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知识盘点真题探究 理解并掌握并列连词的四种关系:联合、转折、选择和因果。并列连词的考查要点为:(1)根据语意关系选择合适的并列连词;(2)根据并列连词的意义及其体现出的逻辑关系选择适当的词语、时态等。状语从句的考查要点:连词的选用、时态的确定、状语从句中的语序及省略情况;状语从句与定语从句、名词性从句以及强调句型的区别及综合考查。一、连词考点1表示联合关系的并列连词1.and连接两个并列成分,连接两个谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究Tom came to see me and stayed for a week.汤姆来看我,还逗留了一个星期。I said it and ( I ) meant it. 我说到做到。2.or常用于否定句中代替and。He never smokes or drinks. 他从不抽烟喝酒。Theres no food or drink in the fridge. 冰箱里没有食物和饮料。3.as well as用来连接两个并列成分,当连接三个成分时采用A as well as B and C结构;连接主语时,谓语动词的人称和数应与前一主语保持一致。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究His children as well as his wife were invited to the party. 他的太太和孩子们都被请去参加聚会。4.表示联合关系的并列连词还有:both.and., neither.nor., not on-ly.but also.等。当连接两个主语时,除了both.and.的谓语动词用复数外,其余的要注意“邻近原则”。Both Tom and John are English.汤姆和约翰都是英国人。Neither my classmates nor I am interested in playing cards.我的同学和我都对打牌没兴趣。考点2表示选择关系的并列连词知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究1.or在句子中连接并列成分,表示选择或进一步说明。You may do it yourself, or (you many) ask someone else to do it. 你可以自己做,或是请别人做。She studies biochemistry, or the science of life. 她研究生物化学,也就是生命科学。2.or (else) / otherwise用来连接两个意义转折的并列分句。You should take his advice, or (else) / otherwise you might get into trouble. 你最好听取他的建议,否则会有麻烦。考点3表示转折关系的并列连词知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究1.but连接两个并列成分;连接两个并列分句时,有时句中某些词可以省略;还可放在句首,后面不接逗号。We tried to the door again, but it wouldnt move. 我们再次试着开门,但还是打不开。I wont go. 我不去了。But you told me you would. 可是你说过要去的。Im sorry, but can you lend me a hand? 劳驾,可不可以帮个忙?2.while作为并列连词,其意思为“而;却”,表示对比。He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music. 他喜欢流行音乐,知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究而我却喜欢民间音乐。3.yet可以连接两个并列分句,用逗号分开,也可以在yet前加and,还可以放在一个句子的句首。The car is old, (and) yet it is in good condition. 这辆车旧了,但是状况良好。考点4表示因果关系的并列连词1.for (因为;由于) 用来引导两个并列的分句,只能放在后半句,而且必须用逗号与前一分句隔开。for引导的分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for引导的分句不能用来回答why引导的知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究问句。Youd better put on your sweater, for its rather cold outside. 你最好把毛衣穿上,外面很冷。The oil must be out, for the light went out. 想必油用完了,因为灯灭了。2.so (因此;所以)可以连接两个并列分句,中间有时用逗号与前一句分隔开;也可在so前加and,还可放在一个句子的句首。The monkey came towards him, so he gave the monkey a piece of bread. 猴子向他走过来,他就给了猴子一块面包。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究二、状语从句考点1 when, while和as的区别1.when 意为“在时刻或时期”,它可指“时间点或时间段”,它引导的状语从句的谓语既可用持续性动词或系动词be表示状态,又可用结束性动词。when引导的从句的动作既可与主句的动作同时发生,又可先于或后于主句的动作。When you arrive in London, please give us a call. 当你到达伦敦时请给我们打个电话。When they came home, I was cooking dinner. 他们回到家时,我正在知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究做晚饭。2.while 只指“时间段”,它引导的从句的谓语必须用延续性动词或系动词be表示状态。While he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell. 就在吃早餐的时候,他听到了门铃声。We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。While I was reading, he was playing. 我在读书时,他在玩。3.as意为“一边一边”或“随着”,着重表示主句与从句的动作同时发生。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究He hurried home, looking behind as he walked. 他匆匆忙忙地往家赶,一边走一边回头望。As the days went on, the weather got worse. 随着时间的推移,天气越来越糟糕。4.如果主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时,when, while与as可互换使用。在as引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词不能表状态;as引导原因状语从句时,谓语动词可表状态。As / While / When she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep. 知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究奶奶看报纸的时候睡着了。Im going to the post office. 我要去邮局。While / When youre there, can you get me some stamps? 到了那里,你能给我买几张邮票吗?考点2when用作并列连词,其意思为“在这时;在那时”,相当于and at this / that timeI was about to go swimming when our guide stopped me. 我正要去游泳,这时向导把我拦住了。We were having a meeting when a stranger broke in. 我们正在开会,这知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究时一个陌生人闯了进来。She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to prac-tice playing the piano yesterday.昨天她刚刚做完作业,这时妈妈让她练习弹钢琴。考点3 as soon as, directly, instantly; the moment / minute / instant这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,常译为“一 就”。I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。I want to see him the moment he arrives.希望他一到我就见到他。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究考点4no sooner.than., hardly / scarcely.when / before.这两种句型都表示“一就”之意,但它们有时态限制,前面部分用过去完成时,后面用一般过去时。如果no sooner, hardly, scarcely放在句首,句子要倒装。We had hardly sat down to supper when the telephone rang. 我们刚坐下用餐,电话就响了。She had no sooner said it than she burst into tears. 她刚一说完,泪水便夺眶而出。考点5the first / second. last time (在第一次/第二次最后一次知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究时);every / each / any time (每一次/任何一次时);(the) next time (下一次时)Every time I hear that song, I feel happy. 我每次听到那首歌都感到愉快。Next time youre here, lets have lunch together. 下一次你来这里,咱们一起吃午饭吧。考点6before / after引导的时间状语从句before意为“在之前”,还可表示下列意思:“还未就;不到就;才;趁;还没来得及就知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究”。We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我们航行了四天四夜才看见了陆地。We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。Please write it down before you forget it. 趁你现在还没忘,把它记下来。Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究考点7sincesince从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是非延续性的或者是反复发生的动作。since从句的时态若是一般过去时,相应地,主句的时态应是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。I have written home four times since I came here. 自从我来到这儿,我往家写了四封信。在“It is / has been + 一段时间 + since 从句”句型中,时间的计算一律从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。It is three years since the war broke out. 战争爆发已有三年了。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究It is three years since I smoked a cigar (=since I stopped smoking a cigar). 我不吸烟有三年了。考点8until / till和not.until引导的时间状语从句1.肯定句:主句谓语动词必须是延续性谓语动词,主句、从句都为肯定式,意为“某动作一直持续到某时间点才停止”。You may stay here until the rain stops. 你在这儿可以呆到雨停。2.否定句:主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为“某动作直到某事才开始”。He wont go to bed till she returns. 直到她回来他才睡。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究3.not.until句型中的强调和倒装用法。It was until you told me that I had any idea of it. Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才对它有点儿印象。考点9by the timeby the time意为“到时候为止”。by the time 引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时,主句用将来完成时;从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时。He will have learned English for eight years by the time he graduates 知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究from the university next year. 到他明年大学毕业时,他就学八年英语了。考点10where引导的地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的从属连词where, wherever指具体地点时,从句可位于主句之前或之后;表示抽象条件的含义时,从句须放在主句之前。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them a-gain. 你应该养成习惯,把东西放在你能再找到的地方。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究考点11原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because, as, since, now that, considering that, when (既然), in that, for。because 语气最强,用来说明人所不知的原因。回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就要用as, since或now that。当回答以why引导的疑问句时必须用because。The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his country. 这个意大利男孩儿为国家献出了生命而被当作民族英雄。Now that / Since youve got a chance, you might as well make full use 知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究of it.既然你已得到了机会,最好是要充分利用。除状语从句外,一些介词短语也可以表示原因,这样的短语有:be-cause of, as a result of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。考点12条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if, unless, as / so long as, in case (万一), on condition that, once(一旦就)等。We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains. (=We shall go there tomor-row if it doesnt rain.) 除非下雨,我们明天就去那里。Once you hear the song, youll never forget it. 一旦你听过这首歌,你知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究就不会忘记。As / So long as you work hard, you will succeed. 只要你努力工作,你就一定能成功。考点13方式状语从句1.as, like意义为“正如;按照”,其引导的状语从句可放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。Do you have to feed plants as you feed chickens? 你是否必须给植物喂东西吃,就像你给小鸡喂食那样?2.as if / though的意义为“似乎;好像”,其引导的方式状语从句应放知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究在主句之后。as if / though引导的状语从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。She closed her eyes as if she were tired. 她闭上眼睛,好像累了。He kept working as if nothing had happened. 他继续工作,仿佛什么都没有发生似的。考点14目的状语从句1.so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句,意思是“以便;为了”。状语从句中需用情态动词can / could, may / might, will / would。in order to 比so that正式,引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究之后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。They worked harder than usual in order that they could finished the work ahead of time.他们比平常更加倍努力地工作就是为了能提前完成。2.for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句,意思是 “以免;以防”。状语从句中谓语动词要用should +动词原形或动词的一般现在时/一般过去时。Put on more clothes lest / for fear that you should catch cold. 多穿点衣服,以防感冒。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究考点15结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that, so.that.,such.that.,在非正式文体中,so.that.,such.that.中that可以省略。We left in such a hurry that we forget to lock the door. 我们走得匆忙,都忘了锁门了。The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map. 这村子太小,所以地图上没有。考点16让步状语从句1.although / though(虽然;尽管), even if / though(虽然;尽管;即使), 知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究while。though与although两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet, still和nevertheless连用,但都不能和but连用。Even though he is poor, she loves him. 虽然他很穷,她还是爱他。2.as引导让步状语从句时,要把表语、状语(副词)、动词放到句首;动词开头时,主语常与may, might, will, would连用(though也有此用法)。如果表语是可数名词,要去掉不定冠词。但是如果这个可数名词有修饰语,则要保留不定冠词。Child he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子,他却懂得很多。3.由no matter what / how或whatever / however等构成的让步状语从知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究句。However / No matter how busy he is, he will find time to help us. 不管他怎么忙,他也会抽时间帮我们。4.由whether. or.(不管还是)引导的状语从句。Whether we go or stay, the result is the same. 不管我们是去还是留,结果都是一样。考点17比较状语从句1.不同级比较 This project was completed earlier than we had expected. 这项工程完知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究成得比我们预计的要早。Tom didnt jump as / so far as Jim (did). 汤姆跳得不如吉姆远。This book is less important than that one (is). 这本书不如那本书重要。2.同级比较Tom jumped as far as Jim (did). 汤姆跳得和吉姆一样远。3.“as + 形容词 + a / an + 名词 + as.”结构Harry is as good a worker as Peter (is). 哈里这个工人和彼德一样好。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究考点18状语从句的时态问题一般来说,状语从句的时态应与主句的时态相呼应。值得注意的是,状语从句指的是将来情况时不能使用将来时态,而要酌情使用一般现在时或现在完成时;同样,状语从句指的是过去将来的情况时不能使用过去将来时态,而要酌情使用一般过去时或过去完成时。如:If their marketing plans succeed, they will increase their sales by 20 percent.如果他们的市场计划成功了,他们将会增加20%的销售量。考点19状语从句的语序知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究1.however / whatever 和no matter how / what等引导的让步状语从句用陈述语序,即“however / no matter how +形容词/副词+陈述语序”或“whatever / no matter what +名词+陈述语序”。如:Whatever the weather is like tomorrow, our ship will set sail for Macao.2.“the + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语,the + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语”句型。如:In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better our holiday will be.近年来,旅行社成功地向我们兜售了这样的观点:走得越远,假期越美好。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究考点20状语从句中的省略情况1.如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句的谓语动词为be或含有助动词be, 通常可把状语从句的主语和动词be省略,从而使语言更加简洁、明了。The experiment shows that proper amount of exercise, if carried out regularly, can improve our health.实验表明,适量的运动如果是定期地实行时,能改善我们的健康。Although against my opinion, the old professor didnt come up with his own.即使反对我的想法,老教授还是没想出他自己的。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究2.如果状语从句的主语是it,且从句的谓语部分为系动词be + 形容词表语,通常可把状语从句中的it is省略,从而使语言更加简洁、明了。Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?Yes. If (it is) possible, Im going to visit some homes for the old in the city.3.如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,从句的谓语部分没有be动词而为一般动词,通常可把状语从句的主语省略,而把一般动词变为v-ing形式。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention to the dif-ferences without noticing the many similarities.Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.4.在whatever引导的让步状语从句中,若whatever作表语,系动词be可以省略。The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit whatever the sea-son.5.在as if / though引导的让步状语从句中,若表示将要发生的动作,从句可缩写成as if to do的形式;若从句表示的是正在进行的动作,从句知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究可缩写成as if doing的形式。如:The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if to see whether he was going in the right direction.A stranger looked this way and that, as if looking for something. 知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究1.(2011福建) It was April 29, 2011 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.A.that B.when C.since D.before【答案与解析】B句意:2011年4月29日,威廉王子和凯特米德尔顿步入婚姻殿堂。本题考查状语从句。根据句意可知设空处引导时间状语从句,故答案为B项。本题易误选A项,认为本题考查强调句型,如选A项,需在April 29, 2011前加上介词on。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究2.(2011湖南) Jack wasnt saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him he had done something very clever.A.as if B.in case C.while D.though【答案与解析】A句意:杰克没说什么,但是老师向他微笑,好像他做了是明智之举似的。本题考查状语从句的用法。in case“以防”;while“然而”;though“尽管”,以上三项都不符合题意,故选A项。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究3.(2011山东) He had his camera ready he saw something that would make a good picture. A.even if B.if only C.in case D.so that【答案与解析】C句意:他准备好了照相机,以防能拍到他看到的好的画面。本题考查状语从句。even if“尽管;即使”;if only“要是就好了”;in case“以防;万一”,so that“为了”。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究4.(2011辽宁) No matter how , it is not necessarily lifeless.A.a desert may be dry B.dry a desert may beC.may a desert be dryD.dry may a desert be【答案与解析】B句意:无论沙漠多么干燥,那里也未必没有生命。本题考查让步状语从句。“no matter how +形容词/副词+主语+谓语”构成让步状语从句。四个选项中只有B项符合要求。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究5.(2011全国) It was a nice meal, a little expensive.A.though B.whether C.as D.since【答案与解析】A句意:这顿饭尽管有点贵,但还是不错的。本题考查状语从句连词的选择。由语境中两个关键词nice和expensive可知这里表示转折,故排除B、D两项。as作“尽管”讲时,要用倒装结构。知识盘点知识盘点真题探究真题探究
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