考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题含答案44

考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题含答案1. 翻译题October 16th is World Food Day, a day of action against hunger. The date commemorates the founding in 1945 of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, or FAO. On this day, people around the world come together to declare their commitment to eradicate hunger in our lifetime.Over the past decade or so, we have seen a great reduction of people living with hunger on a nearly daily basis. Back then, about one in six people went to bed hungry most nights. Now its about one in every nine.Nonetheless, that still leaves some 795,000 thousand chronically hungry people around the world. Of these, 60 percent are women, and this despite the fact that most small farmers living in the developing world are women. And when women go hungry, so, all too often, do children. About 161 million kids under the age of five malnourished. This means that their brains wont develop normally, they may have difficulties learning, and their physical and cognitive growth is stunted. Lack of nutrition compromises not only their own success in the future, but also the development of the communities, economies and countries in which they live. In addition to those children who are chronically undernourished, almost 5 million children under the age of 5 die of malnutrition-related causes every year.The global community is working to eradicate hunger, because it is the right thing to do. The first of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, called for halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger and facing extreme poverty. We have achieved that goal. As we transition to a sustainable development agenda for 2030, we have raised our ambitions and are striving to effectively end hunger and extreme poverty altogether.【答案】【参考译文】10月16日是世界粮食日，在这一天会反对饥饿。这一天是为了纪念FAO，即联合国粮食和农业组织于1945年的这一天成立。就是这一天，世界各地的人们团结一心宣布他们会在有生之年消除饥饿。在过去的10年间，我们已经很大程度减少了几乎每天忍饥挨饿的人数。当时，大约六分之一的人晚上都是饿着肚子睡觉。而现在大约每9人中仍有1人挨饿。尽管如此，全世界仍有7950万人长期饥饿。尽管发展中国家的大多数小农是女性，但挨饿的女性仍占60%。而当女性饿肚子，她们的孩子也会挨饿。5岁以下约有1.61亿名儿童营养不良。这表明他们的大脑发育不正常，可能会在获取知识上遇到困难，而且身体及认知上也遇到问题。缺乏营养不仅会影响他们未来的成功，而且也会影响他们所处社会，经济及国家的发展。除了那些长期营养不良的孩子，每年近500万名5岁以下儿童会因营养不良而死亡。全球社会正在努力消除饥饿，因为这是正确的事情。联合国千年发展目标的第一项就是呼吁将饥饿人口及极端贫困的比例减至一半。我们已经实现了这个目标。当我们过渡到2030年可持续发展议程，我们已经提出了这样的目标并且正努力且富有成效的消除所有饥饿和极端贫困。2. 翻译题The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person., as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.【答案】科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要方式的表达；它只是对所有现象进行推理并给予精确和准确解释的方式。科研人员与普通人在思考方面的差别与下面的差别类似：如面包师或屠夫用普通的秤来秤量商品，而化学家用精密的天平和砝码来进行复杂的分析。关键不是使用的秤和天平在构造原理和工作方式上有什么差别，而是后者是一个更精密的仪器，当然测量结果就更准确。3. 翻译题与群众不同，知识分子喜欢推理，对事实感兴趣。他们思想上批判的习性，使他们成为那种很能蛊惑大多数人的宣传的抵制者。知识分子是那种重证据，厌恶不合乎逻辑和谬论的人。他们把过于简单化看作是思想上犯错误的根源，他们不喜欢口号、绝对肯定和总的概括，而这些恰恰是宣传家惯用的手法。在这个人口加速过度增长，组织加速过度膨胀，以及出现了更为有效的广泛宣传工具的时代里，我们如何能保存个性的完整，又如何能再坚持个人的价值呢？这是一个至今可提出并可能得到较好的回答的问题。再过一代，寻找答案可能为时已晚，而在那个未来的令人窒息的集体风气中，可能压根就想不起提出这样的问题了。【答案】Unlike the mass, the intellectuals like to reason and are interested in facts. With critical thinking habits, they have become leaders who resist propagandas which confuse most people. The clerisy lay stress on evidence, and are not too ready to believe illogicality and fallacy. They consider oversimplification as the root of thought to make a mistake. Meanwhile the academicians dislike slogan, absolute affirmation and gross generalization, which are a propagandists usual measures. Therefore, how can we keep up integrity of personality, and how to continue upholding the value of individual in face of overpopulation and overexpansion of organizations as well as many more effective and comprehensive propaganda tools? Up to now, it is a question that can be proposed and given a good answer to but it will be too late to find out an answer to such question for the next generation in the future where the stifling collective atmosphere prevails, descendants may not think of such question at all.4. 翻译题在20世纪50年代早期到60年代中期，营养学历史的第三个时期种，维生素疗法开始变得声名狼藉。随之而来的是在医科学校中营养学教育也变得不那么热门了。就在这种情况发生的十年前，许多医药公司发现他们的维生素销量猛增，并迅速把大量维生素样品和宣传材料提供给开业医师，这些材料大肆喧扬补充各种与健康相关状况的维生素的好处。对维生素在疾病控制方面成功的期望被夸大了。正如在回顾这种状况时大 家都知道的，维生素和矿物疗法在用于治疗严重的健康状况时比治疗长期因营养不良而导致的慢性健康问题时效果要小的多。【答案】From the early 1950s to the middle 1960s, namely, in the third historic period of nutrition, vitamin therapies began to become notorious. Consequently, the nutrition course in medical schools became less popular. Just before a decade ago, many pharmaceutical companies found the sales of vitamin soaring. So they quickly provided plenty of vitamin samples and promotional materials, which would publicize the benefit of taking vitamins, for medical practitioners. As a result, it exaggerated the function of vitamins to successfully control disease. It is well-known that curative effect of vitamin and mineral therapy for the treatment of serious disease is much less than that of the treatment of chronic disease, such as malnutrition.5. 翻译题Strange is our situation here upon earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose.From the standpoint of daily life, however, there is one thing we do know: that man is here for the sake of other menabove all for those upon whose smile and well-being our own happiness depends, and also for the countless unknown souls with whose fate we are connected by a bond of sympathy. Many times a day I realize how much my own outer and inner life is built upon the labors of my fellow men, both living and dead, and how earnestly I must exert myself in order to give in return as much as I have received. My peace of mind is often troubled by the depressing sense that I have borrowed too heavily from the work of other men.To ponder interminably over the reason for ones own existence or the meaning of life in general seems to me, from an objective point of view, to be sheer folly. And yet everyone holds certain ideals by which he guides his aspiration and his judgment. The ideals which have always shone before me and filled me with the joy of living are goodness, beauty, and truth. To make a goal of comfort and happiness has never appealed to me; a system of ethics built on this basis would be sufficient only for a herd of cattle.【答案】我们在这个世界上的处境很奇怪。每个人短暂来访，不知原因。不过有时候似乎也会察觉到某种目的。然而，从日常生活的角度来看，有一样是确定的：人总是为了他人而活着。为了那些重要的人，他们的笑容和幸福是我们快乐的来源。也是为了数不清的陌生人，怜悯之心将我们与他们连系在一起。每天我都会多次意识到，我自己的物质生活和精神生活，在多大程度上是建立在同胞的劳动之上的，他们或活着，或者已经逝去。意识到我必须多么努力地去付出，以回报我所得到的一切。总感觉我从他人的劳动成果中获取太多，为此我经常惴惴不安。总体上，在我看来，没完没了地思考自己存在的理由和生命的意义是非常愚蠢的行为。然而，每个人都有自己的理想来指引自己的抱负和是非判断。始终在我面前闪耀着，让我深感活着的喜悦的理想是善、美和真理。以舒适和幸福为目的的理想从来不能吸引我。建立在这个基础之上的伦理体系只能适用于一群牲畜。6. 翻译题Highly successful scientists depend on special talents, like in arts, music, and so on. Nature produces them very slowly, parsimoniously, and at a constant rate. One has to do more with more with both natural gifts and formal extensive academic training. Their number cannot be increased under command: they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of the community is adequate to provide the basic training they need-which is today the case in several nations over the world including many of the developing countries. The second element is the “collectivity effect” Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect. Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together. This is particularly active at the “interface” between disciplines; for instance, a chemistry idea applied to biology. A mathematical concept applied to physics, and so on. In other words 100 scientists of not too different disciplines operating, so to speak, under the same roof, make much more and faster progress than the same 100 people working separately and in isolation.【答案】成就卓越的科学家的成功离不开自己在如艺术、音乐等领域的独特天赋。大自然对这些人物的造就非常缓慢，非常吝啬，而且始终如此。科学家必须更好地处理天赋与 正规、全面的学校培养的关系。天才科学家的数目是不可能依照命令而增加的。只有当 科学家所在的社区能够提供其所需的基础训练时，天才科学家才会自然而然地得到培养。这就是当今世界上的一些国家，包括许多发展中国家中所出现的情形。第二个原因就是所谓的“集体效应”。这种非线性的效应极大地促进了科学的进步。当许多不同类型的科学家在一起进行密切互动，科学进步的速度就会加快。这种进步在不同 学科的“交叉地带”尤为活跃。例如，把化学上的某个想法施用于生物学，把数学上的某一概念施用于物理学等。换句话说，100名专业区别不大的科学家在一起合作研究所取得的进展，可以说，要比同样多的科学家在分散的、相互隔离的环境中研究取得的进展要大得多，快得多。7. 翻译题How does the U.S. rank in the international human-capital standings? Thats a tricky question. Over time the American economy has shown more dynamism and sustained growth than just about any other. But if you look only at the performance of the average American high school student on international tests, you would think it was a nation of dim-witted dullards. What explains this paradox? To some extent, the answer must be the quality of American universities, which are highly efficient, intensely competitive and wonderfully endowedand which increasingly recruit the bust students from around the world. But university professors arent magicians; however skilled they may be, if their inputs from high schools are garbage, their outputs of graduates will not be much better.【答案】美国在国际人力资本排行榜上排第几？这是一个很棘手的问题。在过去的一段时间内，美国经济比其他任何国家都表现出了更多活力和持续增长能力。但是如果你去关注国际比赛中美国高中生成绩，你会认为美国式一个很笨的民族。如何解释这种矛盾。在某种程度上， 问题的关键是美国大学的质量，美国的大学效率高，竞争激烈，天赋异凛，而且越来越多地从世界各地招收最优秀的学生。但是大学教师不是魔术师；无论他们水平多么高, 如果高中输入的是垃圾，他们输出的毕业生也好不到哪去。8. 单选题Ideas about education are changing in the United States. Education today is not just a high school diploma or a college degree. Many adults are not interested in going to college. They are interested in other kinds of learning. For them, learning does not end with a diploma.Continuing education gives these adults the opportunity to increase their knowledge about their own field or to learn about a new field. It also gives them a chance to improve their old skills or to learn new ones.Secretaries, mechanics, and barbers can take classes to improve their work skills. Nurses can take classes to increase their knowledge of nursing. If they know more or learn more, then they can get a better job or earn more money.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance to learn new skills. There is usually a large variety of classes to choose from, typing, foreign cooking, photography, auto repair, furniture repair, or swimming. These are only some of the classes available.Some adults take classes for fun or because the class will be useful for them. For example, they can choose a class in almost any language, Chinese, Spanish or English as a second language. There are classes in first aid or classes in sewing. There are also many other types of classes to choose from.Other adults take continuing education classes to improve their own lives because they want to feel better about themselves. Overweight people can find exercise classes or classes in nutrition. Others can learn how to be good parents, or how to get along with other people. There are many opportunities for adults to continue their learning. Almost any community college or public school system has a continuing education program. There are classes in schools, community buildings, or churches. Most classes are in the evening, so working people can attend. The classes are usually small, and they are inexpensive.Thousands of people register for continuing education classes each year. They receive no diploma or certificate, and no grade for most of the classes they attend. For them, learning is something they do because they want to.1.Lots of people attend continuing education classes because（ ） .2.Some adults take lessons of typing or auto repair to （ ）.3.Whats the main idea of Para.7?4.Attending continuing education classes（ ） .5.We can learn from the passage that（ ） .问题1选项A.they can also go to church at the same timeB.there are many courses they can choose fromC.learning is something they are interested inD.the classes will help them become more confident问题2选项A.get a college educationB.learn new skillsC.get a certificateD.earn grades问题3选项A.Adults can continue their learning.B.Classes are held for working people.C.Most continuing education classes are in the evening.D.Adults have many opportunities to continue their learning.问题4选项A.is expensiveB.requires a loanC.is free of chargeD.does not cost much money问题5选项A.adult education is very popularB.college education is not importantC.others kinds of learning are more important than school learningD.continuing education classes teach the same courses that are taught in colleges【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.根据文章第四段：There is usually a large variety of classes to choose from.： 有很多不同类型的课程可以选择。确定B选项有许多课程可供选择正确。A选项 他们可以同时去教堂，文章没有提及。根据文章第二段:Continuing education gives these adults the opportunity to increase their knowledge about their own field or to learn about a new field. 继续教育给这些成年人有机会增加本领域的知识或了解一个新领域。并没有提及是新领域的东西就是他们所感兴趣的，所以C选项学习他们感兴趣的东西排除。 D选项课程有助于使他们更加自信文章没有提及。2.根据文章第一段：Many adults are not interested in going to college. For them, learning does not end with a diploma.许多成年人不再对大学感兴趣。对于他们来说，学习不仅仅意味着取得文凭。确定A选项获得大学教育和C选项获得文凭与原文不符，排除。根据文章第三段：If they know more or learn more, then they can get a better job or earn more money.如果他们知道的多或学到的多，他们就会找到更好的工作，挣到更多的钱。确定B选项学新技术正确。D选项提升等级文章没有提及。3.根据文章第七段：There are many opportunities for adults to continue their learning.继续学习的机会很多。这句话就是这段的主题句，所以D选项成年人继续学习机会很多正确。A选项成年人可以继续学习不符合题意。B选项各类班级是专门为职场人设计的和C选项大多数断续教育班都在晚上开课。因为课程班大多在晚上开班， 有利于职场人参加学习不符合题意。4.根据文章第七段：The classes are usually small, and they are inexpensive.班级规模一般较小，费用较低。确定D选项不需要太多钱正确。A选项昂贵的、B选项需要贷款、C选项免费与原文不符，排除。5.根据文章第一段：Ideas about education are changing in the United States. Education today is not just a high school diploma or a college degree. Many adults are not interested in going to college. They are interested in other kinds of learning. For them, learning does not end with a diploma. 在美国，教育观念正在改变。今天，教育不仅仅是一张高中文凭或大学学历。许多成年人不再对大学感兴趣，他们感兴趣的 是其他类型的学习。对于他们来说，学习不仅仅意味着取得文凭。再根据文章第二段Continuing education gives these adults the opportunity to increase their knowledge about their own field or to learn about a new field. It also gives them a chance to improve their old skills or to learn new ones.继续教育给这些成年人有机会增加本颂域知知识或了解一个新领域，同时也使他们有机会提高原有的技术和学习新的技术。确定A选项成人教育很受欢迎正确。B选项大学教育不重要、C选项其它类型的 学习比学校教育更重要、和D选项继续教育班教授的课程与大学课程一 样原文都没有提及。9. 翻译题The supposed “consensus” on man-made global warming is facing an inconvenient challenge, after the release of new temperature data showing the planet has not warmed for the past 15 years. The figures suggest that we could even be heading for a mini ice age to rival the 70-year temperature drop that saw frost fairs held on the Thames in the 17th Century. Based on readings from more than 30.000 measuring stations, the data was issued last week without fanfare by the Met Office and the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit. It confirms that the rising trend in world temperatures ended in 1997. Meanwhile, leading climate scientists yesterday told The Mail on Sunday that, after emitting unusually high levels of energy throughout the 20th Century, the sun is now heading towards a grand minimum in its output, threatening cold summers, bitter winters and a shortening of the season available for growing food. Solar output goes through 11-year cycles, with high numbers of sunspots seen at their peak. We are now at what should be the peak of what scientists call Cycle 24 which is why last weeks solar storm resulted in sightings of the aurora borealis further south than usual. But sunspot numbers are running at less than half those seen during cycle peaks in the 20th Century.Analysis by experts at NASA and the University of Arizona derived from magnetic-field measurements 120,000 miles beneath the suns surface suggest that cycle 25, whose peak is due in 2022, will be a great deal weaker still. According to a paper issued last week by the Met Office, there is a 92 percent chance that both cycle 25 and those taking place in the following decades will be as peak as, or weaker than the Dalton minimum” of 1790 to 1830. In this period, named after the meteorologist John Dalton, average temperatures in parts of Europe fell by 2C. However, it is also possible that the new solar energy slump could be as deep as the “Maunder minimum (after astronomer Edward Maundeo, between 1645 and 1715 in the coldest part of the Little Ice Age when, as well as the Thames frost fairs, the canals of Holland froze solid.【答案】新的气温数据显示，地球在过去15年没有变暖。这一数据发布之后，人为造成全球变暖的所谓“共识” 面临棘手的挑战。数据显示，我们可能即将经历小冰河期，堪比那次70年的降温期。在17世纪，泰晤士河都冰冻了。上周，英国气象局和东安格利亚大学气候研究中心悄无声息地发布了来自3万多个测量站的读数，确认全球气温上升趋势终止于1997年。昨日主流气候科学家对星期日邮报称，太阳在整个20世纪释放出异乎寻常的高能量，现在正走向其输出能量的“最低值”，人类将面临冷夏、凛冬以及粮食种植季节缩短。太阳活动周期为11年，在高峰期会出现大量太阳黑子。我们现在正处于科学家所称“第24个周期”中的高峰期，这就是为什么上周太阳风暴会导致比往常更偏南的位置出现北极光。但是，太阳黑子的数量还不到20世纪太阳活动周期峰值的一半。 美国国家航空航天局和亚利桑那大学的专家对太阳表面以下12万英里处的磁场测量数据进行了分析，结果表明，第25个太阳活动周期的峰值将于2022年到来，其强度仍将大大减弱。据英国气象局上周发布的一份报告，第25个太阳活动周期和随后几十年的周期，有92%的几率达到或弱于1790年至1830年的“道尔顿最低点”。在以气象学家约翰道尔顿命名这段时期中，欧洲部分地区的平均气温下降了2摄氏度。然而，这次新的太阳能量暴跌也有可能达到“蒙德最低点”(以天文学家爱德华蒙德的名字命名)的幅度，也就是1645年到1715年的“小冰河期”最冷的时候，那时荷兰的运河、泰晤士河都冰封冻结了。 10. 单选题Conducting scientific research on this most challenging of groups can be compared to viewing a whale through a keyhole. The hulk of the animal glides past from time to time while we try desperately to figure out what on earth it is. In spite of lots of sparks and smoke, we have so far accomplished little more than a small enlargement of this keyhole. Someday perhaps in the next hundred years we may have a picture-window-sized keyhole and will finally see what the whole whale looks like. But even then the enigma of the whale will stand, undecided, before us.I have been studying whales continuously since 1967. One of the delights of that experience has been discovering that there is no way to get a whale to adopt a human timescale. This is no more possible than it would be for a human to adopt a weasels speed of living. Whales are unhurriable. Its one of their most endearing trails. Nowhere is this more engagingly seen than in trying to figure out what a whale is doing when what you are watching is, for example, play, but you have not yet figured that out. The difficulty comes from the fact that one of the major clues to the function of a behavior pattern is the rhythm of its occurrence. Because we commonly associate play with quick motions, the key to being able to recognize play in whales is learning to think differentlyin terms of long, slow rhythms, where things occur very lingeringly (it would be a comparable problem to learn to recognize play in snails, or sloths, or tortoises). To understand whales one must be deeply patient, must slow way down and be content to observe passively for a long time. Only at the end of a day may one say to oneself, “Now let me see; what did I see? Well, I saw the whale do this, and then it did thisand then this .and then. For heavens sake, it was play I was looking at.” In order to observe whales, you must be willing to set your metronome on adagio. Then, to understand what you have seen, you must fast-forward through your observations by setting your metronome to allegro.During