考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学模拟考试题含答案46

考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题A classical series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologist, John Calhoun. In each experiment, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure. The rat population were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. At the end of the experiments, Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rat would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and without their mothers care, the pups died. The experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mothers rates do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered diseased pathological.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant male had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding.Nondominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely, avoiding contact with other rats. Other nondominant males were hyperactive, chasing other rats and fighting each other. The behavior of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhouns experiments. In Large urban areas; such as New York City, London, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individual, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhouns experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.1.Calhoun stabilized the rat population（ ） .2.Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in Paragraph I?3.The main idea of this passage is that（ ）4.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?5.The author implies that the behavior of the dominant male rats is sometimes parallel to that of （ ）.问题1选项A.when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stress.B.by removing young ratsC.so that there was a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD.all of the above are correct问题2选项A.Calhouns experiment is still considered important today.B.Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C.Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D.Calhoun had experimented with rats before.问题3选项A.although rats are affected by overcrowding, people are not disturbedB.data from experiments indicate that overcrowding may be an important cause of social pathologyC.the social behavior of rats is seriously affected by overcrowdingD.Calhouns experiments have influenced many people问题4选项A.Dominant males had adequate living space.B.Dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the other rats.C.Dominant males attacked weaker rats.D.The strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditions.问题5选项A.cruel, powerful peopleB.people who abandoned their childrenC.hyperactive peopleD.all of the above【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节题。根据题干关键词stabilized the rat population定位至第一段: . stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers(抛弃幼崽，让其失去母亲的照顾，以此来稳定种群数量)， 因此B项正确。2.推断题。第一段：Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease.卡 尔霍恩能得出结论：过度拥挤导致鼠群中正常的社会关系断裂，这是一种社会疾病。因此B与C都是正确的。B:种群数量过多导致鼠群出现病态行为。C:在过度拥挤 的情况下，鼠群就会出现压力。第一段：.experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologists, John Calhoun.：心 理学家约翰卡尔霍恩用老鼠作实验，研究老鼠种群数量过剩对整个群体的影响, 因此推断D: 卡尔霍恩曾经用老鼠作实验，正确。故选择A:卡尔霍恩的实验仍旧重要，无从推断。3.主旨题。B项: 实验数据表明过度拥挤是导致社会疾病的一个重要原因, 符合文章主旨。4.细节题。第三段：The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own.处于统治地位的雄性老鼠几乎不会受到种群数量过多的影响。因为每一只强壮的雄性老鼠都霸占了属于它自己的封闭空间。.the dominant male had enough living space：统治地位的雄性老鼠有足够的生活空间。故A: 统治地位的雄性老鼠有合适的生活空间，正确。第三段：.these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did.这些个体不曾尝到其他个体所经历的过度拥挤。故B:统治地位的雄性老鼠不曾深刻体会到其他老鼠所尝到的过度拥挤的滋味，正确第三段：Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male：它们的反社会行为包括攻击弱势雄性老鼠。 故C:统治地位的雄性老鼠攻击弱势老鼠，正确。所以选择D:强壮的雄性老鼠总能适应恶劣环境，文章未提及。5.推断题。最后一段指出：The behavior of the rat population has parallels in human behavior.鼠群的行为与人类的行为相似。People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhouns experiments.人口 密度大的地区的人也会出现反常行为，而这些行为与卡尔霍恩实验中老鼠的反常行为是相似的。因此推断A项(残忍且强有力的人) 正确。2. 单选题Japan is going through a complex national identity crisis. That may be no bad thing, says a new book by an American academic Japanologist. The economy is stalled, but the society is in motion. Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways; they change in an incremental process, generally of small steps but which, over time, can add up to big movements. And just such a big movement seems to be taking place.Mr. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies, has been observing Japan since the 1960s. Whereas most people look at economic data or the comings and goings of prime ministers, he is more interested in schools, novels, comic books, and the minds of young entrepreneurs and maverick local politicians. In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famously cohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.Fractures are what he looks for and fractures are what he finds. On balance, they are neither obviously dangerous nor obviously positive, but they are, as he says, signs of motion which could, in time, lead in unpredictable directions. The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious. Now, though, Mr. Nathans numbers do make the situation look grave.Since 1998, youths aged between 14 and 19 have been involved in 50% of all arrests for felonies, including murder. Truancy is also in the up. Mr. Nathan asserts that the true number is 350,000 children, or 5% of the student population.Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of disciplinepart familial, part social, part legal一which appear to prevent schools and parents from dealing effectively with errant children.Japan is, in short, passing through a national identity crisis. There are plenty of positive aspects to it too, however. One is a considerable increase in the number of actual or budding young entrepreneurs, a trend especially visible in the willingness of high-flyers to leave good, safe jobs in order to set up their own firms. The numbers remain modest, but are nevertheless surprisingly high given the state of the economy in recent years. Another is a new eagerness among popular writers and maverick politicians to try to define and encourage a new national pride.1.What characterizes the social changes in Japanese society is that（ ） .2.It is implied in the second paragraph that（ ）.3.School violence and truancy in Japan seem to be（ ） .4.The reason behind school violence and truancy in Japan seems to be that （ ）.5.What is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.they are often accompanied by a national identity crisisB.they often take place in major scale but end up in small effectC.they often happen humbly while producing huge accumulative consequencesD.they often take place without being analyzed and reported due to their complexity问题2选项A.Japan is undergoing a serious political instabilityB.a static economy might have a negative influence on societyC.most people in Japan are under severe mental strainD.many people suffer from a fracture due to their job pressure问题3选项A.tiring Japanese parents up for a long timeB.not as serious as most Japanese have imaginedC.quickly on the increase especially in recent yearsD.obviously endangering the safety of Japanese students问题4选项A.school and parents do not want to deal with errant children effectivelyB.economic stagnation has reduced parents time to communicate with their childrenC.youths bullying has already become a popular practice for students and they find it excitingD.children are infected with problem in the adult world and rules are not strict enough问题5选项A.Solutions to Youths Crimes in Japan.B.The Japanese National Identity CrisisC.School Violence and Truancy in Japan.D.Economic and Social Changes in Japan.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推断题。第一段：.Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways (其实很难报道日本和分析日本，因为在日本，事情不是以大规模以及人们可以注意得到的方式发生变化的)。由此推测C项 (通常不起眼地发生，但也会因累积而产生巨大的后果)正确。2.推断题。第二段：In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famouslycohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.他关注的重点在.日本社会是否在经济停滞的压力下产生裂痕，以及这种压力是怎样影响国家的宗旨和国家特征的。可知，Nathan要研究的就是日本经济停滞是否造成社会裂痕。故选B(停滞的经济可能对社会产生消极影响)。3.细节题。根据题干关键词School violence and truancy定位至第三段: The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious (他有写到最令人担忧的裂痕是在学校，那里的暴力和旷课现象会显著增加。日本家长对这些事情疲倦地耸耸肩，因为对欺凌的担心由来已久，但似乎并没有那么严重)。故A:使日本家长们疲惫很久了。为正确答案。4.推断题。第五段: Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of discipline (这种趋势似乎是两种相关现象的症状：一种普遍的幻灭感、疏离感、不确定感或明显的愤怒感，这种情绪也蔓延到了儿童身上；一种是旧的纪律体系逐渐瓦解), 由此可知,D项(成人的问题影响了孩子，而且规则也不够严格)正确。5.主旨大意题。全文主要是谈论日本经济停滞对社会造成的问题。但是作者认为日本国民认同危机是有利有弊。3. 单选题The scientists have made an （ ）study of the viruses that cause the disease.问题1选项A.exhaustedB.exhaustingC.exhaustiveD.exhaustion【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析。句意: 科学家对引起该疾病的病毒进行 （ ）研究。Exhausted 精疲力竭的，耗尽的，用完的；exhausting使筋疲力尽的, 使耗尽的; exhaustive详尽的，彻底的; exhaustion枯竭，耗尽。因此C项exhaustive符合句意。4. 单选题You mustnt allow your work to become sloppy, but rather you should try to improve it.问题1选项A.fall offB.come offC.put offD.wear off【答案】A【解析】动词短语辨析。句意: 你不应该让你的工作水平下滑，而应当努力提高。、fall off:下降，降低。come off:举行，达到效果。Put off：推迟，延迟。Wear off:麿损，逐渐消逝。sloppy:马虎的，草率的，粗心的。故A与原文相符。5. 单选题It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase presumes an abundant and cheap supply. Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustible an economical source of power and that it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of other advantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Furthermore, it is questionable whether ultimately nuclear power is a cheap source of energy. There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia.The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of market. In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Thus if we wish to survive, we cannot afford nuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on.Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is a doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.1.The writers attitude toward nuclear energy is（ ） .2.According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy?3.Some people claim that unclear energy is essential because （ ）.4.Which of the following statements does the writer support?5.The function of the last sentence is（ ） .问题1选项A.indifferentB.tolerantC.favorableD.negative问题2选项A.PrimitiveB.CheapC.ExhaustibleD.Unsafe问题3选项A.it provides a perfect solution to mass unemploymentB.it represents an enormous step forward in our scientific evolutionC.it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing societyD.nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff问题4选项A.The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing.B.Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without.C.Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons.D.Grater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programmes.问题5选项A.advance the final argumentB.reflect the writers attitudeC.reverse previously expressed thoughtsD.show the disadvantages of nuclear power【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.态度方向。作者在第一段引出了大众观点, 后面再否定。而且最后一段指出: Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power(权衡利弊 后我们有理由认为应该选择使用核能以外的其他能源)。因此作者对于核能的态度是否定的。2.细节题。根据题干关键词opponents of nuclear energy定位至第一段倒数第三句: 但是，核能的反对者们指出，核电站不仅仅给环境，而且是给全民的自由带来了直接的威胁。因此, 核能反对者认为核能不安全。3.细节题。根据题干定位至第一段, 第一句就指出: 有人认为核能必不可少，紧接着给出了原因: 工业持续发展的社会对便宜的能源有不断增长的需求，而核能可以满足这一需求。故选C。4.细节题。倒数第二句表明: Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue (这种扩张表现为工业生产和消费者需求正在不断的增长。但是，这种增长会不会，或者说能不能持续，是值得怀疑的)。即作者认为它不一定会增长。5.态度方向题。最后一句是表明了作者对核能的态度。6. 单选题People like being trusted. They are annoyed, angry, or feel hurt if they are regarded with （1） .They think that they are（2）an injustice. They like being trusted for two reasons:(l)It is a tribute to their honesty, truth, strength, （3），kindness and good character;(2)They find it easier to cheat others. These two （4）Suggest what our attitude towards trust in （5） should be. It is not a simple attitude. We must keep a balance between two （6） over suspiciousness and infantile naivety.A parallel to our trust in people could be our trust in natural （7）.However careful we are, we cannot guarantee （8） safety for ourselves in the physical world, yet we act as（9 ）we can trust an ordered series of physical events. We take the bus to work in the morning （10）that we will arrive safely at our office or school. We have no （11） that we will. The bus could be （12） in an accident.If we were to （13） every accident that might happen to us we would never do anything.We would just remain sitting at home. Even then we could never be absolutely （14） that the ceiling would not collapse on us. （15）we are to do anything at all, we must take risks. Of course we try to reduce risks to a （16）。Similarly with regard to people, trusting them involves taking the risks of being （17 ） .Not trusting them places us outside the area of community activity,（18） trust is an essential bond in community living. In a competitive, materialistic world it would be（19） to trust everyone in everything. However, we should widen the area of trust as far as possible. We cannot eliminate all risks in such trust （20）we should lessen them as far as possible by reliance on intelligence and experience worth our own and those of adults whose reliability has been proven.问题1选项A.superstitionB.supervisionC.suspicionD.suspension问题2选项A.sufferingB.challengingC.releasingD.offending问题3选项A.occupationB.performanceC.recommendationD.intelligence问题4选项A.reasonsB.examplesC.factsD.truths问题5选项A.anotherB.othersC.otherD.anyone问题6选项A.endsB.extremesC.spotsD.sides问题7选项A.mattersB.occasionsC.eventsD.situations问题8选项A.mechanicalB.materialC.relevantD.absolute问题9选项A.ifB.thatC.asD.long问题10选项A.givenB.providedC.suchD.so问题11选项A.measurementB.calculationC.guaranteeD.optimism问题12选项A.evolvedB.enclosedC.engagedD.involved问题13选项A.make use ofB.take advantage ofC.take account ofD.make certain of问题14选项A.certainB.doubtfulC.suspicionsD.indifferent问题15选项A.UnlessB.IfC.LestD.Before问题16选项A.dilemmaB.minimumC.maximumD.reduction问题17选项A.flatteredB.assuredC.deceivedD.convinced问题18选项A.howeverB.soC.thereforeD.because问题19选项A.evidentB.unwiseC.creativeD.romantic问题20选项A.butB.orC.andD.also【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B第6题:B第7题:C第8题:D第9题:A第10题:D第11题:C第12题:D第13题:C第14题:A第15题:B第16题:B第17题:C第18题:D第19题:B第20题:A【解析】（1）形近词辨析。前一句句意: 人们乐于得到别人的信任，因此推断此句意为: 而当不