2022年考博英语-西北大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷30

2022年考博英语-西北大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The hotel was a four-storey building away from the university where most competitors were accommodated.问题1选项A.put upB.put downC.put inD.put over【答案】A【解析】accommodated在这里指容纳，安置。put up提供，建造，举起；put down 放下，镇压；put in 提交，放入；put over 推迟，驶过。选项A放在句中最为恰当，符合语境。2. 单选题Alexander Wolcotts flamboyant personality combined sharpness of wit with sentimentality.问题1选项A.deviousB.humorousC.singerD.showy【答案】D【解析】句意：Alexander Wolcott浮夸的个性结合了敏锐的机智和多愁善感。flamboyant意为“艳丽的，炫耀的，浮夸的”。devious偏僻的，弯曲的；humorous幽默的；singer歌手；showy艳丽的，炫耀的，显眼的。选项D与之意思相近。3. 单选题Margaret Meads reputation was established with the publication of her book in 1928 and was enhanced by her many subsequent contributions to anthropology.问题1选项A.obscuredB.entrancedC.heightenedD.restored【答案】C【解析】句意：enhanced意为“提高，增强”。obscured掩盖，遮蔽；entranced着迷的，狂喜的；heightened提高，升高；restored修复，恢复。选项C与之意思相近。4. 翻译题人们对金钱有各自的看法。有的人喜欢钱是因为钱能为他们买到东西，另一些人则把它看作安全的保障。有的人担心自己永远挣不到足够的钱，另一些人则不喜欢有太多的钱。人们对于钱的态度取决于许多方面：在什么样的环境中长大，习惯于拥有多少钱，是为钱而努力工作还是为喜欢的工作而挣钱。甚至人们对生活的信念也影响对金钱的看法。对于金钱的态度没有正确和错误之分，每种态度都自有其合理之处。【答案】People have their own views on money. Some people like money because money can buy things for them, while others treat it as a security guarantee. Some people worry that they will never earn enough money, while others would not like to have too much money. Peoples attitude towards money depends on many aspects such as in what kind of environment you grow up, how much money you are used to obtaining, and you work hard for making money or make money just because you love the job. Even the faith of peoples life also affects the view on money. There is no right or wrong attitude towards money, and each attitude has its own reasonable point.5. 单选题Sharks have gained an unfair reputation for being fierce predators of large sea animals. Humanitys unfounded fear and hatred of these ancient creatures is leading to a worldwide slaughter that may result in the extinction of many coastal shark species. The shark is the victim of a warped attitude of wildlife protection; we strive only to protect the beautiful, non-threatening parts of our environment. And, in our efforts to restore only non-threatening parts of our earth, we ignore other important parts.A perfect illustration of this attitude is the contrasting attitude toward another large sea animal, the dolphin. During the 1980s, environmentalists in the United States protested the use of driftnets of tuna fishing in the Pacific Ocean since these nets also caught dolphins. The environmentalists generated enough political and economic pressure to prevent tuna companies from buying tuna that had been caught in driftnets. In contrast to this effort on behalf of the dolphins, these same environmentalists have done very little to help save the Pacific Ocean sharks whose population has decreased nearly to the point of extinction. Sharks are among the oldest creatures on earth, having survived in the seas for more than 350 million years. They are extremely efficient animals, feeding on wounded or dying animals, thus that species such as the Great White Shark have manage to live in the oceans for so many millions of years is enough proof of their efficiency and adaptability changing environments. It is time for us human, who may not survive another 1,000 years at the rate we are damaging the planet, to cast away our fears and begin considering the protection of sharks as an important part of a program for protection of all our natural environment.1.With which of the following topics is this passage primarily concerned?2.How did environmentalists manage to protect dolphins?3.About how long sharks lived on the planet?4.What is the authors tone in this passage?5.Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?问题1选项A.Sharks are efficient creatures with bad reputations.B.Sharks are some of the oldest creatures on earth.C.Sharks illustrate a problem in wildlife protection.D.The campaign to save dolphins was not extended to save sharks.问题2选项A.They prevented fishermen from selling them for meat.B.They pressured fishermen into protecting dolphins by law.C.They brought political pressure against tuna companies.D.They created sanctuaries where dolphin fishing was not allowed.问题3选项A.25 million yearsB.150 million yearsC.350 million yearsD.500 million years问题4选项A.explanatoryB.accusatoryC.gentleD.proud问题5选项A.order of importanceB.cause and effectC.statement and exampleD.chronological order【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲我们只努力保护环境中美丽、无害的部分，而忽略了其他需要保护的东西，比如鲨鱼，使得其濒临灭绝。由此可知，鲨鱼说明了野生动物保护中的一个问题，选项C符合原文主旨。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的二三句“During the 1980s, . caught in driftnets.”在20世纪80年代，美国的环保主义者抗议在太平洋使用漂网捕捞金枪鱼，因为这些网也能捕获海豚。环保主义者施加了足够的政治和经济压力，阻止金枪鱼公司购买被漂网捕获的金枪鱼。选项C符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第二段“Sharks are among the oldest creatures on earth, having survived in the seas for more than 350 million years.”鲨鱼是地球上最古老的生物之一，在海洋中生存了3.5亿年以上。选项C与原文表述一致。4.推理判断题。结合全文内容可知，作者是在谴责人们忽略了对鲨鱼的保护，所以选项B正确。5.推理判断题。文章第一段首先提出人们忽略了对鲨鱼的保护，第二段举例来证明这个观点，所以本文的结构是陈述加举例，选项C正确。6. 单选题In a theoretical model of decision making, a decision is defined as the process of selecting one option from among a group of options for implementation. Decisions are formed by a decision maker, the one who actually chooses the final option, in conjunction with a decision unit, all of those in the organization around the decision maker who take part in the process. In this theoretical model, the members of the decision unit react to an unidentified problem by studying the problem, determining the objectives of the organization, formulating options, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each of the decision, including the nature of the problem itself, external forces exerting an influence on the organization, the internal dynamics of the decision unit, and the personality of the decision maker. Additionally, when a decision must be made in a crisis situation, both stress and the speed at which events are progressing can have an effect, often a negative one, on the decision process.During recent years, decision making has been studied systematically by drawing from such diverse areas of study as psychology, sociology, business, government, history, mathematics, and statistics. Analyses of decisions often emphasize one of three principal conceptual perspectives (though often the approach that is actually employed is somewhat eclectic).In the oldest of the three approaches, decisions are made by a rational actor, who makes a particular decision directly and purposefully, in response to a specific threat from the external environment. It is assumed that this rational actor has clear objectives in mind, develops numerous reasonable options, considers the advantages and disadvantages of each option carefully, chooses the best option after careful analysis, and then proceeds to implement it fully. A variation of the rational actor model is decision maker who is satisfier, one who selects the first satisfactory option rather than continuing the decision making process until the optimal decision has been reached.1.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that the theoretical decision making process （ ）.2.The phrase “in conjunction with” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by（ ）.3.All of the following are listed in paragraph 1 as having an effect on decisions EXCEPT（ ）.4.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that rational actor would be least likely to（ ）.5.The word “it” in line 5, Paragraph 3 refers to（ ）.问题1选项A.involves only the decision makerB.requires the contemplation of numerous optionsC.is made without the decision unitD.does not work in real-life situations问题2选项A.along withB.tied toC.apart fromD.connected to问题3选项A.evaluation of the problemB.focus on objectivesC.generation of optionsD.open-ended discussions问题4选项A.deal with a specific threatB.work in a random fashionC.ponder various optionsD.consider disadvantages of options问题5选项A.each optionB.careful analysisC.the best optionD.variation【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。根据首段第一句“In a theoretical model of decision making, a decision is defined as the process of selecting one option from among a group of options for implementation.”在决策的理论模型中，决策被定义为从一组执行选项中选择一个选项的过程。也就是说，需要考虑多种选择，选项B符合原文。2.推理判断题。根据下文“all of those in the organization around the decision maker who take part in the process.”组织中所有参与了这个过程的人都围绕着决策者。由此可推测，决策者和组织是紧密相连的，所以选项D更恰当。3.推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第二句，决策单元的成员对一个身份不明的问题做出反应，需要通过研究问题，确定组织的目标，制定方案，评估每一个决策的优点和缺点，包括问题本身的性质，对组织施加影响的外部力量，决策单元的内部动态以及决策者的个性。选项A属于评估每一个决策的优点和缺点；选项B属于确定组织的目标；选项D属于决策单元内部的动态；所以，只有选项C没有涉及。4.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句“decisions are made by a rational actor, who makes a particular decision directly and purposefully, in response to a specific threat from the external environment.”决策由理性的人做出，他针对来自外部环境的特定威胁，直接而有目的地做出特定的决策。由此可知，他们做事是带有目的性的，而不是随机应变的，所以他们最不可能做的是选项B。5.推理判断题。根据原文句意可知，这里的“it”指的是上文提到的“the best option after careful analysis”经过仔细分析而选择出的最佳选项。选项C正确。7. 单选题Mint is an herb that is well known for the aromatic oil distilled from all parts of the plant.问题1选项A.valuableB.fragrantC.medicinalD.flavorful【答案】B【解析】句意：薄荷是一种药草，因其各个部位可蒸馏芳香油而闻名。aromatic意为芳香的。valuable 有价值的，贵重的；fragrant 芬芳的，芳香的；medicinal 药用的；有益的；flavorful 可口的，充满 味道的。选项B与之意思最为相近。8. 单选题The ties that bind us together in common activity are so （ ）that they can disappear at any moment.问题1选项A.trivialB.fatalC.tentativeD.feeble【答案】D【解析】trivial不重要的，琐碎的；fatal致命的，重大的，毁灭性的；tentative试验性的，暂定的；feeble无力的，薄弱的。句意：把我们联系在一起从事共同活动的纽带是如此薄弱，以至于随时都可能消失。选项D符合句意。9. 单选题One of the peculiarities of the bazaar is that people dealing in the same kind of goods collect in the same area.问题1选项A.advantagesB.shortcomingsC.disparitiesD.characteristics【答案】D【解析】peculiarities意为特征，特质。advantages 优点，有利条件；shortcomings 缺点，短处；disparities不一致；characteristics 特性，特征。选项D与之意思相近。10. 单选题Male lions remain aloof from the day-to-day activities of their families.问题1选项A.upwind ofB.exhausted fromC.separate fromD.bored with【答案】C【解析】aloof from意为“远离”。upwind of逆风地；exhausted from筋疲力尽的；separate from 分离；bored with对厌倦。选项C与之意思相近，符合原句语境。11. 单选题What exactly is a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? Or is it something more than that? For example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you. You say, I wish I could help you but Im short of money myself. In fact, you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debts and you dont want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this. Is this really a lie?Professor Jereald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a white lie, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intention of fulfilling. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.Research has also been done into the way of peoples behavior changes in a number of small, apparently unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now”. They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often, in particular the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itch（痒）.Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book ManWatching calls “the mouth cover”. He says there are several typical forms of this, such as covering part of the mouth with fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth. Such a gesture can be interpreted as an unconscious attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying.Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation. It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things, and, in particular, the context in which the lie is told.1.One sometimes tells ones friend a “white lie” because one wants to（ ）.2.One research suggests that women （ ）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ）.4.People may rub their noses when they lie because（ ）.5.It can be learned from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.make a profit from the other personB.avoid offending the other personC.convince the other personD.have some fun问题2选项A.generally life far more than menB.tend to tell more serious lies than menC.make more promises they can fulfill than menD.are better at telling less serious lies than men问题3选项A.politicians tend to tell intentional liesB.men are less skilled at telling liesC.businessmen seldom break their promisesD.women tend to make false promises问题4选项A.they suffer from high blood pressure at the timeB.the nose is the most sensitive part of the human bodyC.the nose reveals the liar more easily than the other parts of the faceD.they do so in order to stop themselves from telling more lies问题5选项A.lies can easily be detected by careful observersB.lies are usually accompanied by strange gesturesC.people are able to tell a lie when they hear others lyingD.a liar may give away his or her intention unconsciously【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。根据下文的举例：比如一个女士在派对上对另一个女士说，她喜欢她的衣服，而实际上她觉得它看起来很糟糕。由此可推测，这样说是为了避免冒犯他人，选项B正确。2.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies.”其他研究人员表示，男性更有可能说一些更严重的谎言。选项D是对原文的反向表达，意思是一致的，所以正确。3.推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.”这是政客和商人应该特别擅长的谎言：说谎者希望从谎言中获利或在某些方面得到好处。由此可推测，政客们倾向于故意说谎，选项A符合原文。4.事实细节题。根据第三段的最后两句“One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itch.”对此的一种解释可能是说谎会导致血压轻微升高。鼻尖对于这种变化非常敏感，血压增加会使它发痒。选项A符合原文。5.推理判断题。本题可采用排除法。选项A和C在文中没有提及；选项B符合原文；选项D无法直接从文中的信息推导出来，所以选项B更恰当。12. 单选题The apartment has been （ ）sine Smiths moved out.问题1选项A.vacantB.versatileC.vacuumD.vain【答案】A【解析】vacant 空虚的，空缺的，空闲的；versatile多才多艺的，万能的；vacuum 真空的；vain 徒劳的，自负的。句意：自从Smith搬出去后，那套公寓一直空着。选项A符合句意。13. 单选题I thanked her for her hospitality and her kindness in driving me back to my hotel.问题1选项A.sweetnessB.hostilityC.friendlinessD.sincerity【答案】D【解析】句意：我感谢她的盛情款待，感谢她开车送我回旅馆。hospitality意为“好客，殷勤”。sweetness愉快，美妙；hostility敌意；friendliness友谊，亲切；sincerity真实，诚挚。选项D更符合原句所表达的语境，所以正确。14. 单选题Plays are an important form of entertainment in most countries. Two kinds of drama unique to Japan are Noh and Kabuki. Music is used in both types of drama. Originally, men performed both mens and womens parts in Noh and Kabuki plays. But the similarities end there.Kabuki costumes are fancy, bright, and heavy. Real gold is used on them. On the other hand, Noh costumes are quite simple. Kabuki stages are huge. The stage sets are elaborate. Noh stages are only 18 feet (5.4 meters) square. The only scenery used is background wall with a tree painted on it. A scene changes when the Noh actors change their places. The audience must use a lot of imaginations.Noh plays started in the fourteenth century to entertain the upper class. The form of the play has not changed much since that time. All parts of a Noh play must follow a certain set of rules. To a person unfamiliar with Noh drama, a Noh actor may look as if he is sleepwalking. The action of the play is slow. Every movement is controlled. Certain actions stand for certain things. For example, a few steps forward mean the end of a journey. An important part of a Noh play is the chorus that chants much of the story.Kabuki plays were developed in the seventeenth century for the common people. Theatre was the main amusement of the merchants of that time. Kabuki plays give a clear picture of those merchants tastes and ideas. The colorful costumes reflect their gay moods. The heroes are often warriors who perform daring feats. The players wear thick makeup. They exaggerate their movements and facial expressions to communicate feeling.Music is very important to Kabuki plays, Kabuki actors sing, dance, and speak their lines while the music is played in the background. The music may sound strange at first, but it makes the action on the stage more exciting. Musicians play instruments such as flutes, drums, and gongs. They also use the samisen, a three-stringed instrument shaped somewhat like a banjo. Another instrument has two small blocks of wood that are banged on the floor.1.What do Noh and Kabuki share in common?2.Which statement is true about the Kabuki plays?3.One of the differences between Noh and Kabuki plays is that （ ）.4.Kabuki plays can inform us about（ ）.5.What musical instruments are used in Kabuki plays?问题1选项A.Music is used in both types of drama.B.Women performed both mens and womens parts in the beginning.C.Both mens andwomens parts were played by males in the earlier period.D.Both A and C.问题2选项A.Costumes are funny, light and rough.B.Stages are 18 feet square.C.A background with a tree painted on it is the only scenery.D.The performers must use all their imaginations.问题3选项A.Noh is slowerB.Noh is simplerC.Noh is more colorfulD.Noh is more exciting问题4选项A.likes and dislikes of the 17th century common peopleB.the tastes of the 17th century Japanese merchantsC.the life style of the ruling classD.the courageous deeds of the soldiers问题5选项A.Flutes, gongs and two blocks of wood.B.Drums and samisens.C.Gongs, drums and wooden hammers.D.A and B.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的三四句“Music is used in both types of drama. Originally, men performed both mens and womens parts in Noh and Kabuki plays.”两种戏剧都使用音乐。最初，男性在能剧和歌舞伎剧中同时扮演男性和女性角色。选项A和C均正确，所以本题选D。2.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Kabuki costumes are fancy, bright, and heavy.”可知选项A错误；选项B和C都是描述能剧的，所以只有选项D正确。3.推理判断题。根据最后三段的内容可知，选项C和D是描述歌舞伎剧，首先排除；选项B在文中没有提及；选项A符合原文，所以正确。4.细节事实题。根据倒数第二段的第三句“Kabuki plays give a clear picture of those merchants tastes and ideas.”歌舞伎剧清楚地展现了这些商人的品味和思想。选项B符合原文。5.细节事实题。根据最后一段的最后几句“Musicians play instruments such as flutes, drums, and gongs. They also use the samisen, a three-stringed instrument shaped somewhat like a banjo. Another instrument has two small blocks of wood that are banged on the floor. ”可知选项A和B都有提及，所以选项D正确。15. 单选题In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 perc