2022-2023年考博英语-云南大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第36期

2022-2023年考博英语-云南大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题When photographing an object from different viewpoints, the photographers perspective of（ ）changes.问题1选项A.of what is seeingB.seeing whatC.it sees whatD.what it sees【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据句子结构可知，空格部分为介词of的宾语，所以填入一个宾语从句。特殊疑问词可引导宾语从句，并且要用陈述语序。句意：当从不同的角度拍摄一个物体时，摄影师对它所看到的东西的视觉会发生变化。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题Darwin stated that the more survival characteristics a creature has （ ）the chance that new species will adopt these characteristics.问题1选项A.the bestB.the betterC.better thanD.as good as【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。“The+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越就 越”，B选项正确。句意是达尔文指出，一个生物拥有的生存特征越多，该物种拙有这些特征的机会越大。3. 单选题Two centuries have（ ）to meet in smaller working groups and deepen negotiations over the Norths nuclear.问题1选项A.persistedB.pledgedC.assertedD.petitioned【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。persist“坚持”；pledge“发誓”；assert“声称”；petition“请愿”。本句意为“两个世纪以来，他们坚持以较小的工作小组开会，就朝鲜的核问题深化谈判”，较小的工作会议形式需要坚持进行，因此选项A正确。4. 单选题This special committee was established for well-integrated members of the society and not for（ ）individuals.问题1选项A.marginalB.minorC.eccentricD.distinctive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Marginal “边缘的，临界的，末端的”；minor “次要的”；eccentric “古怪的，反常的”；distinctive “独特的，与众不同的”。句意：特殊委员会是为了品行优良的社会成员建立的，而不是为那些边缘人士设立。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Since 2004, some 60 million visitors to the US have had their two index fingerprints recorded by an scanner（ ）.问题1选项A.oppositeB.organicC.occasionalD.optical【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。A选项opposite “对面的，相反的”；B选项organic “有机的，组织的”；C选项occasional “偶然的，临吋的”；D选项optical视觉的，光学的，光读取的”；根据被修饰词scanner确定D选项正确。6. 单选题There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Heres one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000 kilometer-wide strip of forest running through Canada, the USSR, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of C02 and further boosting global warming.There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect, will do the opposite. The “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earths surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 percent of all the worlds energy is consumed by a quarter of the worlds population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just 7 percent of the global population, is responsible for 22 percent of global warming.1.“Feedback mechanisms” in Paragraph 1 most probably refer to（ ）.2.James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by（ ）.3.We can learn from the passage that（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ）.5.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?问题1选项A.how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB.how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC.how climate changesD.how climate zones shift问题2选项A.the cutting of many treesB.desirable environmental changesC.successful migration of speciesD.unsuccessful migration of trees问题3选项A.some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB.the basic facts of global warming are unknownC.developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD.developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption问题4选项A.the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB.a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of C02 yearly to the atmosphereC.the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse-gas emissionsD.future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels问题5选项A.Material Progress and Energy Consumption.B.Prosperity and Cheap Fossil Fuels.C.Impact of Global Warming on Climate.D.Plants and Animals in the Changing Climate.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，作者举出了植物和动物适应气候变化的例子。气温上升可能对植被的生长带来不利影响，气候区的移动会使处于陌生环境下的物种死亡。濒临死亡的植被会引发火灾释放大量的二氧化碳，从而进一步加剧全球变暖。可判断出第一段主要讨论了动植物和气候变化之间的相互作用和相互关系。所谓的“反馈机制”就是这种相互作用的关系。选项B符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第一段， “Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die.”，可知气候学家詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区将以每年50至75公里的速度向两极移动，比树的自然移动速度要快。而且发现自己身处陌生环境的物种将会死亡。可判断出詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区域的变化将伴随着树木不成功地迁移。选项D符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段， “There are dozens of other possible feedback mechanisms. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming.”，可知还有许多其他的反馈机制。更高的温度将加剧凝结并增加云层，这实际上可能会减缓全球变暖。可判断出一些反馈机制可能会减缓全球变暖。选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段， “The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen.”，可知富裕国家居民平均每年向大气中排放3.2吨二氧化碳，是第三世界居民人均排放量的四倍多。可判断出一个第三世界国家的居民每年向大气中排放的二氧化碳还不到一吨。选项B符合题意。5.主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章第一段主要讨论了动植物和全球气候变暖之间的相互作用和相互关系，着重讨论气候变暖给动植物带来的影响。第二段主要提到有些反馈机制也能减缓全球变暖，而有些反馈机制会加快气温上升。最后提到富国比第三世界国家的二氧化碳排放量要更多，这是因为物质进步与能源消耗有关。综上所述，整篇文章主题为全球变暖对气候的影响。选项C符合题意。7. 翻译题For most people, shopping is still a matter of wandering down the street or loading a cart in a shopping mall. Soon, that will change. 1.Electronic commerce is growing fast and will soon bring people more choices. There will, however, be a cost: protecting the consumer from fraud will be harder. Many governments therefore want to extend high street regulations to the electronic world. But politicians would be wiser to see cyberspace as a basis for a new era of corporate self-regulation.2.Consumers in rich countries have grown used to the idea that the government takes responsibility for everything from the stability of the banks to the safety of the drugs, or their rights to refund when goods are faulty. But governments cannot enforce national laws on businesses whose only presence in their country is on the screen. Other countries have regulators, but the rules of consumer protection differ, as does enforcement. Even where a clear right to compensation exists, the online catalogue customer in Tokyo, say, can hardly go to New York to extract a refund for a dud purchase.3.One answer is for governments to cooperate more: to recognize each others rules. But that requires years of work and volumes of detailed rules. 4.And plenty of countries have rules too fanciful for sober states to accept. There is, however, an alternative. Let the electronic businesses do the “regulation”themselves. They do, after all, have a self-interest in doing so.5.In electronic commerce, a reputation for honest dealing will be a valuable competitive asset. Governments, too, may compete to be trusted. For instance, customers ordering medicines online may prefer to buy from the United States because they trust the rigorous screening of the Food and Drug Administration; or they may decide that the FDAs rules are too strict, and buy from Switzerland instead.【答案】1.电子商务发展很快，很快就会给人们带来更多的选择。然而这是有代价的：保护消费者不受欺诈将会更加困难。因此，许多政府想要将商业街法规扩展到电子世界。2.富有国家的消费者已经习惯了这样一种观念，即政府应对一切事情负责，从银行的稳定性到药品的安全，或者他们在商品出现问题时退款的权利。但是，政府不能对那些仅在屏幕上出现的企业执行国家法律。3.方法之一就是要求各国政府加强合作：承认彼此的规则。但这需要多年的工作和大量的详细规则。4.许多国家的规则太荒谬，以致清醒的国家无法接受。但是，还有另一种选择。让电子商务自己进行“监管”。5.在电子商务中，诚实交易的声誉将是一项宝贵的竞争资产。政府也可能为了获得信任而竞争。8. 单选题The storm sweeping over this are now is sure to cause（ ）of vegetables in the coming days.问题1选项A.scarcityB.rarityC.varietyD.invalidity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scarcity“短缺、稀缺”；B选项rarity“罕见、珍品”；C选项variety“多样、种类”；D选项invalidity“无效、无价值”，句意为：在未来几天席卷这里的风暴肯定会造成蔬菜短缺。scarcity“短缺、稀缺”符合题意，因此选项A正确。9. 单选题In the United States, the first day-nursery was opened in 1854.Nurseries were established in various areas during the（1）half of the 19th century; most of（2）were charitable. Both in Europe and in the United States, the day-nursery movement received great（3）during the First World War, when（4）of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established（5）in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship.（6）the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose（7）, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following First World War,（8）, Federal State, and local government began to exercise a measure of control（9）the day nurseries, chiefly by（10）them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.The（11）of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were（12）called upon to replace men in the factories. On this（13）the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools,（14）$6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many states and local communities（15）this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared（16）in day-care centers receiving Federal（17）. Soon afterward, the Federal government（18）cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later（19）them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their（20）at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.问题1选项A.latterB.lateC.otherD.first问题2选项A.thoseB.themC.whoseD.whom问题3选项A.impetusB.inputC.imitationD.initiative问题4选项A.sourcesB.abundanceC.shortageD.reduction问题5选项A.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.even问题6选项A.BecauseB.AsC.SinceD.Although问题7选项A.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantly问题8选项A.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreover问题9选项A.overB.inC.atD.about问题10选项A.formulatingB.patentingC.labelingD.licensing问题11选项A.outsetB.outbreakC.breakthroughD.breakdown问题12选项A.againB.thusC.repeatedlyD.yet问题13选项A.circumstanceB.occasionC.caseD.situation问题14选项A.regulationB.summoningC.allocatingD.transferring问题15选项A.expandedB.facilitatedC.supplementedD.compensated问题16选项A.byB.afterC.ofD.for问题17选项A.pensionsB.subsidiesC.revenuesD.budgets问题18选项A.prevalentlyB.furiouslyC.statisticallyD.drastically问题19选项A.abolishedB.diminishedC.jeopardizedD.precluded问题20选项A.nurseriesB.homesC.jobsD.children【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:B第12题:A第13题:B第14题:C第15题:C第16题:D第17题:B第18题:D第19题:A第20题:C【解析】1.考查上下文语义。根据句意：美国第一家日托所建于1854年。日托所在各地普遍建立在19世纪的后期；其中大部分都是慈善事业。the latter half为后半期，这当中half只能和latter搭配，因此选项A正确。2.考查上下文语义。根据句意：美国第一家日托所建于1854年。日托所在各地普遍建立在19世纪的后期；其中大部分都是慈善事业。most of后面要用人称代词，因此选项B正确。3.考查语义关系。A选项impetus“动力、促进”；B选项input“投入”；C选项imitation“仿造、仿制品”；D选项initiative“主动权”。根据句意：在欧洲和美国，日间托儿所运动在第一次世界大战期间受到了很大的促进，当时劳动力短缺使得大量妇女就业。因此选项A正确。4.考查语义关系。A选项sources“来源”；B选项abundance“丰富、充裕”；C选项shortage“短缺”；D选项reduction“减少”。根据句意：在欧洲和美国，日间托儿所运动在第一次世界大战期间受到了很大的促进，当时劳动力短缺使得大量妇女就业。因此选项C正确。5.考查语义关系。根据句意：在一些欧洲国家的政府直接倡导下，甚至在军火工厂里也建立了日托所。Even符合题意，因此选项D正确。6.考查语篇关系。根据句意：尽管美国托儿所的数目急剧增长，但并未得到政府的任何资助。分析全句，这是一个让步状语从句，故应用连词although，因此选项D正确。7.考查语义关系。A选项unanimously“全体一致的”；B选项sharply“急剧地”；C选项predominantly“主要的、占主导地位的”；D选项militantly“好战的、激进的”。根据句意：尽管美国托儿所的数目急剧增长，但并未得到政府的任何资助。四个选项中只有sharply“急剧地”合适，因此选项B正确。8.考查语篇关系。根据句意：然而在第一次世界大战之后的几年中，联邦政府和地方政府开始采取措施，主要通过规范化来管理托儿所。本句在语气上是转折的，要选副词however，因此选项C正确。9.考查结构搭配。control与over搭配，其他的选项语义不合题意。句意为：然而在第一次世界大战之后的几年中，联邦政府和地方政府开始采取措施，主要通过规范化来管理托儿所。因此选项A正确。10.考查语义关系。A选项formulating“规范”；B选项patenting“取得专利权”；C选项labeling“贴标签、标记”；D选项licensing“许可、特许”。根据句意：主要通过规范化来管理托儿所。因此选项A正确。11.考查名词辨析。A选项outset “开端、开始”；B选项outbreak“爆发”；C选项breakthrough“突破”；D选项breakdown“崩溃、故障”。根据句意应是第二次世界大战的爆发。因此选项B正确。12.考查语篇关系。根据句意：随着第二次世界大战的爆发，几乎各国托儿所的数量都增长得很快，妇女又一次被号召在工厂中代替男人。与第一次世界大战的情况相呼应，所以填again。因此选项A正确。13.考查结构搭配。选项中的四个名词只有occasion可以与介词on搭配，其意义也与句意相吻合，句意为：这次，美国政府立即支持保育员学校，于1942年7月拨款600万美元。因此选项B正确。14.考查语义关系。A选项regulate“管制、调节”；B选项summon“召集、召唤”；C选项allocate“分派、分配”；D选项transfer“转移、调动”。根据句意“拨款(allocate)600万美元”。因此选项C正确。15.考查动词辨析。A选项expanded“膨胀、扩充”；B选项facilitated“使容易、使便利”；C选项supplemented“补充”；D选项compensated“补偿、偿还”。根据句意：许多州和地方团体对联邦政府资助进行补充。因此选项C正确。16.考查固定搭配。动词care与介词for搭配，表示照料的意思。句意为：一百多万儿童在接受联邦津贴的日托中心里受到照顾。因此选项D正确。17.考查名词辨析。A选项pensions“养老金、退休金”；B选项subsidies“补助金、津贴”；C选项revenues“收入、税收”；D选项budgets“预算”。根据句意：一百多万儿童在接受联邦津贴的日托中心里受到照顾。因此选项B正确。18.考查语义关系。A选项prevalently“普遍地、流行地”；B选项furiously“狂暴地、猛烈地”；C选项statistically“统计上地”；D选项drastically“激烈地、彻底地”。句意为：联邦政府大幅度地削减这项支出，并在后来将其废止。因此选项D正确。19.考查语义关系。A选项abolished“废除”；B选项diminished“使减少、变小”；C选项jeopardized“危害”；D选项precluded“排除”。与前一句相呼应，前面说“大幅度地削减”，后来自然是“废止（abolished）”。句意为：联邦政府大幅度地削减这项支出，并在后来将其废止。因此选项A正确。20.考查语义关系。根据句意：然而，让大多数被雇佣的母亲离开她们的工作，这一愿望在战后得到部分的实现。因此选项C正确。10. 单选题Some of the old customs have continued（ ）politeness although they are no longer thought about now.问题1选项A.in the way ofB.in the eyes ofC.in the face ofD.in the form of【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项in the way of“妨碍、在方面”；B选项in the eyes of “在心目中、从来看”；C选项in the face of“面对、不顾”；D选项in the form of “以的形式”，句意为：有些旧习俗以礼貌的形式继续存在着，尽管它们现在已经不再被人想到了。in the form of“以的形式”符合题意，因此D选项正确。11. 单选题One of the most common constituents of the Earths crust（ ）, a component of several different kinds of rocks.问题1选项A.the mineral quartzB.and quartz is the mineralC.is the mineral quartzD.being the mineral quartz【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知整个句子的主语是One of the most common constituents of the Earths crust，为单数。根据主谓一致原则，谓语也需用单数。句意：地壳最常见的成分之一是矿物石英，它是由几种不同的岩石组成的。选项C符合题意。12. 单选题Being critical and dictatorial, the boss would（ ）discussions and ignore comments not in agreements with his.问题1选项A.facilitateB.illustrateC.illuminateD.dominate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项facilitate“促进、帮助”；B选项illustrate“说明、阐明”；C选项illuminate“说明、照亮”；D选项dominate“控制、支配”，句意为：由于老板的挑剔和独裁，他会主导讨论，忽视与他意见不一致的意见。因此选项D正确。13. 写作题Directions: Choose one of the two topics to develop an essay of about 300 word.1.Write a piece of Argumentation with the topic “Exam”. Your essay should meet the following requirements:1) Show your view with a thesis statement;2) Support your view with no fewer than 2 concrete details;3) And conclude your essay with an echo to the introduction.2.In order to enhance and cultivate culture confidence, the Minister of the Ministry of Education proposed to involve traditional culture in the curriculum on campus.1) State your opinion about the proposal with a thesis statement;2) Support your opinion with no fewer than 2 concrete detail;3) And conclude your essay with an echo to the introduction.【答案】略14. 单选题A terrible traffic accident happened; people were saddened when they watched the（ ）sight on TV.问题1选项A.panicB.patrioticC.patheticD.periodic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项panic“恐慌的”；B选项patriotic“爱国的”；C选项pathetic“可怜的、悲哀的”；D选项periodic“周期的、定期的”，句意为：一场可怕的交通事故发生了。人们从电视上看到这悲惨的场面时都感到很难过。因此选项C符合题意。15. 单选题Lack of exercise as well as unhealthy dietary habits can increase the risk of（ ）.问题1选项A.mobilityB.moralityC.maturityD.mortality【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项mobility“移动性”；B选项morality“道德、品性”；C选项maturity“成熟、到期”；D选项mortality“死亡率”，句意为：缺乏锻炼以及不健康的饮食习惯会增加死亡的风险。因此选项D符合题意。16. 单选题The earliest histories were not（1）, but oral- songs and sagas such（2） the battle and adventure（3） told（4） the poet Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey.The wandering bards（5）passed these stories（6）generation to generation made no attempt to sort（7）fact from fiction. For them, the grand legends of gods and supernatural heroes were（8） real and important（9） actual events. Today we know that many of these ancient sagas,（10）exaggerated, do have a real basis in fact.The story of the Trojan war, told in the Iliad, was long thought to be pure（11） ; however, today we can visit the ruins of Troy and walk through the gateway, guarded（12）a ruined tower, through which the（13） soldiers marches to meet the forces of the invading Greeks. What is（14） , the man who discovered the ruins of the city made use of no documents or research materials other than Homers description of（15）location.The fabulous “one-eyed giant” who hurled rocks down（16）Odysseuss ship in Odyssey has been identified as the volcano of Mount Etna, which（17） frequently poured out rocky death, and whose cone can glow（18） a single eye against the dark of night. Nearby, in the sea off the coast of Sicily,（19） some huge and jagged rocks which look as if a giant（20）have hurled them there, just as Odysseus homecoming sailors reported.问题1选项A.spokenB.toldC.writtenD.talked问题2选项A.asB.atC.inD.on问题3选项A.talesB.historiesC.commentsD.reports问题4选项A.byB.becauseC.atD.over问题5选项A.whomB.whoC.whoseD.which问题6选项A.fromB.forC.becauseD.in问题7选项A.toB.forC.fromD.out问题8选项A.asB.atC.forD.because问题9选项A.likeB.thanC.asD.but问题10选项A.asB.althoughC.sinceD.rather问题11选项A.fictionB.novelC.articleD.anthology问题12选项A.byB.overC.onD.for问题13选项A.TrojanB.ancientC.RomanD.Italy问题14选项A.manyB.moreC.muchD.great问题15选项A.theirB.herC.hisD.its问题16选项A.toB.inC.uponD.its问题17选项A.haveB.hasC.hadD.having问题18选项A.likeB.similarC.forD.as问题19选项A.liesB.lieC.layD.laid问题20选项A.mustB.needC.canD.might【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B第6题:A第7题:D第8题:A第9题:C第10题:B第11题:A第12题:A第13题:A第14题:B第15题:D第16题:C第17题:B第18题:A第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）逻辑关系题。空格后的but表示转折关系，所以空格所填写的词与空格后的oral是对应的，oral 表示“ 口头的”，跟他相对的词是C选项的written “书面的，文字的”。（2）固定搭配题。空格所在这一句是用诗人荷马在伊利亚特和奥德赛中讲述的战斗和冒险进行举例论述上一句话，such as为固定搭配，表示“例如，比如”，A选项正确。（3）名词词义辨析题。A选项tales “故事”；B选项histories “历史”；C选项comments “评论，注解”；D选项reports“报告，专题”，此处是对于空格前的songs and sagas歌和长篇故事进行的举例，所以应该是同义词，A选项的“故事”符合句意，正确。（4）介词词义辨析题。此处句意是故事是通过诗人荷马讲述的，表示被动，引出动作的承受着时用介词by，A选项正确。（5）语法（定语从句）题。空格所在句是一个定语从句，修饰先行词The wandering bards，先行词是人，并且在句子中做主语，所以用引导词 who，B选项正确。（6）固定搭配题。此处要表达的意思是把这些故事从一代传到