CancersC.Data on Cancer IncidenceD.Cancer and its Investigation【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息衔接，定位到文章第三四句话Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking, the incidence rates are leveling off, and in the case of some kinds of cancer are decreasing. But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety.“除主要由吸烟引起的肺癌外，其他癌症的发病率（），某些癌症的发病率正在下降。但是对癌症的恐惧正在蔓延，这个国家面临着焦虑的风险”，第二步，上下文语义衔接except for这里是一个状语，and连接两个句子，这两个句子之间存在并列或者递进关系，后面的句子是一些癌症正在减少，所以leveling off应该是减少或者持平、平稳的意思，从后面那句的连词but也可知，前面的句意也是but后面的意思相反，也就是癌症虽然发病率减少但是对癌症的恐惧却正在增加，由此可知答案选D选项“不再增长”；A选项“变得受欢迎”不符题意，属于无中生有；B选项“达到最低水平”，不符题意，属于无中生有；C选项“不再受欢迎”，不符题意，属于无中生有。2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第六句The ordinary, more or less scientific statement that something between 80 and 90 percent of all cancers are due to things in the environment is taken to mean that none of us will be safe until the whole environment is “cleaned up”.“一般来说，80%到90%的癌症都是由环境因素造成的，这种说法多少有些科学依据，但它意味着，在整个环境得到清理之前，我们谁也不会安全”。第二步，综合理解，从这里可知答案选C选项“受环境的影响”；A选项“以消极的生活方式为基础”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“由于焦虑”定位到第四句，But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety“但是对癌症的恐惧正在蔓延，这个国家面临着焦虑的风险”，这里讲的是国家处于焦虑的风险，而不是人因为焦虑增加患癌的风险，这里属于出处错误；D选项“因为酗烟”定位到第三句Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking,“除了肺癌，肺癌主要是由吸烟引起的”，这里单指吸烟增加患肺癌的风险但是题干是指的是患癌症，肺癌只是癌症的一种，这里属于以偏概全。3.观点态度题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章倒数一二句these data indicate there may be special and specific environmental influences, largely based on personal life-style, that determine the incidence of various forms of cancer in different communitiesbut that is all the data suggest. The overall incidence of cancer, counting up all the cases, is probable roughly the same everywhere.“这些数据表明，可能有一些特殊的、具体的环境影响，很大程度上取决于个人的生活方式，决定了不同社区中各种癌症的发病率但这只是所有数据所表明的。如果把所有病例都计算在内，癌症的总体发病率可能在世界各地都大致相同”。第二步，综合理解，从这里可知作者认为环境对健康的其实是没有影响的，有影响的是人们的生活方式，由此作者的态度是比较客观的，答案选C“中立的”；A选项“积极的”，见正确选项，不符合题意，属于偷换概念；B选项“消极的”见正确选项，不符合题意，属于偷换概念；D选项“赞成的”，见正确选项，不符合题意，属于偷换概念。4.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第三四句话，Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking, the incidence rates are leveling off, and in the case of some kinds of cancer are decreasing. But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety“除主要由吸烟引起的肺癌外，其他癌症的发病率趋于平稳，某些癌症的发病率正在下降。但是对癌症的恐惧正在蔓延，这个国家面临着焦虑的风险”。第二步，寻找上下文线索，从这里可以知道其实癌症已经没有那么可怕了但是人们对患癌症的恐惧却越来越强烈，由此推断C选项“患癌症的风险没有大多数人想象的那么大”正确；A选项“癌症风险正在上升”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；B选项“整个地球就像一个巨大的致癌物质”定位到第五句话The earth itself is coming to seem like a huge carcinogen“地球本身看起来就像一种巨大的致癌物”，这里从句意上看B选项是这句话的同义替代，但是resemble一般指外表、形状上的相似，seem like指的是内在的相似之处，所以B选项不选，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“癌症迟早会被治愈的”文章没有提及，属于无中生有。5.主旨大意题，分析文章行文结构，文章从人们对癌症的恐惧谈起，说到人们对癌症越来越恐惧，但作者觉得这是没有必要的，因为癌症的发病率趋于平缓。然后人们觉得地球本身就是致癌物，不同地区的人患不同癌症的风险也是不一样的，但是作者觉得支持这个论点的数据本身就存在着争论，然后作者指出其实不是地球环境而是人们生活方式本身存在问题，而且它只计算了某个特殊的癌症，如果把所有癌症计算在内其实全球地区的患癌率是差不多的，所以文章的具体内容是讲清楚癌症和环境这件的关系，答案选A选项“癌症和环境”；B选项“癌症造成的恐慌”，这只是文章的引入点，引入人们对癌症的恐惧之后文章并没有继续探讨恐惧带来了什么作用或者恐惧的原因，这里属于以偏概全；C选项“癌症的数据”，文章指出的数据是不同地区癌症的发病率，这些数据提出来只是为了佐证文中人们的观点，不是文章的主要想表达的意思，这里属于推理过度所以不选；D选项“癌症和其调查”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。3. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your answers on Answer Sheet.The Tomb Sweeping Day is one of the traditional Chinese holidays. It typically falls on April 4, 5, or 6 of the solar calendar. This festival was originally celebrated for the revival of nature. It marked the beginning of the planting season and other outdoor activities. At that time, people celebrated it with dancing, singing, picnics, and spring outing. Later it graduated into a day to honor past ancestors. Today, all the Chinese sweep their late ancestors tombs when the festival comes. Tomb sweeping activities usually include weeding and earthing up the tombs, offering sacrifices, burning spirit money, shooting off firecrackers and so on.【答案】清明节是中国的传统节日之一。它通常是在阳历的4月4日、5日或6日。这个节日最初是为了庆祝大自然的复兴并且标志着种植季节和其他户外活动的开始。在这个节日里，人们以跳舞、唱歌、野餐和春游来庆祝它。后来它逐渐演变成纪念祖先的日子。如今，每逢清明节来临，所有的中国人都会为先人扫墓。扫墓活动通常包括除草、掘土、祭祀、烧纸钱、放鞭炮等。4. 单选题One of industrial agricultures biggest GMO crops may have just backfired (产生事与愿违的后果). Scientists have confirmed that corn-destroying rootworms have evolved to be resistant to the Bt corn engineered to kill them.Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis (苏云金芽孢杆菌), the name of the genetically modified corns “donor” organism. Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals that bind to certain receptors in the rootworms intestine (肠), killing it. For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides. Bt corn accounted for three-quarters of all corn planting in 2013. That may have to change.After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated (大幅度下降)by rootworm despite being planted with the Bt corn, Iowa State University entomologist Aaron Gassmann and his team began to study the pests interactions with the genetically modified organism (or GMO) corn in a lab. Their study, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, describes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after feeding on the engineered crop.But Bt corn is still capable of warding off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it. Except now theyll need to use pesticides to protect their crop from rootworms. As entomologists warned the Environmental Protection Agency in 2012, rootworm resistance means that the environmental advantage of Bt corn that it could be raised pesticide-free may disappear.“Unless management practices change, its only going to get worse,” Gassmann told Wired. “There needs to be a fundamental change in how the technology is used.”Scientists have predicted for years that this could happen, but warnings were repeatedly ignored by regulators and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alternative is not an attractive option. Instead, the authors of another study on rootworm Bt resistance, which focuses on Nebraska, take a biodiversity approach.“Crop rotation is the best tool,” University of Nebraska-Lincoln entomologist Lance Meinke told Farm & Ranch Guide. “Generally, one year of soybeans in a field with resistant western corn rootworms wipes out that population. The beetles will lay eggs that hatch, but when larvae (幼虫)try to feed on soybean plants, they dont find the nutrients they need and they die.”Crop rotation can suppress rootworm populations over time, reducing the threat posed by their new Bt resistance.But as entomologist Elson Shields of Cornell University told Wired, rootworm is just one symptom of an engineered seed trait “will fall under the same pressure,” said Shields, “and the insect will win.”1. What can we know about Bacillus thuringiensis?2. What inspired Aaron Gassmann to start his study?3. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?4. Lance Meinke thinks the best approach to the problem of rootworm Bt resistance is_.5. What is the problem with the GMO seed industry, according to Elson Shields?问题1选项A.It is a genetically modified organism.B.It is an alternative to spraying insecticides.C.It is a natural bacterium that kills rootworm.D.It protects rootworm from being killed by bacterium.问题2选项A.The great reduction of output of a cornfield in Iowa.B.The aim of boosting corn yield by 75% by 2011.C.The significance of corn rootworms rapid evolution.D.Aaron Gassmanns finding of a large number of rootworm.问题3选项A.People have not expected rootworm Bt resistance before.B.Bt resistance has a fundamental change in modern technology.C.It is economically impractical to entirely abandon Bt corn.D.Farmers prefer to use pesticides rather than plant Bt corn.问题4选项A.planting soybeansB.raising beetlesC.adding fertilizerD.rotating crop问题5选项A.Most of the entomologists failed to predict its future destiny.B.The GMO seed industry lacks long-term considerations.C.People mistakenly consider rootworm as the biggest trouble.D.It is very difficult for the GMO seed industry to win insects.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），第二步，综合理解，这里是B选项的同意替换，B选项“是一种替代喷洒杀虫剂的方法”正确。A选项“是一种转基因生物”，定位到第二段第二句Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals that bind to certain receptors in the rootworms intestine, killing it（苏云金杆菌是一种天然存在的土壤细菌，它能产生蛋白质晶体，与根虫肠道中的某些受体结合，杀死根虫），由此可知苏云金杆菌不是转基因物体而是一种能够和害虫肠道里面的受体结合产生蛋白质结晶从而达到杀死害虫的天然细菌，是细菌的一种，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“是一种杀死根虫的天然细菌”，见A选项解析，是苏云金杆菌与害虫肠道的受体产生的蛋白质使虫子死亡，不是苏云金杆菌直接杀死虫子，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“它保护根虫不被细菌杀死”，见A选项，是侵害不是保护，这里属于反向干扰。2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一句After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated by rootworm despite being planted with the Bt corn（2011年在爱荷华州发现一片玉米田，尽管种植了Bt玉米，但却被根虫摧毁）。第二步，综合理解，从这句可以知道是亚伦因为发现爱荷华州的玉米产量即使在种了转基因玉米的情况下也出现了大幅度减产的情况才想要去调查的，由此可知A选项“爱荷华州玉米田产量的大幅减少”正确。B选项“到2011年提高玉米产量75%的目标”，见正确选项分析，2011年的情况是减产了所以才会开展这项调查，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“玉米根虫快速进化的意义”，定位到第三段最后一句话Their studydescribes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after feeding on the engineered crop.（他们的研究描述了西方玉米根虫在食用转基因作物后的快速进化。），由此可知C选项是调查结果不是调查原因，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“Aaron Gassmann发现大量根虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第六段第一二句but warnings were repeatedly ignored by regulators and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alternative is not an attractive option（但监管机构和农民一再忽视警告。开发像Bt这样的种子需要数百万美元，所以通过工程来替代并不是一个有吸引力的选择）， 从这里可知，因为转基因种子花了很多财力研发，种子公司不会那么轻易放弃，所以在经济方面转基因玉米不会那么轻易放弃，所以C选项“完全放弃Bt玉米在经济上是不切实际的”正确。A选项“人们以前没有预料到根虫抗Bt”，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），从这里可知人们一开始就是为了治虫才种转基因玉米的，所以A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“Bt抗性在现代技术中有根本性的变化”，定位到第五段第二句There needs to be a fundamental change in how the technology is used（在如何使用这项技术方面需要有根本性的改变），这里是根据句子的时态可知是将来时，这表明说话人的主观愿望而B选项用的是一般现在时表现在的一种动作，所以不能选，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“农民更喜欢使用杀虫剂而不是种植Bt玉米”定位到第三段第三句But Bt corn is still capable of warding off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it（但Bt玉米仍有抵挡其他害虫的能力，所以农民可能会继续种植它），从这里可知农民还是更愿意种转基因玉米，所以D选项属于反向干扰。4.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到倒数第三段第一句Crop rotation is the best tool（轮作是最好的工具）， 从这里可知答案选D“轮耕”；A选项“种黄豆”，定位到倒数第三段第二句Generally, one year of soybeans in a field with resistant western corn rootworms wipes out that population（一般来说，在具有抗性的西部玉米根虫的土地上种植一年的大豆就可以消灭这一种群），种植黄豆只是轮耕的具体方法之一，这里只是举个例子，不能概括整体，这里属于以偏概全；B选项“养甲虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“加肥料”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。5.判断推理题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到最后一段第一句话，But as entomologist Elson Shields of Cornell University told Wired, rootworm is just one symptom of an engineered seed trait “will fall under the same pressure,” said Shields, “and the insect will win”.（但正如康奈尔大学的昆虫学家Elson Shields告诉连线杂志的，根虫只是一种转基因种子性状之一，“在同样的压力下，”Shields说，“昆虫将获胜。），从这里可知Elson Shields对转基因产业是持否定态度，觉得昆虫最终会战胜转基因植物，从这里的only可以看出来Shields认为根虫只是其中一个症状，其实问题还不仅仅只在根虫，所以可以推断答案选C选项“人们错误地认为根虫是最大的麻烦”。A选项“大多数昆虫学家都没有预测到它（转基因种子产业）的未来命运”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“转基因种子行业缺乏长期考虑”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；D选项“转基因种子产业很难赢得昆虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。5. 单选题Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savor (品尝)it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licenses. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behavior to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrives market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.So publishers keep tweaking (对稍作调整)their lending arrangements in search of the right balance.Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrives market dominance?9. What was shown in Pew survey?10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.”?问题1选项A.They know they need to cooperate with libraries.B.They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.C.Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.D.They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.问题2选项A.There is no need to worry about deadlines.B.It can pay for the late fees automatically.C.Readers can lend the book files to their friends.D.It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.问题3选项A.Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.B.OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.C.OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books. OverDriveD.E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.问题4选项A.The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.B.E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.C.More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.D.People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.问题5选项A.Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.B.It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.C.Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.D.Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】6.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段四五句话Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting“在六大出版社中，只有兰登书屋和哈珀柯林斯向大多数图书馆授权使用电子书。其他人要么拒绝了请求，要么不情愿地尝试”，由此可知答案选C选项“他们中的大多数人在与图书馆合作方面犹豫不决”。A选项“他们知道他们需要与图书馆合作”，定位到第一段第二句Libraries know they need digital wares if they a