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预测点题 阅读理解（一）本课知识点：1. 文章背景分析2. 文章和题目讲解3. 知识点助记Spacing in Animals Flight Distance Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distancethe larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizards flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures. Critical Distance Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man. Social Distance Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his groupthat is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the groupit is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group. Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite shortapparently only a few yardsamong some animals, and quite long among others.Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.中文翻译：动物的空间距离逃离距离一些善于观察的人已经注意到一只野生动物只让人或其他潜在的敌人在特定的距离内接近它，然后它便会逃走。“逃离距离”是用来描述这种物种间的空间距离的术语。一般说来，动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距离就越大。当敌人离羚羊500码远时，羚羊就会逃离。另一方面,壁虎的逃离距离大约6英尺。逃离是动物生存的基本手段。关键距离关键距离显然与逃离行为的时间和地点有关。关键距离指的是逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭窄区域。动物园的狮子会躲开接近它的人，直到它遇到不可跨过的障碍物才停步。如果那人继续朝它走去,他就很快地进入了狮子的关键距离,这时无路可走的狮子会调转方向，开始慢慢逼近那个人。相聚距离群居动物需要相互之间保持联系。和群体失去联系会因为各种原因（包括面临敌人）而导致不幸。相聚距离不仅仅是动物和群体失去联系时的距离也就是说，在这个距离它不再能看到、听到或闻到群体确切地说，它更是一种心理距离，一种当动物超越它的限度后会明显感到焦虑的距离。我们可以认为它是一条控制群体的隐形带。相聚距离会因动物种类不同而有差别。对一些动物而言，相聚距离非常近，仅有几码远。但其他动物的相聚距离会非常远。相聚距离不是一成不变的，而是部分地取决于环境。当无尾猿和人类的幼儿会活动，但还不受母亲言语控制时，相聚距离是她手臂够得着的长度。从动物园的狒狒，我们很容易看到这点。当小狒狒走到某个位置时，狒狒妈妈会伸出手来，抓住小狒狒的尾巴，把它拖回身边。因为危险而需要加强控制时，相聚距离就会缩小。要在人类身上证明这点，你只要观察一个有许多孩子的家庭就行了。当孩子们横过一条繁忙的街道时，他们会互相牵着手。1、 文章背景分析本文只要是介绍动物之间的空间的距离，总共介绍了三种情况：1、 逃离距离：动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距离就越大。2、 关键距离：关键距离指的是逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭窄区域。3、 相聚距离：确切地说，它更是一种心理距离，一种当动物超越它的限度后会明显感到焦虑的距离。二、文章和题目讲解段落一：Flight DistanceAny observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distancethe larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizards flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.要点1：“Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing.要点分析：“逃离距离”是用来描述这种物种间的空间距离的术语。要点2：As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distancethe larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy.要点:分析：动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距离就越大。【涉及题目】1. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing. 这个距离指的是和敌人之间的距离D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.【解题思路】第一步：划出题干的信息词：Flight Distance。本题问的是对于Flight Distance的最适合的定义是什么。第二步：信息词回归原文，第一段第二句说到了这个概念术语：“Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. 后面一句进行了解说：As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal .the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy.第三步：对比分析原文和选项，原文说到了“逃离距离”是用来描述这种物种间的空间距离的术语。后面一句进行了详细解说：一般说来，动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距离就越大。可见，这个距离指的是和敌人之间的距离（between itself and the enemy），与C选项表述的意思一致，所以本题答案为C选项。潜在题目：Which of the following statements about “ Flight Distance” is true?答案：The larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy.( 动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距离就越大。)段落二：Critical DistanceCritical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.要点1：“Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance.要点分析：关键距离指的是逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭窄区域。要点2：If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.要点分析：如果那人继续朝它走去,他就很快地进入了狮子的关键距离,这时无路可走的狮子会调转方向，开始慢慢逼近那个人。【涉及题目】2. If an animals critical distance is penetrated, it willA. begin to attack. 开始攻击接近它的人B. try to hide.C. begin to jump. D. run away.【解题思路】第一步：划出题干的信息词：critical distance，penetrated。第二步：信息词回归原文，定位到第二段最后一句：If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.第三步：对比分析原文和题目，题目问的是：如果一个动物的关键距离被入侵，它就会怎么样？原文是用的一个狮子的例子来说明的。如果那人继续朝它走去,他就很快地进入了狮子的关键距离，这时无路可走的狮子会调转方向（reverses direction），开始慢慢逼近那个人（stalk the man）。比较四个选项，A选项说它就会开始攻击接近它的人，符合原文表述的意思。B、C、D的内容都没有提到，所以本题答案为A选项。段落三：Social DistanceSocial animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his groupthat is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the groupit is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.要点1：Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies.要点分析：和群体失去联系会因为各种原因（包括面临敌人）而导致不幸。要点2：It is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits.要点分析：确切地说，它更是一种心理距离，一种当动物超越它的限度后会明显感到焦虑的距离。【涉及题目】3. According to the passage, social distance refers toA. physical distanceB. psychological distance. 是一种心理距离C. physiological distance. D. philosophical distance.【解题思路】第一步：划出题干的信息词：social distance。第二步：信息词回归原文，定位到第三段第三句： Social distance is not simply the distance at which.it is rather a psychological distance.第三步：对比分析原文和题目，题目问的是social distance指代的是什么？原文明确说到了“确切地说，它更是一种心理距离（it is rather a psychological distance）”。B选项和原文一致，所以本题答案为B选项。【涉及题目】4. Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3)?A. Strip of land “带状，地带”B. Distance C. Society D. Community【解题思路】第一步：本题问的是“band”这个词，在“We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” 这句话中的含义。第二步：分析语境含义，确切地说，它更是一种心理距离，一种当动物超越它的限度后会明显感到焦虑的距离。我们可以认为它是一条控制群体的隐形带。band本身有“带状，地带”的意思。比较四个选项，A选项“地带”符合原文意思，所以本题答案为A选项。下面来做一下课堂练习：【课堂练习】1.原文：Flight Distance Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distancethe larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizards flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.题目：Which of the following statements about “ Flight Distance” is true?A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.2.原文：Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his groupthat is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the groupit is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.题目：Which of the following statement is true about “Social distance”?A. physical distanceB. psychological distance.C. physiological distance. D. philosophical distance.【第1题解题思路】信息词回归原文，第一段第二句说到了这个概念术语：“Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. 后面一句进行了解说：As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal .the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. 对比分析原文和选项，原文说到了“逃离距离”是用来描述这种物种间的空间距离的术语。后面一句进行了详细解说：一般说来，动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距离就越大。可见，这个距离指的是和敌人之间的距离（between itself and the enemy），与C选项表述的意思一致，所以本题答案为C选项。【第2题解题思路】信息词回归原文，定位到第三段第三句： Social distance is not simply the distance at which.it is rather a psychological distance.对比分析原文和题目，题目问的是social distance指代的是什么？原文明确说到了“确切地说，它更是一种心理距离（it is rather a psychological distance）”。B选项和原文一致，所以本题答案为B选项。段落四：Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite shortapparently only a few yardsamong some animals, and quite long among others.要点1：Social distance varies from species to species.要点分析：相聚距离会因动物种类不同而有差别。潜在题目：Which of the following statement is true about “Social distance”?答案：Social distance varies from species to species.（相聚距离会因动物种类不同而有差别。）段落五：Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.要点1：Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation.要点分析：相聚距离不是一成不变的，而是部分地取决于环境。要点2： When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the length of her reach.要点分析：当无尾猿和人类的幼儿会活动，但还不受母亲言语控制时，相聚距离是她手臂够得着的长度。【涉及题目】5. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows thatA. social distance is not always needed.B. there is no social distance among small children.C. humans are different from animals in social distance.D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors. 相聚距离有时候是取决于外界因素的。【解题思路】第一步：划出题干的信息词：children，crossing the street。第二步：信息词回归原文，定位到最后一段最后一句：To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.第三步：对比分析原文和题目，题目问的是最后一段中，孩子们手牵手过街道的例子说明了什么？最后一段的中心句是第一句：Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation.后面举的几个例子（无尾猿和人类的幼儿，动物园的狒狒，孩子们牵手过街道）都是为了说明这个中心意思：相聚距离不是一成不变的，而是部分地取决于环境。比较四个选项，D选项说相聚距离（social distance）有时候是取决于外界因素的（determined by outside factors），与原文表达的意思一致。所以本题答案为D选项。三、知识点助记题目答案1、关于逃离距离(flight distance)最准确的定义（definition）是？这个距离指的是和敌人之间的距离（between itself and the enemy）2、如果一个动物的关键距离(critical distance)被入侵(penetrated )，它就会怎么样？它就会开始攻击接近它的人（stalk the man）3、social distance指代的是什么？它更是一种心理距离（it is rather a psychological distance）4、“band”这个词，在 “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” 这句话中的含义我们可以认为它是一条控制群体的隐形带。5、孩子们手牵手(holding hands)过街道的例子说明了什么？相聚距离不是一成不变的，而是部分地取决于环境。（determined by outside factors）6、关于逃离距离(flight distance)的说法，下面哪一点是对的？动物的体积越大（larger），和敌人保特的距离就越大。7、关于相聚距离(social distance)的说法，下面哪一点是对的？相聚距离会因动物种类不同而有差别。(varies from)本课重点回顾： 1. 文章背景分析2. 文章题目讲解3. 知识点助记 - - 9 - -
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