2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解40

2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题In these times, when our form of government is being criticized by people of many different beliefs, it is important that we understand the principles on which our society was founded. Too often these principles are disregarded by the very people who are most vociferous in defending the country against criticism. Basic to our democracy is a belief that truth can only be arrived at through a free interchange of ideas. Freedom of speech is one of our most cherished values. Nevertheless, with a total disregard of the principles of democratic fair play, the average citizen is apt to hurl rash accusations in an attempt to silence anyone who may not agree with him. Too many citizens understand democracy only as a slogan and have no real concept that democracy in practice means we must tolerate the expression of unpopular ideas.Our list of deadly sins should be revised to include the misrepresentation of principles to gratify ones personal spite or vanity, the betrayal of great causes by making them the cloak for personal advancement, and the debasement of high ideals by using them as a pretext for the calumniation of honorable men.The common good should not be made a political football, for the only thing that binds men is a common trust, the thing that unites them is a cause they share. That cause must be something greater than mere personal promotion. The cause for which men live and fight cannot appeal to their pocketbook alone, but must also appeal to their hearts.Let us take a lesson from those revolutionaries who promise impoverished people not only land but also a vision. It is true that their policies often contradict the promises they made, but they first win their way by proclaiming a vision which inspires people. Lenin himself, the supreme technician of policy, knew he could not achieve his ends simply by playing up discontents, master as he was at that game. He knew he could not win the people over merely by stirring up hatreds or appealing to self-interest. The people must feel the throb of a greater cause, glimpse a vision of a better world.This vision is particularly necessary to win the loyalties of the young. We certainly will not inspire them if we make our case on the ground that capitalistic planning is more efficient than socialistic planning. Efficient for what? And for whom? The planners are sometimes efficient enough in seeking their own gain at the expense of the common good. No, we must seek stronger and higher grounds if we are to convince even ourselves that ours is the best way.That is why it is deplorable that in this country we are so complacent about our heritage. We do not appreciate the strength and vitality of the thing that united us. So we carry little conviction when we are challenged to defend our way of life.1.The authors attitude toward the basic tenets of democracy is apparently one of （ ）.2.The author implies that impoverished people often consider the promise of revolutionaries to be（ ）3.According to the author, which of the following most strongly unites men?4.The authors primary purpose in the passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.objective interestB.hostile antagonismC.hesitant acceptanceD.enthusiastic approval问题2选项A.false and treacherousB.credible and inspiringC.ambiguous and confusingD.superficial and irrelevant问题3选项A.Self-interest.B.The pressure of economic necessity.C.Discontent with a common oppressor.D.The shared ideal of making a better world.问题4选项A.praise the propaganda methods of other nationsB.encourage the spread of democracy to underdeveloped landsC.urge greater devotion to the ideals of democracyD.criticize those who put self-interest ahead of the interests of their country【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. The authors attitude toward the basic tenets of democracy is apparently one of _. 1. 作者对民主基本原则的态度显然是一种_。A. objective interest A. 客观利益B. hostile antagonism B. 敌对态度C. hesitant acceptance C. 犹豫的接受D. enthusiastic approval D. 热情赞同【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据第一段的第一句“当我们的政府形式受到许多不同信仰的人的批评时，我们必须理解（it is important that we understand）我们社会赖以建立的原则”，从important（重要的）和understand（理解）可推测出，作者对民主基本原则的态度是热情的赞成，所以选项D更准确。【干扰项排除】A项“客观利益”没有提到，无中生有；B项“敌对态度”和C项“犹豫的接受”根据解题思路可知，曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. The author implies that impoverished people often consider the promise of revolutionaries to be _. 2. 作者暗示说，贫困的人们通常认为革命者的承诺是_。A. false and treacherous A. 错误和危险的B. credible and inspiring B. 可靠和鼓舞人心的C. ambiguous and confusing C. 模糊和混淆的D. superficial and irrelevant D. 肤浅和无关紧要的【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第四段第二句“他们的政策常常与他们所作的承诺相矛盾，但他们首先是通过宣布一个鼓舞人心的愿景（a vision which inspires people）来赢得胜利的”，从中可知，作者暗示穷人往往认为革命者做出的承诺是鼓舞人心的。B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“错误和危险的”、C项“模糊和混淆的”和D项“肤浅和无关紧要的”根据解题思路可知，属于曲解原文。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. According to the author, which of the following most strongly unites men? 3. 根据作者的观点，以下哪项最能将人们团结起来？A. Self-interest. A. 利己主义。B. The pressure of economic necessity. B. 经济需要的压力。C. Discontent with a common oppressor. C. 对普通压迫者的不满。D. The shared ideal of making a better world. D. 创造更美好世界的共同理想。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“把人们凝聚在一起的唯一东西是共同的信任，把人们团结在一起的东西是他们共同的事业”，可知将人们团结在一起的是共同的信任和事业，这与D项“创造更美好世界的共同理想”表述相符合，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“利己主义”、B项“经济需要的压力”和C项“对普通压迫者的不满”根据解题思路可知，这三项都不能将人们团结起来，与原文不符，属于曲解原文。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. The authors primary purpose in the passage is to _. 4. 作者在文章中的主要目的是为了_。A. praise the propaganda methods of other nations A. 赞扬其他国家的宣传方法B. encourage the spread of democracy to underdeveloped lands B. 鼓励在欠发达地区推广民主C. urge greater devotion to the ideals of democracy C. 敦促人们更加献身于民主的理想D. criticize those who put self-interest ahead of the interests of their country D. 批评那些把个人利益置于国家利益之上的人【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】根据第一段的最后一句“太多的公民只把民主理解为一种口号，而没有真正的概念，即民主在实践中意味着我们必须容忍不受欢迎的思想的表达”，综合理解全文可知，整个文章都在讲民主原则以及对它的正确理解，鼓励人们为创立一个更加美好的世界而努力，所以作者写这篇文章的主要目的是敦促大家更多地献身于民主的理想。该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“赞扬其他国家的宣传方法”和B项“鼓励在欠发达地区推广民主”在文中没有提及，属于无中生有；D项“批评那些把个人利益置于国家利益之上的人”在文中虽然提到了，但并不是文章主旨，属于以偏概全。2. 单选题Drunken drivingsometimes called Americas socially accepted form of murderhas become a national epidemic （流行病）. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers.A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0. 10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American man image and judges were tolerant in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 1820-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accomplished by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to resist pressure to drink.Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and, in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks. A tavern（酒店主）in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously intoxicated” and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919. They forget that legal prohibition didnt stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.1.Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because（ ）.2.Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that（ ） .3.Laws recently introduced in some states have （ ） .4.The problem of drunken driving is difficult to solve because（ ）.问题1选项A.most Americans are heavy drinkersB.Americans are now less shocked by road accidentsC.accidents attract so much publicityD.drinking is a socially accepted habit in America问题2选项A.many drivers were not of legal ageB.young people were often bad driversC.the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD.the legal drinking age should be raised问题3选项A.reduced the number of convictionsB.resulted in fewer serious accidentsC.prevented bars from serving drunken customersD.specified the amount drivers can drink问题4选项A.alcohol is easily obtainedB.drinking is linked to organized crimeC.legal prohibiting has already failedD.legislation alone is not sufficient【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because _. 1. 醉酒驾驶在美国已经成为一个主要问题，因为_。A. most Americans are heavy drinkers A. 大多数美国人都酗酒B. Americans are now less shocked by road accidents B. 美国人现在对交通事故不那么震惊了C. accidents attract so much publicity C. 事故引起了如此多的关注D. drinking is a socially accepted habit in America D. 在美国，喝酒是一种被社会接受的习惯【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第二句“酗酒曾经是美国人可以接受的一部分（Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American man image），在大多数法庭上，法官都很宽容，但最近醉酒车祸造成了如此多广为人知的悲剧，尤其是涉及年幼儿童的悲剧，公众舆论不再那么宽容了（public opinion is no longer so tolerant）。”，从中可知，在美国，喝酒是一种被社会所接受的习惯，而这种习惯造成了很多悲剧，成为美国的主要问题，所以D项“在美国，喝酒是一种被社会接受的习惯”符合题意，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“大多数美国人都酗酒”，文中只是提起喝酒是美国社会接受的一种习惯，并不代表大多数美国人都酗酒，该项曲解原文；B项“美国人现在对交通事故不那么震惊了”没有提到，属于无中生有；C项“事故引起了如此多的关注”，根据解题思路可知，醉酒驾驶造成的悲剧太多，使得公众舆论对这种喝酒的习惯不再宽容，文中并没有提到公众的关注，该项曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that _. 2. 新泽西州发布的统计数据显示，_。A. many drivers were not of legal age A. 许多司机没有达到法定年龄B. young people were often bad drivers B. 年轻人往往不善于开车C. the level of drinking increased in the 1960s C. 饮酒水平在20世纪60年代有所上升D. the legal drinking age should be raised D. 法定饮酒年龄应该提高【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词New Jersey定位至第三段第二句“在新泽西州把饮酒年龄降到18岁以后，18-20岁司机的死亡人数增加了一倍多，因此该州最近又把饮酒的年龄提高到21岁”，从新泽西州的统计数据来看，降低饮酒年龄，醉酒驾驶造成的死亡人数还增加了，这说明应该提高法定的饮酒年龄，故D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“许多司机没有达到法定年龄”、B项“年轻人往往不善于开车”在原文没有提到，属于无中生有；C项“饮酒水平在20世纪60年代有所上升”，文中只提到将法定饮酒年龄提高到21岁扭转了20世纪60年代将法定饮酒年龄降低到18岁的趋势，该项中的level of drinking（饮酒水平）在文中并没有提到，该项属于无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Laws recently introduced in some states have _. 3. 一些州最近出台的法律_。A. reduced the number of convictions A. 减少了定罪的人数B. resulted in fewer serious accidents B. 使得严重事故的发生更少C. prevented bars from serving drunken customers C. 禁止酒吧招待醉酒的顾客D. specified the amount drivers can drink D. 规定司机可以喝多少酒【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据倒数第二段第一句“严厉的新法律使得被捕人数和接受检查的人数增加，并且许多地区的死亡率显著下降”，从中可知，最近出台的与饮酒相关的法律使得死亡率显著下降，这也就是说这些法律降低了交通事故的发生率，B项“使得严重事故的发生更少”符合这一分析。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“减少了定罪的人数”，根据解题思路可知，严厉的法律使得被捕人数增多了，而不是减少了，该项属于反向干扰；C项“禁止酒吧招待醉酒的顾客”，根据倒数第二段第二句“一些州还惩罚酒吧为顾客提供过多的酒”可知，法律只是禁止酒吧为顾客提供过量的酒，关于“醉酒的顾客”并没有提到，该项曲解原文；D项“规定司机可以喝多少酒”没有提到，属于无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. The problem of drunken driving is difficult to solve because _. 4. 醉驾问题之所以难以解决，是因为_。A. alcohol is easily obtained A. 酒很容易获得B. drinking is linked to organized crime B. 饮酒与有组织的犯罪有关C. legal prohibiting has already failed C. 法律禁止已经失败了D. legislation alone is not sufficient D. 仅靠立法是不够的【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据最后一段最后两句“他们忘记了法律禁令并没有让人们停止饮酒，而是鼓励了政治腐败和有组织的犯罪。就像激增的毒品交易一样，没有简单的解决办法。”从中可知，即使有法律禁令，人们还是继续饮酒，并且政治腐败和有组织的犯罪也增加了；所以推断，醉驾问题之所以难以解决，是因为仅靠立法是远远不够的。该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“酒很容易获得”、C项“法律禁止已经失败了”在原文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B项“饮酒与有组织的犯罪有关”，根据解题思路可知，原文只是提到法律禁令鼓励了有组织的犯罪，但是并没有说明饮酒和有组织的犯罪之间的关系，所以该项并不能推断出来，属于曲解原文。3. 翻译题各国文明的多样性，是人类社会的基本特征，也是推动世界文明进步的重要动力。当今世界拥有60亿人口，200多个国家和地区，2 500多个民族，5 000多种语言。由于历史传统、宗教信仰、文化背景、社会制度、价值观念和发展程度的不同，各个国家和地区才具有了各自鲜明的特征，整个人类文明也因此而交相辉映、多姿多彩、富有活力。这种文明的多样性是在历史长河中形成的，并将长期存在下去。我们应该尊重和维护各国文明的多样性，而不应人为歧视或贬低他国文明；应该鼓励各种文明在对话交流中相互借鉴、取长补短，而不应相互隔绝和相互排斥；应该倡导各种文明在相互包容、求同存异中共同发展，而不应强求一律、强加于人。随着经济全球化和新科技革命的发展，国家间的相互联系和相互依存愈益加深，但这并不意味着可以忽视和削弱国家主权的地位与作用。必须实行国际关系民主化。不尊重别国主权，以大欺小，以强凌弱，推行霸权主义和强权政治，实践证明是行不通的。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】The diversity of the worlds civilizations is a basic hallmark of human society and an important driving force that propels human progress. Our world today has over 6 billion inhabitants living in more than 200 countries and regions. They break down into over 2,500 ethnic groups and speak more than 5,000 different languages. Because of the difference in historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one another. It is these differences that make our planet dazzling, colorful and bustling with life. Such diversity is a legacy of history and will stay with us into the future. Instead of harboring bias against or deliberately belittling other civilizations, we should give full respect to the diversity of civilizations all over the world. Instead of shutting each other out in mutual exclusion, we should encourage dialogues and exchanges between civilizations so that they can learn from each other in mutual emulation. Instead of demanding uniformity and imposing ones will on others, we should promote common development of all civilizations in the course of mutual tolerance and seeking agreement while shelving differences.With the globalization of economy and the advancement in new, scientific and technological revolution, the interconnection and interdependence between countries are developing in depth, but this doesnt mean allowing of ignoring and weakening the status and role of a nations sovereignty. It is necessary to have greater democracy in international relations. Practice indicates that the disregard for other countries sovereignty, the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak and the pursuance of hegemonism and power politics wont work.4. 不定项选择题From beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space Xs eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module, or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post. The habitats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules dont inflate they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect form any speeding debris.Inside Space Xs Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “Itll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” former astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There wont be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts wont be getting inside the module for some time yet. The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASAs partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Boldens desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “ The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.1.What is special about the new living module on Space Xs eighth mission to ISS?2.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?3.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?4.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?问题1选项A.It is expandable.B.It looks like a toy.C.It is going to deep space.D.It will not return to Earth.问题2选项A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.问题3选项A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.问题4选项A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASAs and Bigelows needs.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What is special about the new living module on Space Xs eighth mission to ISS? 1. Space X公司第八次前往国际空间站的任务中，新的生活舱有什么特别之处？A. It is expandable. A. 它是可扩展的。B. It looks like a toy. B. 它看起来像一个玩具。C. It is going to deep space. C. 它要去外太空。D. It will not return to Earth. D. 它不会返回地球。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据原文第一段最后一句“一个压缩的生活舱将被运送并连接到空间站上，在太空中，它将扩展为宇航员的新栖息地（it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts）”，从中可知，新的生活舱的特点是它可以扩展，所以该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选线“它看起来像一个玩具”和D选项“它不会返回地球”在文中没有提及，无中生有；C选项“它要去外太空”并不是其特别之处，曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat? 2. 设计充气太空舱的目的是什么？A. It is to find out its potential capacity. A. 要找出它潜在的容量。B. It is to give a try on a new technology. B. 这是对一项新技术的尝试。C. It is to save time and money in production. C. 这是为了在生产中节省时间和金钱。D. It is to see if it can be applied in deep space. D. 这是为了看看它是否能应用于深空。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词inflatable space habitat定位至第二段“由毕格罗航空航天公司设计的充气太空栖息地是美国宇航局正在探索的潜在深空栖息地和其他高级太空任务的一个领域（exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions）”，可知，设计充气太空舱的目的是探索深空。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“要找出它潜在的容量”、B选项“这是对一项新技术的尝试”和C选项“这是为了在生产中节省时间和金钱”没有提及，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean? 3. 第5段划线的句子是什么意思？A. The habitat will not be a balloon-like room. A. 这个栖息地不会是一个像气球一样的房间。B. The habitat will not feel like a balloon. B. 这个栖息地不会感觉像一个气球。C. The habitat will be like a senseless balloon. C. 这个栖息地就像一个毫无知觉的气球。D. The habitat will be a different kind of balloon. D. 栖息地将是一个不同的气球。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第五段最后一句“不会有像气球一样的感觉”，结合第四段第二句“BEAM是远不止像气球一样的房间，宇航员可以在那里寻求庇护”和第三句“该公司表示，从技术上讲，这些模块不会膨胀，而是会扩展”，综合理解可知，“不会有像气球一样的感觉”这句话的意思是表示，这个栖息地虽然像气球一样会膨胀，但是宇航员在那里感觉不到它像气球一样。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“这个栖息地不会是一个像气球一样的房间”与原文中的far more tha