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精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Chapter two1. Phonetics: Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of studyarticulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.2. Phonology：Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur”.3. speech organs: those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech, also known as vocal organs.4. voicing: the vibration of the vocal folds. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be voiced. When the vocal folds are apart and the air can pass through easily, the sound produced is said to be voiceless.5. International Phonetic Alphabet: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. The latest version has been revised in 1993 and updated in 1996.6. consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.7. vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.8. manner of articulation: ways in which articulation of consonants can be accomplished(a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (b) they may narrow the space considerably; or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.9. place of articulation: the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.10. coarticulation: simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. If the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation（先期协同发音）; if the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticution（后滞协同发音）.11. phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.12. allophone: variants of the same phoneme. If two or more phonetically different sounds do not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. To be allophones, they must be in complementary distribution and bear phonetic similarity.13. assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound, a term often used synonymously with coarticulation. If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is called regressive assimilation（逆同化）; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation（顺同化）.14. distinctive features: a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds, first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people.15. syllable: an important unit in the study of suprasegmentals. A syllable must have a nucleus or peak, which is often the task of a vowel or possibly that of a syllabic consonant, and often involves an optional set of consonants before and/or after the nucleus.I. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1) , 2) , 3) , 4) d , 5) p, 6) k, 7) l, 8) , 9) u, 10) 1) voiced dental fricative , 2) voiceless postalveolar fricative, 3) velar nasal 4) voiced alveolar stop/plosive 5) voiceless bilabial stop/plosive 6) voiceless velar stop/plosive7) (alveolar) lateral 8) high front unrounded lax vowel9) high back rounded tense vowel 10) low back rounded lax vowelII. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1) voiceless labiodental fricative; 2) voiced postalveolar fricative; 3) palatal approximant ;4) voiceless glottal fricative; 5) voiceless alveolar stop; 6) high-mid front unrounded vowel; 7) high central rounded vowel; 8) low front rounded vowel; 9) low-mid back rounded vowel; 10) high back rounded tense vowel. 1) f; 2) ; 3) j; 4) h; 5) t; 6) e; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10) u.专心-专注-专业
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