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Circuit breaker . _ .断路器Compressed _ air circuit breaker is a mechanical . switch, equipment,一 can be i 空气压缩断路器是一种机械开关设备，能够在n. normal . and .special . conditions .breaking, current . (such as short . circuit cur正常和特殊情况下开断电流(比如说短路电流)。rent). For . example, air . circuit . breaker, . oil . circuit . breaker, . interference . circ例如空气断路器、油断路器，干扰电路的导体uit . conductor for .the . application. of .the . safety. and. reliability . of the . circuit .干扰电路的导体因该安全可靠的应用于其中，breaker, current . in . arc .from . is .usually . divided .into . the . following . grades：. a电流断路器按灭弧远离通常被分为如下等级：ir .switch, circuit breaker, .oil. circuit breaker, .less . oil . circuit . breaker, . compr空气开关断路器、油断路器、少油断路器、压缩空essed air circuit breaker, a degaussing of isolating switch, six sulfur hexaf气断路器、具有消磁性质的隔离开关、六氟lu.or.ide. .circuit .breaker, .and. vacuum .breaker. . Their. parameters . .of .voltage,化硫断路器和真空断路器。他们的参数有电压等级、current, .insulationevel .of breaking capacity, . instantaneous. voltage. off ti 开断容量的电流、绝缘等级开断时间的瞬时电压恢复和me. of. recovery . and . a . bombing. . Breaker . plate. usually .include: .1. .the. maxi轰炸时间。断路器的铭牌通常包括：1.最大可承mum _ tolerable . current; . 2. of the _ maximum . current js . interrupted; 3 . largest 受电流；2最大中断电流；3最大线line _ voltage;. 4 . interrupt . the .cycle. number. In. the . 60hHZ . system., . interrupt 路电压；4中断周期数量。在60hHZ的系统中，中断may .last . from. 3- . to . 8. cycle, in. order to. quickly break. up to. . theoad . curre可能持续3-至8个周期，为了快速中断达负荷电流，nt, we have to ensure continued to cool it, high-speed, breaking can limit我们不得不确保它的持续冷却，高速开断能限制on . transmissio n . l ine . damage, it . is. equally . important. to . help . system . to . mai 对传输线路的损害，这一点是同等重要的它帮助系统ntain . stable operation, at . any. time . of the .accident, the .main . circuit . breaker在任何事故发生时维持稳定运行，断路器主要.by . operating. mechanism, . actuator. and . arc. quenching. . chamber.由操作机构、执行机构和灭弧室组成。When a trigger current or voltage, spring operation mechanism of air isol 当有触发电流或者电压时，空气隔离开关的弹簧操作机构ation . switch .moves. .quickly .to. . reduce . the. .contact .loss, . special, .shape. and u迅速动作以用来减少触点的烧损，主触点的特殊形se . the. .material . of . main . contact . completely . fit . for. . the. arc . of . contact, . air. .is状和使用材料完全适合电弧的接触，空气olation. switch . further . improvement .is . due. . to . the . .arc . quenching. .pe.rforma n 隔离开关更进一步的改进是由于灭弧性能ce,. insulating baffle . plates arc_ shield, with . arc the . function, of these _ specia绝缘隔板组成的灭弧罩，带灭弧功能的触头等这些特殊性l . properties, .it. is . used . in .low . voltage . and . DC circuit . breaker.质，所以仍被应用于低电压等级和直流断路器中。Oil. . circuit . breaker. .in. around. . 1900, mainly . to . meet. the .new, . breaking, .capa多油断路器出现于1900前后，主要用来满足新的开断容量的要求，city . requirements, . AC switch is . immersed. in . an. oil. cylinder, . the . oil . in . the交流开关被浸入一个油缸之中，油在arc quenching . and. zero .set . off function. .is . very . effective . in . the current, arc熄灭电弧和在电流过零时建立开断功能是十分有效，.gate, nozzle, .pear,. a. new. operation. .mechanism. and. a .variety. of .the . new c灭弧栅、喷油嘴、鸭梨锄头、新的操作机构和多种新的断路功能ircuit . function .in . recent . decades . to . introduce . the . use. of oil. circuit. breaker在近几十年引进使用多油断路器能够适应362kV。Types. and. Construction . .of. Transformer.变压器的类型和结构A tran sformer is a device that alter nat ing curre nt electric en ergy at one vo变压器是一个通过磁场作用将一个交流电压值变成另一个电压值的ltageeve.L .into . . .alternating . current. .electric . en ergy. .at another . voltageevel 设备。_ through .the . action . of , a magnetic .field.It consists of , two . or more . coils. wir它由2条或更多的金属丝缠绕在e. wrapped. around . a common. ferromagnetic core.These . coils . are . （usually）一个核心磁铁上组成的。这些绕线（一般）不直not directly . connected. . The . only. connection, .between. the . coils . is .the .com接接触。绕线之间唯一的联系是它们共有的存在于磁芯mon magn ectic flux prese n with in the core.- - _ _ - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 的磁通量。One , of .the . transformer . windings . is .connected . to . a .source , of ac .electric. po一组变压器绕组连接到一个交流电源上，wer,and. the . secondhand . perhaps third）. transformer . winding, supplies. . elect 同时第二组（或许第三组）变压器绕组作为电源提供给负载。ric . power. to. .loads. . the .transformer . winding . connected . to. the . power. souce连接到电源上的变压器绕组叫做一次绕组，或者输is called the primary winding or in put windin g.a nd the winding conn ecte- - _ 一 _ - - - - - II 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - -入绕组。连接负载的绕组叫做二次d to the loads is called the sec on dary wi ndi ng or in put win dingf there is绕组或者输出绕组。如果电压a third winding on the transformer,it is called the tertiary winding. Powe器上有第三绕组，它叫做三次绕组。电力变r. .transforme.r. are . constructed. . on . one . of. two. .types. . of .cores.o ne . type. . of . c on一种构造是由压器由一两种磁芯中的一种构成struction. consists . of . a , simple , .rectangular laminated, piece , of steel, with . the 一种简单的变压器绕组缠绕在矩形两边的矩形薄钢片组成。.transformer windings wrapped, around , two , sides - of the rect.angle.This ,typ这种构e of construction. is , know . as . coreform , .The .other , type . consists , of , three-le 造类型被认为是核心形式。另一种类型是由绕组缠绕在中心gged lam in ated core with the windings wrapped around the cen ter leg .Th 引脚的3引脚叠片铁心构成。is. type . of construction , is know, as shell , formn. .either case,the , core , is con 这种构造类型贝壳形式。其中任意一种类型，磁心都structed. of th.i naminations . electrically .isolated . form . each. other . in .order i 是由排列整齐的彼此之间电气隔离的薄迭片构成， n. order . to .reduce . eddy . currents . to . a. minimum.The . primary, .and. secondary . windings .in a . physical . transformer .are wrapp 一个物理变压器的一次绕组和二次绕组被缠绕成一个在内部的另一ed . one . on. top. . of .the. .other. with. .the . Jow-voltage. .winding. inn.ermost.Such . a 个低压绕组的上面。这样安n. .arrangement .severs . two. .purposes: . 1.It .simplifies, .the . problem . of . insulati 排达到了两个目的：1它简化了从磁芯到高压绕组的绝ng . the. .high- . voltage . winding . from . the. . core.2.It. results . in . much. less. .l eaka 缘问题。2.与过去将两个绕组在磁心上ge flux tha n would be the two windings were separated by a dista nee on twr I JL _ 隔离一定距离比起来，它导致更少的漏通量。he. core.Power tran sformer are give n a variety of differe nt n ames, depe nding on th - J * 电- 电力变压器被赋予了很多不同的名字，取决于它们在eir . use .in. .power. systems.Atra.nsformer . connected . to. the. output of .a ge ner当前系统中的作用。一变压器连接到一个发电机的输出端，ator . and .used. . to . step .its. voltage. .up . to . transformer .levels, .is . sometimes call并且用于步调它的电压达到变压器值有时被叫做单位变压器。ed . unit .transformer. .The transforme 匚 ai. . the other . end. of the . transformer li变压器一个排在另一个后面一一将电压从传送值ne,which steps the voltage down from transmission levls to distribution le-t- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -步降到分布值，vels,is .called . a .substation . transformer.Finally,the. transformer . that .takes th被叫做变电站。最后，变压器将分布电压和步幅e distribution voltage and steps is down to the final voltage ai which the p 降到最后的实际使用的电能被叫做发送变压器。owe r . is . actuall.y . used. is . called . a. distribution. transformer.All. . these. devices所有这些设备本are essentially the same-the only differenee among them is their intended质上都是相同的一一它们之间唯一不同的是它们的特定用途。一 .use.In _ addition. to_ the _ various , power transformer, two _special-purpose. trqns除了各种电力变压器两个专用变压器使用电formers are used. with . electric machinery . and . power. systems.The. first . of t 动机械和电力系统这些特殊hese . special. transformers . is . a device . specially. . designed. to. .sample a . high变压器中的第一个是一个专门简化高电压产生较低的二次电压而设voltage and produce a low sec on dary voltage directly proporti onal to it.S 计的装置uch. a . transformer .is . called. a. potential . transformer.A .power. .transformer al例如一个变压器叫做电压互感器一个电力变压器也产.so . produces . a . secondary .voltage . directly .proportional . to . its . primary . volta生二次电压直接与它的初级电压成正比.ge;the . difference . between. a. potential . transformer. and . a . power transforme之间差异的一个潜在功率变压器和一个变压器，是潜在的变压器r .is . that . the .potential . transformer. . is. designed . to . handle . only a. ve.ry . .small c 是设计来处理只有一个很电流。u rr.ent.The. second . type . of . special transformer . is. .a. .device, designed .to. .prov在第二种类型的变压器是一个特殊装置设计为提供一个二次侧ide . a . secondary. curre.nt.much. s.malle 匚 than. but . directly. .proportional, .to .its电流。多小但比比例对其直接初级电流。primary. .current.This, . device . is. . called . a .current . transformer.这个装置叫做电流互感器Lin.gting. protection防雷保护The thunder and lightning protects to connect the ground; Connect the gr 雷电保护接地是避雷技术最重要的环节，不管是直击雷、ound- to . avoid, the . thunder , the . most importantink .of the technique, , ignore 感应雷或其他形式的雷，避.is a . shot . .thunder,. respond . the. thunder. of the . thunder or. other. . form,. and a 雷工作的最终都是把雷电流送入大地。void , the . thunder work most . all of , . send . into, .the . earth . the thunder. electric current. Store. .the. thunder . energy . to . behave. the . type . to . build. the., . curre. nt t 储存雷能量为人类造福，目前科技ech no logy to still reach to not arrive, and therefore have no the reas on abl- - - - - - - - * - - - - 还达不到，因此没 有合理而良好的接地装置是不可能谈及防雷的。e but good conn ect the ground equip to is impossible to speak about to de fend the thunder.Therefore say the design, the construction is very high st所以说设计、施工好高标准的接地系统是防雷工作an dard to conn ect the ground system is a heavy in side that defe nd thunder 的重中之重。s . work . it heavy. High . electric .potential . that . For. long. time, . people . have. a n长期以来，人们有一个错.illusion, .and. think. that. connect. .the . ground. .electric . resistance . more. . small觉，认为接地电阻越小避雷效果就越好，被保护的对象就安全。.avoid the .thunder result , and , then . more like, . quilt object . that , protect . safet y. Certainly _the electric _ resistance . is .more . .the . small .is . more . quick,. strike当然电阻越小散流越快，雷击的by . lightning. to . reserve .time. more . short, .the. risk .is . more . small, . electric . vo 高电位保留时间越短，危险性越小，其跨步电 压、lta.ge . of . its . stride, get . in . touch. with. . the. the . electric. voltage .produce . the . m接触电压产生的机遇也就越小achine too . the . more . the . ?But, . construction .that the . fulfillment proof of ne但是，近十几年来的实践证明，ar . and . more . than . ten . in . thea.s.t. yearses, .with . its . say . that . connect. the . wort 与其说接地电阻值重 要，h. .importance of ground . electric .resistance, .not. equal .to . say. that . connect t 不如说接地装置的结构更合he . ground to. .equip . more .reasonable, . importance electricity . equipments, d 理、重要。emand . variety, .that. .nows. city, .there . iso.ts . of. in . a . building . inside . not . the . c现在的城市，在一座建筑物内有许多不同性质的电气设ongeniality . c on nect . the. .gro un.d. device, . if. avoid, .the . thunder . to . connect . the备，需要多种接地装置，如避雷接地、电气安全接地、交.ground, .eJectricity . the. .safety . to . connect. the . ground, .AC . powe 匚 the. .work t流电源工作接地、通信及计算机系统接地，0. connect _the _ ground, . correspondence . and _ calculator system, to. connect th e .ground,. according. to. the . fulfillment proof, totally. .use . to. connect. the . gro共用接地是应用最为广泛的und .is . an application most .for. extensive .connect . the . local. .type. 接地方式。独立接地:.That. A, . the .independence. .connect . the . ground.：. . As above . part . for . dema nd如上面所谈到的需要接for speak ofing conn ect ing the ground of, all distinguish to in depe nden tly- -I- 町鼻 _ J- - _ _ _ - 0“ _ _ _ 4 J都分别独立地建立自己的.establish. the . own. .to. .connect . the. ground. . system, . and. .this . kind .of . connect 接地系统，这种接地方式称为独立接地。the local type to call the in depe ndence to conn ect the groun d. Its adva ntag它的好处是e is each system and cant result in the mutual interferenee, and this is part - - - - - “y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -r- - - - - f 各系统之间不会造成互相干扰，这对通信系统尤其重要。icularly . important to. .correspondences _sy.stems.But .the. adoption . indepe nd 但网络容易被雷击坏，ence that n etwork easily were strike by light nin ged is bad, so besides hav故除有防爆炸e to defe nd to explode the dan gerous en vir onment requesti ng to must wan 要求的危险环境必须要采用独立的避雷方式外，t. the . adoption. . the . independence . of. avoid. the . thunde 匚method . generally . no 一般不主张采用独立接地的方式。t . lay , claim, to , the . way. to , connect the . ground. , Two, . totally . use .to. connect t二、共用接地：he . ground; .Also. call . unify . to . connect the . ground.The . each system. that . it c也叫统一接地。它是把 需要接地的各onnect .the . ground . the . demand . unifies .to. .receive, .a. connect. . the. ground .to e个系统统一接到一个接地装置上，quip . top, or . is .originally .each. . system, of connect . the ground. . device . .to. pass或者把各系统原来的接地装置通过地下或者地上用金属导.the underground . to . perhaps and, up .link,. make them . the electricity . for. bec体连接起来，使它们之间成为畅通的电气接oming of its to connect the ground to unify the ground net with metals co - _ - - - - - - - - - - _ I - ill 111 1 _ 1- - - -_ 1- 1 I - i ii 1 1_- 地统一地网，这样的接地方式 为共用接地。nductor, .like . this . of . connect . the . local type . is . to . totally . use . to . connect . the ground., .it . is current . to . use .to . connect . the .ground . totally . applied . the .most 共用接地是目前应用最广泛的接地方式。extensive. conn ect. the . local .type. . =.55.0; Each. system . that . Three, conn三、一点接地：ect. the .ground . 1:0.0:. .Method . that . connecting . the . ground. line. .to. .receive, .to把各系统的接地线接到接地母线同一点或同一金属平面上，connect . the. .same . point . .or. .same. . metals, .flat . surface . of . line, of . ground . moth er of each system . is . up, like this . call connect . the . ground . 1:00 method.这样的方法叫一点接地法。Connect i_：oo. the .ground一 method can resolve . the. etc. Electric potential . to 一点接地法能解决各系统接地线的等电位问题，所以能够降低 各系 connect the ground line the problem, can therefore lower of each system cXX1* 统之间的干扰程度，an cancellation. of top. of. interference fundamental . for. of .interference . degree, particularly .is . 50H 乙 work . signal . to . system, . and .connect. the . ground . m 尤其是50HZ工频信号对系统的干扰基本上得以消除，ethod on the engineering to get the extensive application therefore and 1: 所以一点接地法在工程上得到广泛应用。00. . Four, . the many . point. connect the . ground:The .ground . line o四、多点接地：各系统的接地线f connecting, of each . system, adopt . many. .pointses . short . on-line. connect th 采用多点短连线的接地方式，称作多点接地。e .local. type, and . call. to. much . order . to . connect . the .ground. ；. Five mix . with. .to. .connect . the. ground.:. Me.tals. .line. that . so-, .called. . admixture . c.on五、混合接地：所谓混合接地是在一部设备内的各电路板以最短的nect . the . ground. . to .is . at. .an . each . circuit . board . in. . equipments . to. . connect, or导线与机壳连接，related . and .a .few . equipme.ntses.of .signal . electric, .circuits, with. . the . most s 或者信号电路相关的几部设备，以最短的导线与 hort . line with _ the. same _ of.metals to. . link _ to . connect . the .ground, with the . m同一个金属体连接接地，ost . short .line . and . machine . hull, . then . the equipments. of many . sets use . resp然后多台 设备分别用金属线接到地网ectively. . the . same. point top. to . .receive . the . ground. net. Six, . the .wreath for 的同一点上。六、环形接地多用m connect the ground to much used for the ground n et, be connect the gro于地网，就是把接地体沿und.to. . round, .along . building . surroundjn.gs a. shut . to. match . the wreath. . like 建筑物周围围成一个闭合环。this . of .connect, .the . electric, .field. .that . ground net . can . make . the .interface in这样的接地网可以使到界面以内的电场分布比较均匀，clud ing distribute eve n, reduce the stride electric voltage to bane pers on,减少跨步电压对人的危害，and also reduce the in doors while suffer ing strike by light ning, because o也减少室内 在受雷击时，由于地面f. the . ground. electric . potential. .the. steps. degree, .is. big .but. produce . the. .da ng 电位梯度大而产生对设备高压反击的危险。er. to . counter-attack . to. equipments. high . pressure. .Seven,. . the. foundation c七、基础接地体：onnect .the . grou.nd.:Make . use .of the. reinforci ng. bar.in.the. building. foundat利用建筑物基础内的钢筋，ion, and. press _ norm the _ request the conjunction, .to create, of connect . the按规范要求连接制作的接地体 称为基础接地体。 ground . to. .call. . the . foundation . to . connect. the . ground.【本文档内容可以自由复制内容或自由编辑修改内容期待你的好评和关注，我们将会做得更好】
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