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语法专项突破语法专项突破(四四)非谓语动词非谓语动词动词不定式动词不定式 一、动词不定式的时态和语态to have been goingto have been making完成进行式(发生在谓语动作之前并且一直持续到谓语动作发生时，仍在进行)to have goneto have been madeto have made完成式(发生在谓语动作之前)to be goingto be making进行式(在谓语动作发生时正在进行)to goto be madeto make一般式(与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生)动词不定式主动语态被动语态主动语态不及物动词及物动词 及物与不及物类别 时态 语态【特别提醒】1. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)2. 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon with? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)你有切西瓜的刀子吗？3. 不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时不定式多用主动形式。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难懂。4. 在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work.)有很多工作要做。(某人去做)There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)有很多工作有待被做。(强调工作被做) 二、动词不定式的句法功能We could do nothing but wait.We have no choice but to wait.We cant choose but wait.不定式在介词but, except, besides后面时，如果介词之前为动词do的某种形式，则后接不带to的不定式，否则带to。此外，cannot choose but和cannot help but, cannot but等后面的不定式也省略toThe boy pretended to have fallen asleep.They refused to take him back.不定式作宾语时，往往跟在某些及物动词后面。常见的有：afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish等宾语My goal is to be a scientist.表示主语的“职业、职责和性质”等表语Its very hard to learn an art.常用it作形式主语，谓语动词用单数主语动词不定式典句例示要点 功能类别动词不定式宾语不定式作动词的宾语，其后跟补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把不定式后置I make it a rule to do tai chi every morning.tell, show, understand, know, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss等动词可跟“疑问词+不定式”。He showed us how to do the work.定语不定式和所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就要有相应的介词I have a meeting to attend.He has a nice pen to write with.不定式与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系She is always the first to come to school.说明所修饰的名词的内容，与该词存在同位关系。常用于chance, opportunity, time, money, decision, refusal, wish, right等词后I must keep the promise to pay within a month.动词不定式宾语补足语此类动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, teach, tell, order等Its hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking.动词不定式作动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词以及have, let, make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时，必须带toI heard my neighbour lock the door.I will have all my friends come over this weekend.My neighbour was heard to lock the door.动词不定式状语动词不定式作状语时，表示目的、结果、原因等She did all she could to save him.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, so . as to do和such . as to do中的不定式均作结果状语In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.He was so angry as to be unable to speak.【特别提醒】1.不定式的否定形式的构成：动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式的符号“to”前直接加上not，有时为了强调也可以用否定词never来否定。Its wrong of you not to go to school on time.你不按时上学是不对的。2.在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。常见的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, good, fit, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。三、独立主格结构独立主格结构，就是分词或不定式有自己的独立主语，可以不与句子的主语保持一致。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。此结构在句子中起原因、方式、时间、条件、伴随情况状语从句的作用。独立主格结构应与句子的主体部分分隔开来。其功能和用法见下表：表现形式意义典句例示名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或已经完成Weather permitting, well go out for a walk. Homework finished, the boy went out to play.不定式表将来，计划安排要做的事The exam to be held tomorrow, I cant go to the cinema tonight.形容词/副词表示名词或代词所处的状态Our lessons (being) over, we went to play football.介词短语表位置The girl is walking in the field, packet on the back.with+名词/代词+现在分词表主动或进行They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning.过去分词表被动或完成She had to walk home with her bike stolen.不定式表将来I cant go out to play with so much homework to do.形容词表状态He used to sleep with windows open.副词表状态He went up to sleep with lights on.介词短语表位置The children came running toward us, with flowers in their hands.非谓语动词用法比较非谓语动词用法比较一、非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语时，句子的主语就是其逻辑主语。高考考查过去分词作状语时，作状语的过去分词一般位于句首，而且该分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词作状语的用法1. 过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作或状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况；其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，过去分词与主语之间存在动宾关系。Built in the Ming Dynasty, the building is still in good condition.虽然建于明代，但这座建筑仍然状况良好。(build和the building之间是动宾关系)Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 倘若给予更多的关注，这些树会生长得更好。2. 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，这样的词有：lost“迷路的”； seated“坐”； hidden“躲”； stationed“驻扎”； lost / absorbed in“沉溺于”； dressed in“穿着”； tired of“感到厌倦”等，不管它们作什么成分都不用其-ing形式。Absorbed in his book, he didnt notice me enter the room. 专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Dressed in red, she looks more beautiful.穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。现在分词作状语的用法1. 现在分词作状语时其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，这时该动词与句子的主语之间往往存在主谓关系。As the light turned green， I stood for a moment, not moving, and asked myself what I was going to do.当灯变绿色时，我站了一会儿，不动，并且自问自己要做什么。They entered the theatre, talking and laughing.他们说笑着进了剧院。2. 现在分词有：一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not构成。一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作，完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.没有得到答复，他决定再写信去。The old man, having worked abroad for twenty years, came back to his motherland.在国外工作了二十年后，这位老人回到了祖国。(work与句子的主语the old man之间存在主谓关系，而且work这一动作发生在谓语动作之前)Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.因为获得了冠军，他被奖励100万美元。 3. 有一些固定结构，如：generally speaking, according to, judging from / by等，无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。 Generally speaking, children like playing in the fields.一般来说，孩子们喜欢在田野里玩。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.从他说的话来判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。 4. 一些考生在做题过程中不知道应该选择现在分词还是过去分词作状语。现在教大家一个行之有效的方法：作状语时，是用动词-ing形式还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是意义上的主谓关系，一般用动词-ing形式；如果是意义上的动宾关系，则一般用过去分词。请记住下面的例子，并细心体会。注意：句子的主语改变了，分词的形式也要相应地发生变化。Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系) Seeing from the top of the hill， we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)不定式作状语的用法不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句，不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。1. 不定式用来作目的状语：作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，这里往往译作“为了；想要”。To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。2. 不定式用于：so . as to . ; such . as to; enough to . ; too . to; only to等结构中往往用来作结果状语。He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。(“only + to do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。)【注意】 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别：不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的结果，而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。His parents died, leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了，使他成为孤儿。3. 不定式与形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用来作原因状语。这些形容词主要有：happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed等。Im very glad to hear the news.听到这个消息我非常高兴。二、非谓语动词作定语1. 要解答好这类题目，第一步判断该动词与被修饰的名词之间的关系，如果是动宾关系就要用表示被动的非谓语形式(过去分词，现在分词的被动式，不定式的被动式)，如果是主谓关系则用现在分词或动词不定式；第二步看动作发生的时间，如果没有确定的时间，一般情况下动宾关系用过去分词，主谓关系用现在分词。2. 现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。Be quiet. Theres a sleeping baby.安静点，这儿有一个正在睡觉的孩子。3. 过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world.发达国家也需要世界上其他国家的帮助。“Things lost never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself.“失去的东西再也不会回来!”我情不自禁地自言自语。4. 动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作。The problem to be discussed is of great importance.要讨论的这个问题很重要。三、非谓语动词作宾补1. 过去分词作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。Ill have my house painted tomorrow.明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.当我打开门时，我发现地面被落叶所覆盖。2. 现在分词作宾语补足语：现在分词作宾语补足语时，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语强调正在进行中的主动动作，即动作过程的一部分。可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。He saw a boy getting on the bus.他看见一个男孩正在上公交车。(强调动作在进行)Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground.詹妮发现地上有一个钱包。(主动)3. 不定式作宾语补足语：不定式作宾语补足语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系，表示动作已完成。I hear him sing a song.我听到他唱了一首歌。四、非谓语动词作宾语1. 常接v.-ing作宾语的动词。suggest, advise, finish, practise, dislike, enjoy, consider, appreciate, imagine, excuse, delay, miss, forbid, permit, allow, mind, escape, avoid,为了便于记忆，有人编成了顺口溜：建议完成练习，不喜欢考虑感激，想象原谅过错，不允许介意逃避。常接v.-ing作宾语的短语：feel like, devote . to . , get used to, look forward to, object to, set about, put off等。2. 常接不定式作宾语的动词。afford“负担得起”, agree“同意”, decide“决定”, determine“决定”, expect“期望”, hope“希望”, manage“设法”, refuse“拒绝”, want“想”, wish“希望”, offer“提供”, pretend“假装”, promise“许诺”, choose“选择”, fail“失败”, long“渴望”等。3. 可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语，但意义区别不大的动词begin“开始”, continue“继续”, like“喜欢”, love“喜爱”, prefer“宁愿”, start“开始”, hate“讨厌”等。4. 可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语，但意义区别明显的动词。forgetto do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)regretto do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾(未做) doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔(已做)tryto do sth.尽力去做某事doing sth.试着做某事go onto do sth.继续做另一件事doing sth.继续做原来做的事5. 动词want, need, require意为“需要”时，后面跟动名词主动式或动词不定式的被动式作宾语区别不大。The flowers need / want / require watering / to be watered. 这些花需要浇水。rememberto do sth.记着去做某事(未做)doing sth.记着做了某事(已做)meanto do sth.打算做某事doing sth.意味着做某事6. 在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit后面直接跟动名词作宾语，如果有名词或代词作宾语，则应构成“allow / advise / forbid / permit+名词/代词+动词不定式(作宾语补足语)”。We dont allow smoking here.我们不允许在这里吸烟。We dont allow anyone to smoke here.我们不允许有人在这里吸烟。五、非谓语动词作表语1. 当现在分词和过去分词作表语时，它们大多数是已经形容词化的现在分词或过去分词，而且大多数是与心理状态有联系的词。现在分词通常表示“某事/物令人感到”，而过去分词则表示某人的感受，意为“感到的”。这样的词常见的有：interesting“有趣的”, interested“感兴趣的”； exciting“令人兴奋的”, excited“感到兴奋的”； disappointing“令人失望的”， disappointed“感到失望的”等。这类现在分词作表语时，一般是物作主语；而过去分词作表语时，则一般是人作主语。The story sounds interesting.那个故事听起来有趣。She is interested in the story.她对那个故事感兴趣。2. 动词不定式作表语时往往表示具体的动作或表示将来的动作。My job is to clean the house three times a week.我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。六、have, get后接三种形式作宾补have, get表示“使、让、叫”，后接三种形式作宾补。1. have sth. done=get sth. done使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)Ill have / get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生在度假期间，他家的房子被别人破门而入。2. The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。 【注意】 have sb. doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。 I wont have you speaking to your dad like that. 我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。have sb./ sth. doing使/让某人/物持续地做某事 (v.-ing形式表主动，正在进行)get sb./ sth. doing使某人/物开始行动起来 3. Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. 妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。have sb. do sth.get sb. to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事七、动词不定式和动名词作主语的比较1. 动词不定式表示一次性的、具体的动作。动名词常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：However, buying a pen that youll enjoy is not difficult if you keep the following in mind.然而，如果你记住以下这些，买一支自己喜欢的钢笔并不难。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.和一位有经验的老师讨论一下这个问题很有必要。2. 不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. + for / of sb. to do sth.如：It would be easy for you to keep him happy, he said.他说，你让他高兴很容易。F高考体验1. (2012辽宁)This machine is very easy _. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.A. operatingB. to be operatingC. operated D. to operate答案 D解析 句意：这台机器很容易操作。任何人几分钟就能学会操作。不定式作表语形容词的状语, 表示在哪一方面存在这个形容词表示的情况或产生这种情绪的原因。本题结构可换为It is very easy to operate the machine.。或To operate the machine is very easy.。这一结构中的不定式要用主动式且要用及物动词或不及物动词+介词。故此处D项正确。2. (2012山东)George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him.A. to be told B. tellingC. being told D. told答案 A解析 句意：乔治战后回来, 却被告知妻子已离他而去了。only + to do sth.表示意想不到的结果；doing表示自然的结果。3. (2012陕西)If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meetingC. meet D. to meet答案 D解析 句意：如果接受这份工作, 除了接受更大的挑战之外他别无选择。have no choice but to do sth.“除了做某事之外别无选择”。4. (2011天津)Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A. to carryB. carryingC. to be carriedD. being carried答案 A解析 句意：乘客只被允许带一件手提行李登机。该题考查permit的固定搭配be permitted to do sth.(被允许做某事)的用法。动词不定式在permit sb. to do中作宾语补足语, 但在be permitted to do中作主语补足语。可排除B、D选项。根据passengers与carry之间的主动关系可确定选A项。5. (2011浙江)If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters.A. being cheeredB. be cheeredC. to be cheeredD. were cheered答案 C解析 句意：如果他们今晚赢得了决赛, 这个队就会全城游行, 接受热情支持者们的喝彩。分析句式结构可知, _ by their enthusiastic supporters在句中作伴随状语, 空格后的by提示cheer与the team之间是逻辑上的动宾关系, 且事情还没有发生, 所以用动词不定式的被动语态形式。6. (2011北京)Its important for the figures _ regularly.A. to be updatedB. to have been updatedC. to updateD. to have updated答案 A解析 句意：对数字进行定期地更新非常重要。分析题干可知update与the figures之间为动宾关系, 故排除C、D两项；又因为这里谈及的是日常规律性的事情, 因此应该用一般式, 故排除B项。7. (2011重庆)More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _ peoples concern over food safety.A. to raiseB. raisingC. to have raisedD. having raised答案 A解析 句意：据政府官员所说, 更多的电视节目将会被制作, 以提高人们对食品安全的关注。动词不定式表示目的, 而且动作为将来, 因此选A项。8. (2011四川)Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly.A. keepB. keptC. keepingD. to keep答案 D解析 句意：西蒙做了一个大竹箱子来养这只生病的小鸟, 直到它能飞。根据句意可确定此处缺少目的状语。动词不定式to keep可表示目的。9. (2011江苏)Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.A. comparedB. comparingC. comparesD. being compared答案 B解析 句意：最近, 在两家不同超市对相同商品进行的一次价格比较调查引起了市民热烈的讨论。分析句子结构可知, 句子谓语动词为has caused,故空格处应为非谓语动词形式, 来充当a survey的后置定语。a survey与compare之间存在主动关系, 故用现在分词作定语。实际上现在分词短语comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets相当于定语从句which / that compares .。10. (2011重庆)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams. A. remindingB. to remindC. remindedD. remind答案 C解析 句意：迈克尔在床边挂了姚明的一张照片来提醒他自己他的梦想。本题考查“keep+宾语+v.-ing”和“keep+宾语+v.-ed”用法辨析, 选择用v.-ing还是v.-ed, 要根据宾语与动词之间的关系而定, 如果它们之间为主动关系, 则用v.-ing, 如果为被动关系, 则用v.-ed。himself与remind之间存在被动关系, 故选C。11. (2010全国卷)With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. to have bought答案 B解析 句意：父亲节就要来了，我已经从银行取了一些钱以便给父亲买礼物。不定式可以作目的状语，且动作还没有发生，故正确答案为B。12. (2010山东)I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.A. completingB. to completeC. completedD. being completed答案 B解析 句意：这个学期结束前，我要做很多阅读练习。由于时间状语before the end of this term表示未来的时间，所以空格处使用动词不定式表示将来，充当readings的定语。13. (2010上海)That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms.A. reducingB. to reduceC. reducedD. reduce答案 B解析 句意：这是我们唯一能想出的减少学生浴室过度用水的方法。the only way后有两个定语we can imagine；一个不定式短语to reduce .。14. (2010重庆)Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ first is the library.A. repairedB. being repairedC. repairingD. to be repaired答案 D解析 句意：这个城市的很多建筑都需要修缮，但是最先需要修缮的是图书馆。the one指代前面提到的buildings与repair是动宾关系，由前半句房屋需要修缮可知修缮这个动作发生在need之后，所以用to be repaired。15. (2009山东)We are invited to a party _ in our club next Firday.A. to be heldB. heldC. being heldD. holding答案 A解析 句意：我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行的一个聚会。party和hold之间为被动关系，next Friday是将来时间，故正确答案为A。16. (2009全国卷)The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A. looked at B. to look atC. to looking atD. look at答案 B解析 句意：当那个著名的女演员走进教室，孩子们都回过身看她。句中缺少目的状语，故选择不定式to look at。17. (2009天津)_ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.A. CompletingB. Having completedC. To have completedD. To complete答案 D解析 句意：为了及时完成这项工程，员工们周末都在工作。句中缺少原因状语，且complete这个动作还没有完成，故正确答案为D。18. (2009江苏)Schools across China are expected to hire 50 000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures.A. helpB. to have helpedC. to helpD. having helped答案 C解析 句意：今年全国的学校预计招聘5万名大学毕业生作为临时教师以帮助减轻失业压力，这个数字几乎是去年的三倍。句中缺少原因状语，且help这一个动作还没有发生，故正确答案为C。19. (2009上海)David threatened _ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.A. to be reportedB. reportingC. to reportD. having reported答案 C解析 句意：大卫威胁他的邻居，如果损失得不到赔偿，他就会报警。threaten后跟不定式作宾语，根据句意可知report和David之间为主动关系，故正确答案为C。F模拟预测1. The project _ by the end of 2013 will expand the citys telephone network to cover 2 000 000 users.A. accomplishedB. to be accomplishedC. being accomplishedD. having been accomplished答案 B解析 the project与accomplish之间为被动关系， by the end of 2013暗示动作还未发生，故用不定式的被动语态作定语。2. Shanghai Disneyland Park, _ in 2015, will attract tourists from all over China then.A. to have been completedB. being completedC. completedD. to be completed答案 D解析 主句主语与complete之间是被动关系， in 2015暗示该动作还未发生，故用不定式的被动语态作定语。3. (2013南宁一模)We hurried all the way to the airport, only _ that the flight had been called off because of the foggy weather.A. being told B. to be toldC. having told D. to have been told答案 B解析 考查非谓语动词。句意：我们一路匆匆忙忙地赶到机场, 结果却被告知, 航班因有雾而被取消。此处不定式(only) to be told作状语，表示结果，通常表示一个出乎意料的、令人失望的结果。4. (2013济南一中阶段测试)She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ in making the earth a better place to live in.A. to have played B. to playC. to be played D. to be playing答案 B解析 句意：她将告诉我们为什么她强烈地感觉到我们每个人都得尽一份力来让地球成为一个更好的居住地。不定式作定语, 相当于play a role in making .。5. (2013浙江宁波十校联考)I dont think it easy, even if we work hard, _ the South Korea and the North Korea to sit down to talk at present.A. persuadedB. to persuadeC. persuade D. persuading答案 B解析 句意：即便我们努力, 我认为眼下说服朝鲜和韩国坐下来会谈也不容易。主句为：I dont think it easy to persuade the South Korea .,it作形式宾语, to persuade the South Korea .是真正的宾语。6. (2013山东淄博一模) You shouldnt have treated me that way. My heart is broken. Im sorry, Paul. I didnt mean _ you.A. hurtingB. to hurtC. hurtD. having hurt答案 B解析 考查非谓语动词。句意：你本不应该那样对待我。我的心都碎了。对不起, 保罗。我不是有意要伤害你。mean to do sth.“打算做某事”。7. (2013银川模拟)I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.A. working; stoppingB. to work; stoppingC. working; to stopD. to work; to stop答案 C解析 句意：我无法忍受和简在同一个办公室工作。她在工作时总是说个不停。stand后跟doing作宾语；refuse后跟to do作宾语。8. Have you any letters _, sir? No, thanks. You may take a rest.A. to typeB. to be typedC. to be typingD. typed答案 B解析 句意：先生，您有信件需要打印吗？没有，谢谢。你可以休息一下了。have作“有”讲时，其后的宾语常跟不定式作后置定语， letters和type之间为被动关系，故正确答案为B。9. (2013哈尔滨模拟) Have all the mysteries been cleared up? Almost. But _ only one question _.A. there remains; answeredB. it remains; to be answeredC. there remains; to be answeredD. it remains; answered答案 C解析 句意：所有的谜团都已经解开了吗？差不多了。但是还有一个问题有待解答。there remains . 意为“还有”；question 和answer之间为被动关系，故正确答案为C。10. (2013宝鸡模拟)Every minute must be made full use of _ our lessons.A. studyingB. to studyC. studyD. being studied答案 B解析 句意：每一分钟都必须被利用起来学习我们的功课。句中缺少的是目的状语，并不是make use of 的宾语，故正确答案为B。11. In the beauty competition, women are asked _ some of the exercises _ the music.A. performing; toB. performing; withC. to perform; toD. to perform; by答案 C解析 句意：在选美比赛中，女性被要求随着音乐做一些动作。be asked to do “被要求做某事”；to the music“随着音乐(的节奏)”。12. Teamwork is very important in modern society. _ an effective team member, you need to develop a teamwork attitude.A. BecomeB. BecomingC. Having becomeD. To become答案 D解析 句意：在现代社会中团队合作非常重要。想要成为一名有效率的团队成员，你需要培养团队协作意识。不定式短语to become . 作目的状语。13. There will be more than 750 projects _, creating nearly 40 000 jobs starting this summer, including 15 000 in a Youth Conservation Corps.A. startedB. to be startedC. startingD. to start答案 B解析 句意：今年夏天还有750多个项目即将启动，将会创造将近4万个工作岗位，其中包括一个青年保护团体中的1万5千个职位。 根据there will be . 可知工程还未启动，且projects和start之间为被动关系，故正确答案为B。14. The girl came _ to the cinema only _ the tickets had been sold out.A. to run; tellingB. running; to be toldC. and ran; being toldD. running; to tell答案 B解析 句意：女孩跑着来到电影院却被告知票已经卖完了。第一空用现在分词作came的伴随状语；第二空用不定式作状语，表示出乎意料的结果。15. Most students in our class prefer taking pains in our studies to _ with a better education.A. equipB. equippingC. be equippedD. being equipped答案 C解析 句意：我们班的大多数学生都愿意努力学习好有一个更好的未来。本题并不是考查prefer doing to doing，而是考查take pains to do“尽心做某事”，to be equipped with . 是目的状语。16. If the building project _ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company _.A. to be completed; will be finedB. is completed; is finedC. being completed; will be finedD. completed; is being fined答案 A解析 句意：如果推迟定于本月底完工的建筑工程的话，建筑公司就会被罚款。由by the end of this month可知应用不定式表将来，而the building project和complete又构成被动关系，故用不定式的被动结构。17. Having bought a new car, _ to tell my wife the good news.A. a phone call was madeB. a phone call was neededC. I made a phone callD. I would make a phone call答案 C解析 句意：买了新车之后，我打电话告诉妻子这个好消息。现在分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就应是句子的主语，结合时态可知正确答案为C。18. Does Shelly like shopping? Well, she would rather spend time _ at home than _ in the street.A. read; wanderB. reading; wanderC. in reading; to wander D. reading; to wander答案 B解析 句意：雪莉喜欢购物吗？与在大街上闲逛相比，她更愿意在家里读书。根据would rather do than do句型，可知第二空应该用wander，故排除C、D两项；另外，根据spend+一段时间+(in)+动名词，可知第一空需用reading，故答案为B项。19. _ to a university in the UK,
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