安徽省中考英语 第二部分 专题语法 高效突破 专项2 名词课件

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第二部分第二部分 专项语法专项语法 高效突破高效突破专项专项 2 2 名名 词词考点考点1 1 名词词义辨析名词词义辨析 1.1.同类名词语境辨析同类名词语境辨析 同类名词常考类别包括抽象名词类、身体相关类、学习类名词、实物和自然物质类名词、场所类等。对于此类试题,考生应该按照类别来记忆。 (1)抽象名词(10年17考) ability能力;advantage优势(2014.56);age年龄;attention注意(2013.69);chance机会(2017.33);choice选择;colour 颜色(2013.31);conversation谈话;courage勇气;direction方向;dream梦想;effort努力;excuse借口;experience经验(2013.61,2010.68);fear害怕;fun乐趣;future将来;half半;help帮助;hope希望(2010.66);idea主意;information信息(2015.36);interest兴趣;joy高兴;message信息;mistake错误;moment时刻(2009.39);peace和平;praise赞扬;pride自豪(2014.37);problem问题;purpose目的;time时间;quarter四分之一;reason原因(2008.51);rest休息(2008.70);right权利;success成功高频考点高频考点精讲精讲(2008.59);suggestion建议;thought想法;trouble麻烦(2011.36);value价值(2014.57);victory胜利;way方法(2012.54);word话语(2009.61) (2)身体相关类名词(10年4考) body身体;mind头脑(2013.55);ear耳朵;eyesight视力;face脸;feeling感觉;hair头发;hearing听力(2010.58);heart心;looking长相;memory记忆(2010.70);mouth嘴;nose鼻子;smell气味;smiling笑容;spirit精神;taste味道(2008.62);life生命 (3)学习类名词(10年6考) action行动;answer答案;competition竞争;education教育(2015.55);exercise运动(2008.53);example例子(2009.63);game比赛;lesson课程(2010.59);map地图;method方法;number数字;page页码;picture图片;piece块,片(2011.57);point分数(2012.66);problem问题;progress进步;sentence句子;rule规则;skill技能;speech演讲;way方法;study学习(4)实物和自然物质类名词(10年5考)air空气;cloud云;earth地球;food食物;lake湖泊;moon月亮;pond池塘;rain雨(2012.51);river河流;sea海水(2011.68);star星星;storm暴风雨;sun太阳(2011.70);sunlight阳光(2014.70);water水(2011.66)(5)场所类名词(10年5考)bedroom卧室;city城市;edge边缘;field田野;garden花园;kitchen厨房(2016.50);room房间;school学校;space空间(2013.62)(2017.65);top顶部(2017.62);town城镇;village农村(2015.45)【注意】【注意】1.常考的名词的不同词义需要分辨清楚,(1)下面几组名词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词,用法如下:work既作可数名词,也作不可数名词,但意义不同。意为“作品”时是可数名词,通常指书法、绘画作品;意为“工作”时是不可数名词。如:Qi Baishis works.齐白石的作品。 exercise作不可数名词,意为“运动,练习”;作可数名词常用复数exercises,如:eye exercises眼保健操。 paper作不可数名词,意为“纸”,如:a piece of paper一张纸;作可数名词,意为“试卷”。 orange作不可数名词,意为“橘汁”;作可数名词,意为“橘子”。 2.下列两组名词既可以作集体名词又可以作个体名词,用法如下: (1)family作集体名词,意为“家人”,其本身就是复数意义,无需再变复数,谓语动词用复数;而作个体名词“家庭”讲时,多个家庭应变复数families。 (2)people作集体名词,意为“人们”, 其本身就是复数意义,无需再变复数,谓语动词用复数;作个体名词“民族”讲时,多个民族应变复数peoples。 3有些词本身永远是复数意义,谓语动词用复数,如:clothes。 附表:初中英语名词不同词义辨析附表:初中英语名词不同词义辨析experience详见八年级上册Unit 9Unit 10高频考点精讲考点8taste作名词,意为“风味,口味”。如:My father likes taste of Shandong.我爸爸喜欢山东风味。作动词,后接形容词,意为“尝起来”。如:The soup tastes good.这个汤尝起来很好。ride作名词,意为“路程”。如:Its 10 minutes bike ride from my home to school.从家到学校骑自行车有10分钟的路程。作动词,意为“骑,乘坐”。如:I like riding bikes.我喜欢骑自行车。cold作名词,意为“感冒”;作形容词,意为“冷的”。如: He had a cold in the cold winter.他在寒冷的冬天感冒了。heat作名词,意为“热度”;作动词,意为“加热”。 如:This heat is not enough,so we need to heat it again.这个热度不够高,所以我们需要再加热一下。feed作名词,意为“饲料”;作动词,意为 “喂养”。 如:Lucy likes feeding the rabbits with grass feed.露西喜欢用草类饲料喂小兔子。matter作名词,意为“麻烦”。如:Whats the matter?怎么了?;作动词,意为“有关系,要紧”。如:It doesnt matter.没关系。break作名词,意为“间断,休息”;作动词,意为“打破,破坏”。如: Jim broke the glass of the room in the morning break.上午休息时,吉姆打碎了这个房间的玻璃。notice作名词,意为“通知”;作动词,意为“下达,通知,注意到”。如:He noticed that we didnt see the notice about resting.他注意到我们没有看到休息通知。change作名词,意为“变化”;作动词,意为“变得”。 如:My cousin changed a lot and his changes are surprising.我的表兄变了很多,他的变化令人吃惊。dress作名词,意为“连衣裙,晚礼服”;作动词,意为“给某人穿”。如:Her mother dressed her in a nice dress.她母亲给她穿上了一件漂亮的连衣裙。leave作名词,意为“假期”,多指事假、病假;作动词,意为“离开”。如:ask for a twoday sick leave 请两天的病假。match作名词,意为“比赛”。作动词,意为“连线,搭配”。如:We watched a football match last night.昨晚我们看了一场足球赛。Please match the words with the pictures.请把单词与图片匹配。 2 2近义名词辨析近义名词辨析 近十年安徽中考对近义名词词义辨析没有设题考查,但是掌握它们的异同有助于同学们在写作中准确运用最佳词汇表达观点。初三的同学们复习时要注意总结归纳。初中英语近义名词辨析初中英语近义名词辨析family,home,house与room详见七年级上册Unit 1Unit 4(含Starter)高频考点精讲考点3work与jobwork泛指所有的工作且为不可数名词,而job指具体的工作且为可数名词。如:His job used to be a teacher,but now he doesnt have work.他过去是一名老师,但现在没有工作。voice,sound与noise详见八年级下册Unit 5Unit 6高频考点精讲考点5 product与inventionproduct作名词,意为“产品”,多指加工而成的。invention作名词,意为“发明”。holiday,vacation与festivalholiday多指法律法规规定的节假日,如:winter holiday寒假。vacation多指长的假期,如:be on amonthvacation 正在过为期一个月的假期。festival指一个国家或者地方传统的节日。stop与 stationstop指行程中的小站,如:Zhongshan Road Stop 中山路站。station多指大站或者总站,如:railway station 火车站。trouble,problem与difficultytrouble为不可数名词,多指麻烦事,如:be in trouble with the police陷入与警察的麻烦中。problem多指有难度的练习题。difficulty泛指困难,如:have difficulty in studying 学习有困难。cook与cookercook作名词,意为“厨师”;作动词,意为“做饭”。 如:Our cook is good at cooking meat.我们的厨师擅长做肉。cooker为名词,意为“厨具”,如:He doesnt have any cookers.他没有任何厨具。turn与turningturn作名词,意为“顺序”;作动词,意为“变得, 转”。如:Its your turn to clean the room.轮到你打扫房间了。His face turned red.他的脸变红了。turning为名词,意为“路口,拐弯处”。 如:They turned left at the second turning.他们在第二个路口左拐了。考点考点2 2 可数名词与不可数名词可数名词与不可数名词 1.1.可数名词与不可数名词的区别可数名词与不可数名词的区别 (1)判断名词是可数名词还是不可数名词的口诀: 可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。 如每半不能叫原名,那该词可数最公平。 每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。 如:desk表示“课桌”,若将课桌分成两半,每半只能叫课桌的一部分,不能再称作课桌,所以desk是可数名词;meat表示“肉”,将一块肉一分两块,所得的两块仍可以称作肉,所以meat是不可数名词。 (2)也可以在该词之前试着加基数词来进行判断。一般能用基数词的名词,通常是可数名词,如:one boy 一个男孩;three boys 三个男孩。 【拓展】【拓展】常见的名词修饰语: 1.只修饰可数名词的修饰语:few 很少几个,几乎没有;a few有几个;several有几个;many很多;a couple of两个;many a很多;a number of若干;a great / large number of许多。2只修饰不可数名词的修饰语:little很少,几乎没有;a little有一点儿;much很多;a bit of有一点儿;a good / great deal of很多;a large amount of大量的。3既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语:some一些;a lot of很多;lots of很多;plenty of充足的;enough足够的;most大多数的;hardly any几乎没有;the rest of剩下的。2 2可数名词可数名词可数名词所表示的人或事物可以用数来计算,有单数、复数两种形式。主要包括个体名词和集体名词。(1)如何判断可数名词用单数形式还是复数形式判断可数名词用单数形式还是复数形式的方法是取决于物体是单个还是多个,如果只有一个就用单数,如果多个就用复数。用单数形式的判定:表示单一的概念,前面通常有不定冠词a / an修饰;或者有定冠词the修饰特指某一个。用复数形式的判定:表示两个或两个以上的概念,前面通常有表示复数概念的限定词修饰,如:不定代词及一些固定短语(many,some,any,a few,few,all kinds of,a lot of,a number of,several,a couple of.)、数词(除one之外的基数词)、代词(our,their,these,those)等。根据上下文语境及空格后的动词单复数形式来判断,如:系动词为are或were时,名词为可数名词复数;系动词为is或was时,名词为可数名词单数或不可数名词。动词是原形时,名词用复数;动词是第三人称单数形式时,名词为不可数名词或可数名词单数。根据生活常识,一些名词常以复数形式出现,如:trousers裤子;glasses眼镜;clothes衣服;scissors剪刀;chopsticks筷子等。根据一些特定的句型结构来判断。如:one ofthe可数名词复数意为“最之一”。(2)名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法例词一般情况加sbookbooks;toytoys;treetrees;facefaces;licenselicenses;prizeprizes;orangeoranges以s,x,sh,ch结尾加esbusbuses;boxboxes;brushbrushes;watchwatches;特例:stomachstomachs以“辅音字母y”结尾y变为i,再加escitycities;factoryfactories以f或fe结尾f或fe改为v,再加eswolfwolves;wifewives以元音字母o结尾加szoozoos;radioradios以辅音字母o结尾有生命的名词加es heroheroes;potatopotatoes;tomatotomatoes 无生命的名词加sphotophotos;pianopianos (3)名词复数的不规则变化 以f或fe结尾,变复数为ves的名词。 口诀:口诀:树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去割粮,架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙。leaf (树叶),half (一半),self (自己),wife (妻子),knife (刀子),shelf (架子),wolf (狼),thief(窃贼,强盗),life (生命)。 元音字母或词尾变化。 口诀:口诀:男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠孩子的牙。 如:manmen;womanwomen;childchildren;footfeet;mousemice;childchildren;toothteeth。特例:GermanGermans;humanhumans各国人变复数。口诀:口诀:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。Chinese,Japanese单复数同形;Englishman,Frenchman中man变为men;其余各国人如German,American,Indian等均在后面直接加s。单复数同形。Chinese(中国人)Chinese,Japanese(日本人)Japanese,sheep(绵羊)sheep,fish(鱼)fish,deer(鹿)deer。口诀:口诀:中国人和日本人爱护绵羊、鱼和鹿。注意:注意:fish指鱼的种类时,要加上es才成复数;当指鱼的条数时,单复数形式相同;指鱼肉时,为不可数名词。形式为单数,意思为复数。如:people,police。视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。如:family,class,team,group。 形式为复数,意思为单数。如:news,physics,the United States等。 只用复数形式。如:noodles;trousers;thanks;goods;chopsticks;pants,shorts,clothes,glasses等。 名词修饰名词时,若前面的名词是man和 woman,变复数时,两个名词同时变复数。如:a man doctortwo men doctors。若是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变为复数形式。如:a girl friendtwo girl friends。 3 3. .不可数名词不可数名词 不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,主要包括物质名词和抽象名词两种。不可数名词的计量形式:基数词 / 不定冠词量词of不可数名词,但数词决定量词的单复数形式。如:a glass of water一杯水;a piece of news 一则新闻;two pairs of glasses两副眼镜;three pieces of advice三条建议。初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:饮料milk牛奶;water水;wine酒;juice果汁;tea茶;coffee咖啡;orange橙汁肉类meat肉;fish鱼肉;chicken鸡肉;beef牛肉;mutton羊肉食物food食物;bread面包;cheese奶酪;rice米饭;bread面包;porridge粥;sugar糖;salt盐;fruit水果自然物体soil土壤;sand沙子;wood木头;nature自然情感pride骄傲;duty责任;trouble麻烦;joy高兴;friendship友谊;peace和平;fun快乐学科math数学;geography地理;physics物理;chemistry化学;music音乐概念information信息;safety安全;colour颜色;moment时刻;time时间;advice建议;paper纸;news新闻考点考点3 3 名词所有格名词所有格 名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式:一种是在名词后加s;另一种是用of表示 “的”。 1.1.s / s / s s 所有格所有格 (1)主要用于人或其他有生命的事物的名词, 直接在词尾加s。 如: Is this Mr Blacks factory?这是布莱克先生的工厂吗? (2)以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾加。如: teachers books老师们的书。 (3)两人共有的物体, 只在第二个名词后加s;如果是两人分别所有, 则在每个名词后面加s。 如:Lucy and Lilys room露西和莉莉的房间 (指两人共住一个房间);Mrs.Greens and Mrs.Browns sons格林女士的儿子和布朗女士的儿子(指两人各自的儿子)。 (4)表示某个具体场所时,所有格后面的名词可省略。如:the doctors (office)医生办公室;Mr.Whites (house)怀特的家。 (5)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命物体的名词,也可以加s来构成所有格。如:ten minutes walk十分钟的步行路程;todays newspaper今天的报纸。 2.2.ofof所有格所有格 (1)没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。如: the wall of the classroom教室的墙;a picture of the bedroom卧室的图片。 (2)双重所有格就是将of结构与s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用。如: a friend of his他的一个朋友;the big nose of Toms汤姆的大鼻子。十年真题十年真题全练全练考点考点1 1 名词词义辨析名词词义辨析1.2017安徽,33题The New Silk Road will offer a good A for nations to communicate.Achance Bhabit Cquestion Dprice2.2016安徽,32题Cathy has such a good C that she won many prizes in singing competitions last year.Asleep Bidea Cvoice Dtime3.2015安徽,36题How can I get some A about the 2016 Olympic Games?Why not reach the Internet?Ainformation BexperienceCpractice Dsuccess4.2014安徽,37题More and more people come to visit Mount Huangshan.Thats true.It has become the A of Anhui.Apride Beffort Cpraise Dcourage5.2013安徽,31题What is Miss Gaos favourite A ?She is always in pink.Dont you know?Acolour Bbook Csong Dmovie62011安徽,36题I have great A in learning math and Im so worried.Could you help me?Sure.Id be glad to.Atrouble Binterest Cjoy Dfun72010安徽,39题Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are D .Afriends BneighborsCclassmates Dstrangers82009安徽,39题Shall we go shopping now?Sorry.Its not the right D Im too tired.Away Bweather Cplace Dmoment92008安徽,34题The music made me think of the D of a running stream.Ashout Bnoise Cvoice Dsound考点考点2 2 可数名词与不可数名词可数名词与不可数名词 根据首字母及汉语提示,完成下列单词的拼写,使句意明确,语言通顺。10.2017安徽,92题My fathers Tshirt has completely lost its shape_(形状)11.2017安徽,94题An old man began to collect rubbish along the river bank(s)_(岸) years ago.12.2016安徽,91题Mary has developed a new way of life by getting close to nature_(自然)13.2016安徽,93题This Chinese painting is the greatest work of art_(艺术) I have ever seen.14.2015安徽,92题When swimming,you should put safety_(安全) first.15.2015安徽,95题Please accept our best wishes_(祝愿)for your exams.16.2014安徽,97题We feel it is our duty (责任)to help each other.17.2013安徽,97题I could hear her sweet voice (嗓音) from the next room.18.2013安徽,99题Would you please make a shopping list (清单) for the picnic?19.2012安徽,96题This bike is a gift (礼物)from my uncle.20.2012安徽,99题Reading and writing are two basic learning skills (技能)21.2012安徽,100题Make sure you put all the answers in your paper (试卷)before handing it in.22.2011安徽,98题My main task (任务) was to prepare for the meeting.23.2011安徽,100题He told me to go out to find some sticks (枝条) for a fire.24.2010安徽,97题He is writing on the blackboard with a piece of chalk_(粉笔)25.2009安徽,96题You will be masters of the 21st century (世纪)26.2009安徽,99题Im sure you will enjoy the fruit(s) (果实)of your hard work soon.27.2008安徽,96题Our government has made several laws_(法律)to protect children.28.2008安徽,100题Mom often tells Linda not to talk to a stranger (陌生人).单项填空单项填空1Would you please give us some on how to deal with the school bully?Apromise Bnews Cadvice Dpurpose2As students,it is our to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher.Awork Bjob Cduty Dtask3Im sorry I went out for a smoke.I was very tired.Theres no for this while you are at work.Acause Bexcuse Cmatter Dchoice4Mr.Wang was sent to teach English in a far village school in the two past years.He said he would never forget some pleasant _while working there.Aexperiments BexpressionsCexperiences DemotionsC猜押预测猜押预测CBC5These polluted rivers have warned us that everyone should start to protect the _immediately.Aamusement BdevelopmentCenvironment Dgovernment6I have _in learning English and Im so worried.Could you help me with it?Sure,Id love to.Ajoy Binterest Ctrouble Dfun7Judy,I guess you are only twentyfive years old,is that true?Oh,its a _Asuggestion BsecretCreason Dproblem8Being honest is the first _to make friends with others.Astep Btime Cjob DhandCCBA9The food safety is a serious_in China.We should try to solve it.Asubject BprogramCproblem Dopinion10Youd better read the_first before you use the smart mobile phone.Awebsites BexpressionsCinstructions DadvertisementsIIII. .单词拼写单词拼写 根据首字母及汉语提示,完成下列单词的拼写,使句意明确,语言通顺。11When Jack was younger,his h_(爱好)was collecting stamps,but now he likes painting.12The p_(价格) of the smart mobile phone is over 4000 yuan.My father cant afford it.13The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.So far many b_(桥) have been built over it.CCobbyriceridges14Every year many people get hurt or die in t_(交通)accidents.15My English teacher is full of e_(活力),he always works for a long time every day and never gets tired.16There is no doubt that Tu Youyou is a great s_(成功) with Nobel Prize.17Whether Siheyuan in Beijing should be kept or not is under a hot d_(讨论)18People in the country love p_(和平)and hate wars.19Hold on and study hard,and your d_(梦想)will come true.20Sorry,I took your dictionary by m_(错误)yesterday afternoon.rafficnergy/energiesuccessiscussioneaceream/dreamsistake
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