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9大语法难点（1）一、宾语从句1.宾语从句的含义充当主句宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。如：She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道这位老师看过这部电影。“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语，同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句，所以它叫做宾语从句。2. 宾语从句的分类（1）动词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class他问我们班上谁的书法最好。（2）介词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。如：I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。（3）形容词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。如：I am afraid that I will be late. 恐怕我要迟到了。3. 引导宾语从句的连接词（1）that：没有含义，在宾语从句中不做成分（2）whether/if：表示是否，在宾语从句中不做成分。I dont know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后，他是否还住在这里。（3）连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose（在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语）连接副词：where, when, how, why（在宾语从句中做状语）The small children dont know what is in their stockings（what 在宾语从句中做主语）这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？（why 在宾语从句中做原因状语）你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗？4. 在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点（1）时态：当主句是现在时态时，宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。当主句是过去时态时，宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。She asked me if I knew whose pen it was她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时，任何时候都用一般现在时。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说过地球绕着太阳转。（2）语序：任何从句都使用陈述句语序，宾语从句当然也不例外。同学们只要掌握了以上内容，应对宾语从句的题目就不成问题了。二、介词by的用法1. 意为“在旁”，“靠近”。Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。2. 意为“不迟于”，“到时为止”。Your son will be all right by supper time.你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?3. 表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。The boys father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。4. 表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。One by one they went past the table in the dark.他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5. 表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。What time is it by your watch?你的表几点了?6. 和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。I took him by the hand.我拉住了他的手。7. 用于被动句中，表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。English is spoken by many people.英语被许多人说。（即“许多人讲英语。”）三、used to的用法used to 意为过去常常做某事。used to 的用法1. 肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。否定句是didnt use to.When I was a child, I didnt use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果。疑问形式是Did you use to?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿?2. 含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usednt + 主语,而用didnt 主语。He used to smoke, didnt he?他过去常常吸烟，是吗?Yes, he did./ No, he didnt. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。4
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