2022年考博英语-燕山大学考试题库及模拟押密卷8（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-燕山大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题The governess agreed to teach the temperamental child _ she was given complete authority.问题1选项A.thatB.providedC.whetherD.for【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查从句。句意：_赋予那位女家教老师完全的支配权，她答应去教那个脾气暴躁的孩子。横线面前部分是主句，横线后面部分是从句，根据语境，这里是一个条件状语从句，A选项that可引导宾语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等；B选项provided“假如，在条件下，前提是”引导条件状语从句；C选项whether意思为“是否”时引导主语从句、宾语从句等，意思为“不论”时引导让步状语从句；D选项for“因为”引导原因状语从句。根据语境，教这个脾气暴躁的孩子是有挑战的事情，那位教师只有拥有完全的掌控权，她才肯做这件事，B选项provided“假如，在条件下，前提是”符合题意。D选项for“因为”在这里不如B选项provided符合语境。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer. What causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth? We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of lead in the atmosphere, of staying up late on the night before an examination.Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, in short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights outpower offrefrigerator not workingtemperature will risemilk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one that can produce an effect unaided (as an empty gas tank is enough to keep a car from starting), though there may be more than one sufficient cause. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors must also be present.1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _.2. According to the passage, to do the “effect to effect” reasoning is to reason _.3. A necessary cause is _.4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off. The power failure is a _.5. This passage mainly discusses _.问题1选项A.some other common types of reasoningB.some special type of reasoningC.relationships between causes and resultsD.classification of reasoning问题2选项A.from effect to effect and onto causeB.from effect to cause and onto another effectC.from cause to effectD.from effect to cause问题3选项A.one that is enough to make the effect occurB.one of the cause that can produce the effectC.one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurD.none of them问题4选项A.contributory causeB.sufficient causeC.necessary causeD.none of them问题5选项A.classification of causesB.the causal processC.causal reasoningD.various types of reasoning【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），可知前面的内容和这一部分的内容属于同一个层面和分类，都是常见的推理方式，A选项“一些其他的常见推理类型”正确。B选项“某种特殊类型的推理”，C选项“原因和结果的关系”和D选项“推理的分类”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三句Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect.（有时我们从一个结果推理到一个原因，然后再推理到另一个结果。）和第五句This kind of reasoning is called, in short, effect to effect.（这种推理，简而言之，叫做效果对效果。），可知效果对效果指的是B选项“从结果到原因，再到另一个结果”。A选项“从结果到结果，再到原因”，C选项“从原因到结果”和D选项“从结果到原因”错误。因此B选项正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第二句A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知C选项“没有它就不可能产生解结果”正确。A选项“足以产生结果”，B选项“能导致结果的原因之一”和D选项“都不是”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二句A sufficient cause is one that can produce an effect unaided (as an empty gas tank is enough to keep a car from starting), though there may be more than one sufficient cause.（充分原因是一个可以在没有帮助的情况下产生效果的原因，就像一个空的油箱足以阻止汽车发动一样，尽管可能有不止一个充分的原因。），可知充分原因会导致结果的发生，但不是唯一的原因，电源被切断会导致冰箱停止运转，但其他原因也会让冰箱停止运转，B选项“充分原因”正确。A选项“附带原因，原因之一”：根据文章最后一句A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors must also be present.（附带原因有助于导致结果，但单独出现不能导致结果，就像闯红灯可能会导致事故，尽管其他因素也必须存在。），可知附带原因是原因之一，需要其他因素才能导致结果的发生，电源被切断这一个因素会导致冰箱停止运转的结果，故错误。C选项“必要原因”：根据第三段第二句A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知必要原因是一定需要的因素，电源没有被切断冰箱依然有可能停止运转，故错误。D选项“都不是”：B选项符合题意，故非正确答案。因此B选项正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），随后文章围绕这一句话展开讨论，所以本文主要在讲因果的推理，C选项“因果推理”正确。A选项“原因的分类”，B选项“因果过程”和D选项“各种类型的推理”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.问题1选项A.your delaying to makeB.you delay to makeC.you to delay makingD.your delaying making【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配。句意：只要不是太晚，我不介意你推迟做决定。mind doing sth.“介意做某事”，delay doing sth.“推迟做某事”，mind和delay后跟动名词做宾语，D选项your delaying making符合题意。其余选项用法错误。因此D选项正确。4. 翻译题(1) In many of the countries struggling to find enough water for their populations, it is the government that is to blame, not geography according to a report out this week.(2) Several recent UN studies show that lack of water is holding back food production and economic development in more and more regions around the world. According to the UN Environment Program, a third of the planet will face water shortages by 2025.But Caroline Sullivan, head of water policy and management at Britains Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) in Wallingford, Oxford shire, says these problems are often of a countrys own making. (3) “It is easy for governments to blame geography when the problem is usually their own failings.” She says. Unless they realize this, they will have no chance of achieving the goal agreed at this years World Summit of halving the number of people without access to clean drinking water by 2015, she adds.Sullivan is the chief author of the Water Poverty Index, published this week by the CEH The index, which was put together with Sullivans colleagues at the water policy think tank the World Water Council, ranks countries by how efficiently they conserve, use and deliver water to those who need it.(4) It reveals a sharp contrast between countries that manage their water well and those that dont. Haiti and the Dominican Republic share the same Caribbean island, and have similar populations and access to similar amounts of Water. Yet while the Dominican Republic appears in the top half of the index, Haiti suffers last out of the 147 countries assessed.One reason is poverty, but Haiti has also chopped down its forest, causing 20% much soil erosion that rainfall runs into the sea in flash floods rather than soaking into the soil and supplementing aquifers (地下蓄水层).Not all rich nations fare well in the index. (5) The U.S. and Japan come 32nd and 36th respectively, largely because the way they collect and use water is wasteful and damages the environment. Australia ranked 44th, while Britain is in 11th place. “The real crisis is not the amount of water. Its the way we use it.” says Sullivan.【答案】1. 本周公布的报告表明，在奋力为人民找到充足水源的许多国家中，应该承担责任的是政府，而不是地理环境。2. 联合国最近的几项研究表明，在世界上越来越多的地区，缺水正阻碍粮食生产和经济发展。3. 如果问题基本上是政府自身的过失，政府很容易怪罪于地理环境。4. 它形成了鲜明的对比，有的国家恰如其分地管理了水资源，而有的国家没有。5. 美国和日本分别排在第32位和第36位，这主要是因为他们收集和使用水的方式造成浪费且破坏环境。5. 单选题His guess was _ of the mark.问题1选项A.distantB.farC.broadD.wide【答案】D【解析】8.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A选项distant“遥远的；不同的”；B选项far“远方的”；C选项broad“宽的；广泛的”；D选项wide“宽阔的；宽度为的”。D选项be wide of the mark“离题万里，文不对题”，其余选项非固定搭配，用法错误。句意：他猜得太离谱了。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题I didnt know where to send this _ letter.问题1选项A.registeredB.maidC.mailD.male【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项registered“（信或包裹）挂号的”；B选项maid“女仆”；C选项mail“邮件，信件”；D选项male“男性的”。句意：我不知道该把这封_信寄到哪里。根据语境，这里指的是寄信，横线处修饰letter，A选项registered“（信或包裹）挂号的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题She knows a lot of young men, but it isnt easy to choose a/an _ one who is both rich and attractive.问题1选项A.eligibleB.elegantC.diligentD.qualified【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项eligible“（指认为可做夫妻的男女）合意的，合适的；具备条件的”；B选项elegant“优雅的；精美的”；C选项diligent“勤勉的”；D选项qualified“有文凭的；有限度的，有保留的”。句意：她认识很多年轻人，但要选择一个既有钱又有魅力的_却不容易。根据语境，这里指即使这么多优秀的人，选一个合心意的也不容易。A选项eligible“（指认为可做夫妻的男女）合意的，合适的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题This is the military _. Nobody is allowed to get in without permission.问题1选项A.bondB.zoneC.butterD.zoo【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项bond“纽带”；B选项zone“（有某特色或作用的）地区”；C选项butter“黄油”；D选项zoo“动物园”。句意：这是军事_。未经允许，任何人不得入内。根据语境，这里指的是不得进入一个区域，B选项zone“有某特色或作用的）地区”符合题意。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题I certainly didnt intend to _ your plans.问题1选项A.upsetB.shakeC.shaveD.drag【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项upset“打乱；打翻”；B选项shake“摇动，抖动”；C选项shave“剃毛”；D选项drag“（使劲而吃力地）拖”。句意：我当然不想_你的计划。根据语境，这里指的是不想妨碍计划，A选项upset“打乱”符合题意。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short, jerky movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate. Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span. The length of time for which the eyes stopthe duration of the fixationvaries considerably from person to person. It also varies within any one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visual aspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at one fixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or a twentieth of a second. One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some central point, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape of rather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but its one thing to improve a persons ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words. Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.1. The time of the recognition span can be affected by the following facts EXCEPT _.2. The author may believe that reading _.3. What does the author mean by saying “but its one thing to improve a persons ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently” in Paragraph 2?4. Which of the following is NOT true?5. The tune of the author in writing this article is _.问题1选项A.the length of a group of wordsB.lighting and tirednessC.ones familiarity with the textD.ones purpose in reading问题2选项A.demands a deeply-participating mindB.demands more mind than eyesC.requires a reader to take in more words at each fixationD.requires a reader to see words more quickly问题3选项A.The reading exercises mentioned cant help to improve an efficient reading.B.The reading exercises mentioned has done a great job to improve ones ability to see words.C.The ability to see words is not needed when an efficient reading is conducted.D.The reading exercises mentioned cant help to improve both the ability to see and to comprehend words.问题4选项A.The emphasis on the purely visual aspects is misleading.B.The eye training will help readers in reading a continuous text.C.The visual span is a word or a group of words we see each time.D.Many experts began to question the efficiency of eye training.问题5选项A.pessimisticB.optimisticC.criticalD.neutral【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】语义推测题。根据第一段最后两句It also varies within any one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.（每个人的阅读目的和对文本的熟悉程度也不同。此外，它还会受到光照和疲劳等因素的影响。），可知识别广度受阅读目的、对文本的熟悉程度、光照和疲劳的影响，B选项“光照和疲劳”、C选项“对课文的熟悉程度”和D选项“阅读的目的”符合文章内容，A选项“一组单词的长度”不符合文章内容。因此A选项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words.（阅读需要理解单词之间的关系。），可知作者认为记单词需要头脑去理解，A选项“需要大脑的深度参与”正确。根据第二段第一句Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page.（不幸的是，在过去，许多阅读提高课程过于关注我们的眼睛如何在印刷的页面上移动。），可知作者不赞同纯视觉训练的方法，C选项“要求读者在每一个固定位置都要接收更多的单词”和D选项“要求读者提高看单词的速度”错误。B选项“需要的更多是头脑而不是眼睛”：作者没有提到更多需要头脑还是眼睛参与。因此A选项正确。3.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段五、六句the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but its one thing to improve a persons ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently.（读者在每次连续固定的时候会看到更多的单词。所有这些练习都很巧妙，但提高一个人看单词的能力是一回事，提高他有效阅读的能力是另一回事。），可知这个方法可以提高看单词的能力，但是不能提高有效阅读的能力，A选项“文中提到的阅读练习不能帮助提高阅读效率”正确，D选项“文中提到的阅读练习不能帮助提高看单词和理解单词的能力”错误。B选项“文中提到的阅读练习对提高看清单词的能力起到了很大的作用”：原文没有说这个练习在多大程度上提高了看清单词的能力，这里更多是在强调这个练习方法的不足之处。C选项“当进行有效阅读时，不需要有看单词的能力”：文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.（许多专家现在开始质疑视力训练的有效性，特别是因为任何训练阅读孤立的单词和短语的方法似乎不太可能帮助阅读连续的文本。），可知D选项“许多专家开始质疑眼部训练的效率”符合文章内容；这种纯视觉的训练方法对阅读连续的文本不太有帮助，A选项“强调纯视觉方面是有误导性的”符合文章内容，B选项“眼睛训练将帮助读者阅读连续的文本”不符合文章内容。C选项“视觉广度是我们每次看到的一个词或一组词”：根据第一段第四、五句Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span.（每次他们注视时，我们都会看到一组单词。这被称为识别广度或视觉广度。），可知符合文章内容。因此B选项正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。作者在第一段提出我们是如何阅读的和什么因素会影响阅读，第二段提出纯视觉的训练如何进行以及效果，最后转而提出这个训练不能提高阅读能力，并且许多专家开始质疑这个训练的有效性，所以C选项“批判的”正确。A选项“悲观的”，B选项“乐观的”和D选项“中立的”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题Get up early and run every day. You will _ a lot from it.问题1选项A.receiveB.makeC.benefitD.win【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项receive“收到”；B选项make“制造，做，组装”；C选项benefit“对（某人）有用，使受益”；D选项win“（在比赛、赛跑、战斗等中）获胜，赢”。句意：每天早起跑步。你会从中_良多。根据语境，这里指的是早起跑步会带来很多好处，C选项benefit“使受益”符合题意。因此C选项正确。12. 单选题To handle the delicate situation, you must be _.问题1选项A.carefully enoughB.enough carefullyC.more than carefulD.more carefully【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。more than用于形容词或副词前，意思为“非常；十分”。根据be动词后接形容词确定C选项more than careful“非常小心”正确。其余选项中carefully是副词，不放在be动词后面。句意：要处理这个微妙的局面，你必须非常小心。C选项符合题意。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题During these ten years, many new methods have been _ in the field of foreign language teaching.问题1选项A.adoptedB.adaptedC.alarmedD.aided【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项adopted“采用”；B选项adapted“使适合（新用途、新情况）；适应（新情况）”；C选项alarmed“使惊恐；给（门等）安装警报器”；D选项aided“帮助”。句意：在这十年中，外语教学领域_许多新的方法。根据语境，这里指的是提出许多在外语教学领域上的新方法，A选项adopted“采用”符合题意。因此A选项正确。14. 单选题Tomorrow we will _ our day of independence.问题1选项A.favorB.exposeC.roarD.celebrate【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项favor“较喜欢，选择”；B选项expose“（尤指对令人震惊或故意保密的事实的）陈述”；C选项roar“叫喊，大声地说”；D选项celebrate“庆祝，庆贺”。句意：明天我们会_我们的独立日。根据语境，这里表达的是在独立日会做什么，D选项celebrate“庆祝”符合题意。因此D选项正确。15. 单选题The man denied _ any thing at the supermarket when he was questioned by the police.问题1选项A.to have stolenB.to stealC.having stolenD.having been stealing【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查时态。句意：警察盘问那人时，他否认偷了超市里的任何东西。根据动词短语deny doing sth.确定非谓语动词用现在分词ing形式，根据steal的动作发生在deny之前，确定用完成时，C选项having stolen符合题意。没有deny to do sth.的用法，A选项to have stolen和B选项to steal错误。D选项having been stealing没有这个用法，语法错误。因此C选项正确。16. 单选题Yesterday was such a _ day we decided to go for a drive.问题1选项A.gloriousB.dynamicalC.avenueD.invitation【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项glorious“（天气）热的，晴朗的”；B选项dynamical“有生气的”；C选项avenue“（城镇的）大街”；D选项invitation“邀请”。句意：昨天天气_，我们决定开车去玩。根据语境，这里指的是天气适宜出门玩耍，A选项glorious“（天气）热的，晴朗的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。17. 单选题The words of his old teacher left a _ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them.问题1选项A.lastingB.liberalC.longD.lively【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lasting“持久的；永恒的”；B选项liberal“开明的；大方的”；C选项long“长时间的”；D选项lively“活跃热情的；充满趣味的”。句意：他以前的老师的话给他留下了_印象。他仍然受到他们的影响。根据语境，很长的时间以后他都受老师言语的影响，lasting impression为固定短语，A选项lasting“持久的；永恒的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。18. 单选题Do women tend to devalue the worth of their work? Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critically than they do to rewarding the work of others? These were the questions asked by Michigan State University psychologists Lawrence Messe and Charlene Callahan-Levy. Past experiments had shown that when women were asked to decide how much to pay themselves and other people for the same job, they paid themselves less. Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.One theory the psychologists tested was that women judge their own work more harshly than that of others. The subjects for the experiment testing this theory were men and women from the Michigan State undergraduate student body. The job the subjects were asked to perform for pay was an opinion questionnaire requiring a number of short essays on campus-related issues. After completing the questionnaire, some subjects were given six dollars in bills and change and were asked to decide payment for themselves. Others were given the same amount and were asked to decide payment for another subject who had also completed the questionnaire.The psychologists found that, as in earlier experiments, the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves. They also found that the women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women. The differences were substantial. The average paid to women by themselves was $2.97. The average paid to men by themselves was $4.06. The average paid to women by others was $4.37. In spite of the differences, the psychologists found that the men and the women in the experiment evaluated their own performances on the questionnaire about equally and better than the expected performances of others.On the basis of these findings, Messe and Callahan-Levy concluded that womens attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability.1. The experiment designed in the passage would be most relevant to the formulation (表述) of a