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人教版八年级上册英语1-5单元知识点梳理Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation语法知识一般过去时1一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。2Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasnt)are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=werent)带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑问句把was或were放到句首。3句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子否定句:didnt +动词原形,如:Jim didnt go home yesterday.一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如:Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句:疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?如: What did Jim do yesterday?疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式?如:Who went to home yesterday?动词过去式变化规则:1一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked2结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted3末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped4以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied5不规则动词过去式:参照P142-P143二复合不定代词的使用 复合不定代词是由some-,any-,no-,every-加上-one,-body,-thing等所组成的不定代词。复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等十二个。这些复合代词具有名词性质,在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。 一、复合不定代词的指代对象1、含-body和-one的复合代词只用来指人,含-body的复合不定代词与含-one的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同,可以互换。只是用-body时显得较通俗些,多用于口语中,用-one时显得较文雅些,更常见于正式场合及书面语中。如:Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房间哭。No one/Nobody is stupid. 没有谁是愚蠢的。2、含-thing的复合不定代词只用来指事物。如:Are you going to buy anything?你会去买东西吗?I can hear nothing but your vioce. 我只听到了你的声音。二、复合不定代词的属格1、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有-s属格形式。如:Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybodys seat? 这儿有人坐吗?2、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时,-s属格应加在else之后。如:Can you remember someone elses name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗?3、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词没有-s属格形式。三、复合不定代词的数1、复合不定代词都具有单数的含义,因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时,其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如:Is everyone here today? 今天,大家都到齐了吗?Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。2、当要对一群人讲话时,可使用以复合不定代词作主语的祈使句,句中的动词用原形。如:Nobody move!= Don anybody move! 都别动!Everyone lie down! 统统趴下!四、复合不定代词的替代问题由于复合不定代词都具有单数的含义,所以在正规的英语中用来替代它们的代词也应该是单数形式。1、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词,其代词应该是he/she, him/her,其-s属格形式的代词应该是his/her, his/hers。如:Everyone has his/her own words. 每个人都有他(她)自己的说辞。但是,这样一来就会因为性别的差异而使得在代词的运用上具有不确定性,所以为了避免这种别扭的情况,我们一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口语中以及非正式场合下。如:No one gave you a ticket, did they? 没人给你票,是吗?Someone came in, but I didnt know who they were. 有人进来了,但我不知道是谁。2、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词,不会因性别上的差异而使得在代词的运用上产生不确定性,因此我们就使用it。如:Something goes wrong, doesnt it?出问题了,是吗?五、复合不定代词的定语复合不定代词的定语必须后置,即放在复合不定代词的后面。如:Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗?Is there anybody important here? 这儿有大人物吗?Would you like something to eat? 要来些吃的东西吗?六、含some-和any-的复合不定代词间的用法区别由some-和any-所构成的复合不定代词(即something和anything;someone和anyone;somebody和anybody)之间的区别跟some和any的区别一样。1、something,someone,somebody通常用于肯定句中,而anything,anyone,anybody一般用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句中。如: He found something strange but interesting.他发现了一些奇怪但却有趣的事情。Do you have anything to say ?你有话要说吗?I cant meet anybody on the island. 在岛上,我没遇见任何人。2、在表示请求、邀请、提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句,和希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句,以及表示反问的问句中,也用something,someone,somebody等复合不定代词。如:Would you like something to eat?要些吃的东西吗?Isnt there something wrong with you? 难道你没问题吗?3、当anything表示“任何事(物),无论何事(物)”,anyone,anybody表示“无论谁,任何人”等意义时,它们也可以用于肯定句中。如:Anything is OK. 什么都行。Anybody knows the answer.任何人都知道答案。七、复合不定代词的否定1、“not every-”表示的是部分否定,意为“并非都,不都”。例如:Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。The teacher didnt call everyones name. 老师并没有点所有人的名。2、“not any-”和no-均表示全否定。例如:He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听,但什么也没听到。= He listened, but didnt hear anything.You havent called anyone/anybody up, have you? 你没给谁打过电话,是吗?= You have called no one/nobody up, have you?八、复合不定代词作名词复合不定代词可以充当名词用,表示“的事情(东西或人)”。1、someone/somebody, anyone/anybody的意义是“重要人物,大人物”,everyone/everybody意为“最重要的人”,no one/nobody则意指“无关紧要的人,小人物”。例如:2、something,anything的意义是“重要事情(东西)”,everything表示“最重要的事情(东西)”,nothing则指“毫无趣味的事情,无关紧要的东西”。九、合与分的区别问题1、 someone,anyone,everyone都只能指人,且不和介词of连用;some one,any one,every one则既可指人又可指物,可与介词of连用。例如:Anyone should be polite to every one of them.任何人都要礼貌对待他们中的每一个人。-Which toy would you like? -Any one is OK. -你要那个玩具?-随便。2、no one(=nobody)“没有人”,只用来指人,通常不和介词of连用;none“没有一个”,既可以用来指人也可用来指物。例如:No one can do it better. 没有人能做得更好。None of these questions is easy, and none of us can even answer any one of them.这些问题没有一个是容易的,我们中没有一个人能答出其中的一题。回答who引导的特殊疑问句时用no one;回答how many引导的特殊疑问句时用none。例如:-Who was late ? -No one. -谁迟到了?-谁也没有迟到。-How many pigs do you keep? -None. -你养几头猪?-一头也没养。三短语词组 1.It seems that+从句 e.g. It seems that she is a good girl.她看起来是个好女孩 -She seems to be a good girl.当去掉it做形式主语时可以将主语置于前。 2. decide to do sth e.g. I decide to get a full score in the final exam. 我决心期末考试的时候我要考满分 3.try to do sth 尽力去做. e.g. I try to study English well.我尽力去学好英语 try doing sth 尝试做. e.g. I try studying English well.我尝试将英语学好。 4.feel like+从句 e.g. I feel like I have got a fever. feel like doing sth e.g. I feel like flying like a bird. 5.wait for sb/sth e.g. I wait for my mother on the road./I wait for the NO.5 bus under the platform 6.because of +介词短语/名词/代词/名词性短语 e.g. Because of you, I have finished the homework.因为你我才能把作业完成。 because+句子 e.g. Because he drived too fast, he hit another car.因为他开的太快了,他撞上了另一辆车。 7. 一)as作副词,表示程度,意为“同样地”。在“asas”,“not asas”结构中的第一个as是副词,作“和与(不)一样”解。eg:Jack is as tall as his father杰克和他的父亲一样高。He doesn't speak English asso fluently as you他的英语说得不如你流利。二)as作介词。1作“如,像”解。eg:They got united as one man他们团结得像一个人一样。2作“充当,作为”解。eg:As a writer,he was famous作为作家,他是很有名的。三)as作连词,常用来连接主句和状语从句。1引导时间状语从句,作“当的时候”解,有“随着”之意,与while意义相近,强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生,另一事立即发生。eg:He shouted aloud as her ran along他一边往前跑,一边高声地呼喊。I was startled as he opened the door他一开门,我吓了一跳。as作连词,相当于when。eg;As a little boy (When he was a little boy)he began to learn to play piano他小时候就开始学弹钢琴。2引导原因状语从句,作“因为,由于”解,与because的用法相近。eg;I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做。3引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作“正如,(如)像”解。例eg:As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south正如(像)你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦,在南方种大米。(方式状语从句)When at Rome,do as Romans do入乡随俗。(方式状语从句)4引导让步状语从句,作“虽然,尽管”解。这时从句常用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as之前。eg;Strange as it may seem,it is true尽管这事看上去很奇怪,但却是真的。Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties不管怎样努力,汤姆还是摆脱不了困境。四)as作关系代词。1引导限制性定语从句,用在“suchas”,“the sameas”,“asas”等结构中,常译作“像一样的人(或物)”,“凡是的人(或物)”。例eg:He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人。My hometown is no longer the same as it was我的家乡再也不像过去一样了。2引导非限制性定语从句,用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句),意思是“这一点”。这个分句可以位于句首、句中或句末。eg:As is well known,oceans cover more than 70 of the earth我们知道,海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上。五)含as的固定词组的用法1as soon as作“一就”解,引导时间状语从句。eg:As soon as I get to Beijing,I'll write to you我一到北京,就给你写信。2asso long as作“只要”解,eg;AsSo long as you study hard,you'll make progress只要你努力,你就会取得进步。3as ifthough常用来引导方式状语从句,作“好像,仿佛”解。如果从句中讲的是非真实情况,则用虚拟语气。eg:She loves the child as ifthough he were her own她爱这个孩子如同爱自己的孩子。As ifthough也可用来引导表语从句,常用在“It appearslooksseems+as ifthough”句型结构中。eg;It appears as ifthough it is going to clear up看起来天要晴了。It seems as ifthough he knew nothing about it.他好像对此事一无所知。4as to作“关于,至于”解。eg;There is no doubt as to his honesty他的诚实是无可置疑的。5as muchmany as作“多达”,“达到之多”解。eg:He can earn as much as 5000 dollars a month他每月能挣5000美元。6soas far as I know作“就我所知”解,在句中作插入语。eg:AsSo far as I know,he will come here next Monday据我所知,他将于下星期一到这里来。7as a result,as a result of表示“由于的结果”。eg:She died as a direct result of the accident她的死是那次事故的直接结果。8,as well为“也,还”之意。eg:Come early,and bring your brother as well早点来,把你的弟弟也带来。9so as to,soas to若跟动词原形,表示目的或结果。eg:He studied hard so as to pass the exam他努力学习以便通过考试。(表示目的)asasAS +adj(原级)+ASAS +adv(原级)+ASas soon as 一就as soon as possible 尽可能快地as early as possible 尽可能早的as carefully as you can 尽可能认真地as careful as you can 尽可能认真的so.as 一般用于否定句,as.as 一般用于肯定句,(肯定否定都能用)so.as不可用于肯定句.as.as与so.as均可表示"与一样",as.as.的用法:两个as中间可以加形容词或者副词,由它要修饰的内容决定.它们的用法有异同之处:肯定句用as.as,不用so.as;否定句两者均可使用.例如:I didn't go as /so far as you.我走得不像你那么远.They walked as far as the station.他们步行到了车站.误:They walked so far as the station.8.long time no see 好久不见9.quiet a few 相当多的 a few +可数名词的复数 表示“一些”10.stay at home 呆在家里11.arrive in +大地点(Beijing/Shanghai/Guangzhou arrive at +小地点(school/park/12.a lot of /lots of +可数名词/不可数名词13. begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth. 1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing。例如: How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴? 2) begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do。例如: I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3)事物作主语时。例如: The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
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