现代测量技术在采矿中的应用毕业论文外文翻译

英文原文The application of modern surveying technology in miningAbstract With the unceasing appearance and widespread application of new surveying technology, the present age mining survey has meet huge change. However, lots of problems occurred while using the new techniques since the number of mine is large in China and condition of the mine district in complex, it in some sense influenced the mine exploitation and management of China. Summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, including the advanced instrumentation equipment,the”3S”technology,the information and the network technology and the information fusion technology and so on, and analyzed the problems which exists in the current mining survey, it also provided new ways to present age mining survey from the sustainable development angle.Keywords modern surveying technology, mining survey, information fusion, sustainable development Introduction As the important material elements for the development of society and economy, mineral resources have made outstanding to the economic development and social progress, and bring many problems as well. Especially in developing countries, the mine enterprise management is extensive, the technical equipment is backward and the labor productivity is low, major and extraordinarily serious accidents happen sometimes, resource and environment safety state deteriorated in mining district. Science and technology advancement is the key to resolve this phenomenon. At present, with the continuous appearance of modern surveying and mapping technology, particularly the widespread application of “3S” technology, the present age mining survey has changed essentially. The rapid development of information and network offers the wide space for the application of these new technologies. This article summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, discussed the problem that exists in it and provides new ways to present age mining survey. 1 The application of modern surveying instrument Nowadays, the development of mine surveying instrument and its application mainly displays in the following aspects: the wide use of geodimeter and electronic tacheometer (e.g. total station) . As the most widely used surveying instrument at present, total station is a kind of photoelectric measuring instrument, which is integrated with the advantage of range finder and electronic theodolite. Intelligentized total station is the maximum selling surveying instrument at the present time, and is the future development trend as well. It incorporates the latest scientific achievements of optics, electrics, magnetics and mechanics, and can measure distance and angle at the same time. Total station has been used widely in mining survey because of its obvious advantages just as follows: simultaneously have the function of theodolite and range finder; provides digital form surveying production; simple operation; with electronic book. Besides of many common surveying instruments, a certain of special instrument must be used in mining survey because of the particularity of mine surveying environment, such as explosion-proof instrument (geodimeter, electronic theodolite, total station etc.), spatially in connection survey and underground mining survey.The appearance of new surveying instrument which fit to mine surveying (e.g. automatic observation gyro theodolite, single degree of freedom gyroscope) makes mining survey steps into a new period, that makes mining survey work toward to efficient, intellinent and automatic development direction. 2 The application of spatial information technology in mining survey With the development of the modern surveying technology, remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) which is abbreviated as “3S” technology, plays an important role in resource and environment information acquisition, management and analysis evaluation in industrial and mining area. The RS technology application in mining survey has last very long period and have accumulated rich experiences. The main usage is to recognize ground feature and environment status of mining area, select suited remote sensing data source and process data fusion, false color composite, geometric correction and so on to establish interpretation key and recognition model of remote sensing target. Compared with traditional mapping method, remote sensing technique shows its excellent efficiency, low cost and high precision, it has been proved to be a good method. The key theoretics and technologies of space remote sensing used in mining survey are in researching. By using remote sensing data, we can obtain real-time, dynamic and compositive information of mining district, monitor its environment and provide decision support of mining area environmental protection. At the same time, remote sensing data can also used for prospecting, the geological condition research of mining area and the coal seam roof and floor research and so on. RS technology provides a very important guarantee to the successful accomplishment of modern mining survey tasks. The main use of GPS technology in mine surveying is to substitute the traditional ground surveying and mapping. For example, to establish, monitor and repair surveying control network of mining area, to monitor buildings and mining subsidence, to monitor the stability of open-pit slope etc. With the continuous increase of GPS receivers cost performance, the ground surface application of GPS in mining area has become a very important support technique during mine surveying. Coordinate with other conventional science and technology methods, GPS and RS technology used in the mining area geologic survey, the geological mapping and in the prospecting exploration shows better effect and high benefit.The mining area application of GIS already became an important development direction in mining survey. By establishing the mining area resources and environment information system based on the GIS technology, we may process the mining area ground, the underground space and the resource & environment informations input, storage, processing, display and output. Mining map drawing, mines development and design, the rational utilization of resources and the analysis appraisal of ecological environment, the regional planning and the sustainable development decision-making and so on.3 The application of information fusion technology in mining survey 3.1 The integration of “3S” technology In traditional mine management mode, the common way to monitor the mine development status and the mine environment due to mining is dynamic inspect method. The method needs long period and has poor timeliness and lower accuracy. At present, the integration of “3S” technology (RS, GPS and GIS) can realize the analysis of the implementation situation for mineral resources planning, and the effect evaluate of mineral environmental control projection. This technique can also provide evidence for administration management department and the corporations macroscopic decision department rapidly, effectively and economically.3.2 The fusion of ISS and GPS technology At present, the appearance of Inertial Surveying System (ISS) technique provide us a new means of geodetic surveying, engineering surveying and mine surveying. As a navigation positioning technique, ISS has many advantages such as all-weather, autonomous, fast, multifunctional and flexible etc. This make it preliminary used in mining survey. The integration of GPS and ISS could be a perspective development technology to mine surveying.3.3 The fusion of GPS and INSAR technology During mining survey, most common works are involved with monitoring the earth surface deformation, especially in monitoring the mining subsidence and coast. It plays a very important roles in mine safety production. For monitoring mining subsidence, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS technology are very strong complementary. Firstly, GPS belongs to point positioning, and the length of base line is usually tens to hundreds of kilometers. Such lower point density cannot meet the demand for high spatial resolution monitoring of the surface deformation. InSAR data can apply continuous information off the entire region surface. The spatial resolution can reach to 20 m. Secondly, InSAR (spatially differential InSAR) is sensitive to elevation information of the earth surface owing to the radar incidence angle effect, while GPS is unsubstantial in elevation precision. Thirdly, GPS has high temporal resolution (highest can be up to 1 Hz), while InSAR data has a lower temporal resolution (more than 20 days generally, highest only can be 1 day) because of the loner revisiting period.3.4 The integration of TPS total station and GPS As a new instrument which integrate the GPS total station and GPS, Smart Stationa super total station theodolite is practicable. This instrument doesnt need ground control points, long traverse and resection operation. We can use the total station theodolite to survey and layout only by setting up the Smart Station and use the GPS to locate the occupied station accurately. It can abtain the position information with centimeter level accuracy within very short time while the baseline is short than 50 km.3.5 The fusion of GIS and computer networkIn order to instruct the mine safety production efficiently, many countries are developing mine geographic information system (MGIS) and suing the advanced radio frequency identification device (RFID), computer network technology and Field Bus communication technology in this system, which solved the problem of underground operators accurate positioning and the miner work attendance check. The fusion of GIS and computer network technique provide a well guarantee to mine safety production.4 New ideas to modern mining survey4.1 Setting up and making perfect of Web Mine GIS At present, the foremost task is to sep up the MGIS with integral and powerful functions in the mine construction. It is a management information system. We can exploit systematically, synthetically, dynamicly and roundly ground and underground natural resources by regular and high and new technology, instruments and methods. Based on it, we can set up a mine resource and environmental information system. The system applied spatial information technology is an all-around achievement by integration of 3Stechnology, Total Station and other surveying instruments and technology in the mine surveying. MGIS has been the main aspect and inevitable tendency of the development of mine surveying. It mainly studys on the collection, save, process, analysis, simulation and reappearance of mine time and space data, which has a better editing map ability and connects automatically the spatial data with the attribute data, exploits mine excellently, uses resources reasonably, analyzes and appraises environment and decides regional plan and sustainable development and so on. According to the characteristics of mine plan and construction, MGIS should mainly include many subsystems as follows: mine geology and surveying information system, mine dispatching management information system, mine production management information system, mine destructions and accidents forecast system, mining district plan and mine shaft design information system, mine district land reclaimation management information system and mine subsidence forecast system etc. After setting up MGIS, we should build Web MGIS ulteriorly in order to make higher efficiency and convenient management. MGIS based on web will play more important effect in mining production and researches at home abroad.4.2 The application of Personal Digital Assistant technology Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a kind of portable computer technology, which is developed rapidly during recent years. It integrates the function of calculator, phone, fax and the Internet. By using PDA, we could mange individual information, browse web sites and receive or send E-mail, send fax, even it can be used as a mobile phone. These functions could be carried out through wireless mode. Meanwhile, PDA embeds a windows CE operation system, which can be use to communicate the outer computer and its correlative devices (such as GPS, total station etc.). PDA also embeds development environment and can process spatial data form surveying instrument and used in civil engineering. At the same time, it can connect to Internet through wired of people to acquire real-time information. Thus PDA is a ideal platform of removal GIS. To integrate 3S, wireless network (such as GPRS, GSM) and PDA technology, we could carry out remote sensing field investigation, environmental disaster investigation and the fast, real-time geological investigation, which including each geological, environment phenomenon spatial scope as well as the corresponding attribute information prompt input. If it combines with the vector topographic diagram, the remote sensing imagery as well as the DEM these-dimensional surface diagram, it is advantageous to each kind of environment phenomenon recognition. The obvious advantages of PDA used in mining survey are as follows.(1) Its volume is so small and the weight is so light, that it is very easy to be carried about, and the low power dissipation characteristic makes it has better adaptability while operating in mining field with adverse natural conditions.(2) It integrates the mobile communication technique, which makes the information exchange between the operators more conveniently.(3) Since PDA integrates GPS and remote sensing techniques, it can provide schedule exploration path to the operators, thus, the positional data acquisition speed is increased.5 ConclusionsBy using modern surveying and mapping equipment (e.g. super total station theodolite), the information fusion technology, the PDA technology and the MGIS system, to investigate the mine geology environment present situation, can provide basic data and criterion for the reasonable development of mineral resource, the protection and surveillance management of mine geological environment, the control of mine environment and the mine ecology restores with the reconstruction. It is a modern mining survey new method and is worth wide application.In order to protect the mining area ecological environment and optimize mine resources mine resources mining, realize the historical mission of mine sustainable development, the modern mining survey new technology, specially the 3S integration technology application are facing with great new challenges. Meanwhile, it also provides more opportunities for the application of modern surveying technology will certainly be an important force to promote mine sustainable development, and provides the foundational technical support for the mine safety in production.中文译文现代测量技术在采矿中的应用摘要 随着新测量技术的不断出现和广泛应用，当代矿山测量已经发生了巨大的变化。但是，在中国还有很多煤矿的条件是极其复杂的，所以在应用新的测量技术进也出现了很多的问题。这在一定程度上影响了我国煤矿的开采和管理。现总结测量新技术在采矿中的应用现状，包括现进的挖掘设备，“3S”技术，信息、网络技术和息融合技术等等，并分析了目前所存在的问题，也从可持续发展的角度提供了采矿测量的新方法。关键词 现代测量技术，矿山测量，信息融合，可持续发展导言 作为社会和经济发展的物质基础，矿产资源为经济的发展和社会的进步作出了突出的贡献，但是也带来诸多的问题。尤其在发展中国家，煤矿企业的管理较为粗放，技术装备落后，劳动生产率低，主要和特大事故时有发生，矿区的资源和环境安全状况恶化。科学和技术的进步是解决这一问题的关键所在。目前，随着现代测量技术的广泛应用，特别是“3S”技术的应用，当代的矿山测量基本已经改变。信息技术和网络的飞速发展为这些新技术的应用提供了广阔的突间。本文总结了新技术在矿山测量中的应用，讨论了矿山测量中存在的问题，并为现代的矿山测量提供新的方法。1 现代测量仪器的应用 当今世界，矿山测量设备及其应用的发展主要表现在以下方面：光电测速仪和准距仪（如全站仪）的广泛使用。 作为目前使用最为广泛的测量仪器，全站仪是一种光电测量仪器，它集合了测距仪和电子经纬仪的优点。在现阶段智能化全站仪是销售量最大的测量仪器，而且也是未来的发展趋势。它融入了光学、电学、磁学和力学的最新科技成果，能同时测量距离和角度。全站仪已经广泛的应用于矿山的测量，它明显的优势在于同时拥有如下的功能：经纬仪和测距仪;提供数字化的测量结果;操作简单并携有电子的记录。 除了这些常用的测量仪器外，由于矿山测量环境的特殊性，一定的特殊设备也将用于矿山的测量中，比如一些防爆的设备，尤其在空间方面的测量和地下矿山测量中。这些比较适合矿山测量的新设备（如自动观测陀螺经纬议、单自由度陀螺仪）的出现，把矿山测量推向一个新的阶段，使矿山测量朝效率化、自动化的方向发展。2 空间信息技术在矿山测量中的应用 随着现代测量技术的发展，被称为“3S”技术的遥感，全球定位系统和地理信息系统在工业和采矿领域的资源与环境信息获取、管理和分析评价中发挥着极为重要的作用。 在过去很长一段时间内遥感技术在矿山测量中已经应用，并且积累了丰富的经验。其主要用途是认识矿区的地貌和周围自然环境状况，通过选择适合的遥感数据来源和处理并融合数据，组合虚假的色彩，几何校正等来建立模型认识遥感目标。相对于传统绘制地图的方法，遥感技术显示出出色的效率、较低的成本和较高的精度，它已经被证实是一种不错的方法。应用于矿山测量的空间遥感关键理论和技术正在研究。利用遥感提供的数据，我们可以获取一个实时、动态和综合的采区信息，监测采区环境并为采区的环境保护提供果断的支持。同时，遥感也可以用于勘探，地质条件的研究和采区顶底板的研究等等。遥感技术为现代矿山测量任务的完成提供一个非常重要的保证。 在矿山测量中GPS的主要用途是替代传统的实地勘察和测绘。例如，要建立、监测和修复矿区的测量控制网，监测建筑物和采空区的沉陷，监测露天开采边坡的稳定性等。随着GPS性价比的持续增长，地表GPS的应用已经成为矿山测量的一个非常重要的技术支持。与其他常规科学技术方法相配合，GPS和RS用于矿区的地质测量、地质测绘和勘探表现出较好的效果和较高的效益。矿区地理信息系统的应用已经成为矿山测量的一个重要发展方向。通过建立基于GIS的矿区资源的环境信息系统，我们可以处理矿区地面，地下的空间和资源与环境信息的输入、存储、处理、显示和输出，开采地图的绘制，矿山的开采和设计，资源的合理利用和生态环境的分析评价，区域规划和可持续发展的决策等等。3 信息整合技术在采矿测量中的应用3.1 一体化的“3S”技术 在传统的煤矿管理模式下，监测煤矿的发展状态和开采所带来的煤矿环境问题的方法就是不断的检查。这种方法需要较长的时间，而且具有较差的及时性和准确性。目前，一体化的“3S”技术 (RS, GPS and GIS) 可以实现矿物资源规划执行情况的分析，矿务环境影响评价的管理方案，这项技术也可以为行政主管部门和公司的快速、有效和经济的宏观决策提供依据。3.2 ISS和GPS技术的融合 现在，ISS技术的出现为大地测量、工程测量和矿山测量提供了新的手段。作为一种导航定位技术，ISS有诸如全天侯、自治、快速、多功能、灵活等优点。这使它初步用于矿山的测量中。GPS和ISS的融合可能给矿山的测量带来一个有长远发展的技术。3.3 GPS和InSAR技术的融合 在矿山的测量中，最常见的工作一般涉及到监测地表的变形，特别是在监测地表的沉陷和海岸。它在煤矿的安全生产中发挥着极其重要的作用。在监测开采沉陷方面，GPS和InSAR有着很强的互补性。首先，GPS是点定位，但基线长度通常是几十甚至几百公里。这种较低的点密度不能满足监测地表变形的高空间分辨率的要求。InSAR可以适用于整个区域地表的连续信息，其空间分辨率可达20米。其次，由于雷达的影响范围角度的影响，InSAR对于地球表面的高程资料是十分灵敏的。而GPS在空间精度上是薄弱的。第三，GPS具有很高的时间分辨率（最高可达到1赫兹） ，而InSAR数据因为其较为封闭的循环周期而具有较低的时间分辨率（超过20天，一般情况下最高只能是1天）。 3.4 一体化的TPS全站仪和GPS 作为融合了TPS全站仪和GPS的全新工具，智能站-超级全站仪经纬仪是可行的。该仪器并不需要地面控制点、长长的导线和切除活动。我们只有建立智能站才能使用全站仪经纬仪来测量和布置，使用GPS准确找出事情发生的地点。在基线不超过50公里的情况下，它可以在很短的时间内把位置准确到厘米级的精度上。3.5 GIS和计算机网络的融合为了指导煤矿更安全高效的生产，许多国家正在发展煤矿地理信息系统，并且在该系统中正在使用先进的射频识别技术装备，计算机网络和现场总线通信技术，该系统解决了地下操作人员的准确配置和矿工出席检查的问题。GIS和计算机网络技术的融合为煤矿的安全生产提供了很好的保证。4 现代采矿测量的新思想4.1建立和完善网络矿山地理信息系统（GIS） 目前，最重要的任务就是在矿山的建设中建立必需的和功能强大的矿山地理信息系统（MGIS）。这是一个信息管理系统。我们可以利用高新技术、仪器和方法综合地、系统地、全面地、动态地开采地表和地下的自然资源。在此基础上，我们可以建立一个矿山资源和环境信息系统。这种适用于空间信息技术的系统是一种通过整合矿山测量中的“3S”技术、全站仪和其他测量设备和技术的全方位的成果。MGIS已经成为矿山测量发展的主要方向和必然趋势。 它主要研究矿井时间和空间信息的收集、保存、处理、分析、模拟和再现。而且它有更好的编辑地图能力，自动连接空间数据和属性数据、突出的开采矿山、合理利用资源、分析和评估环境、决定区域规划和环境的可持续发展等等。 根据煤矿规划和建设的特点，矿山地理信息系统应该主要包括如下几个子系统：矿井地质和勘测信息系统、矿山调度管理信息系统、矿山的生产管理信息系统、矿井灾害事故预测预报系统、矿区规划和矿井设计信息系统、矿区复垦管理信息系统和矿井塌陷预报系统等等。 建立矿山地理信息系统之后，为了更高的生产效率和更方便的管理我们可以修建网络化矿山地理信息系统。建立在网络化上的矿山地理信息系统将在国内外的采矿生产和研究中发挥更重要的作用。4.2 个人数字处理技术的应用个人数字处理是一种近几年迅速发展的便携式计算机技术。它集合了计算器、电话、传真和互联网。利用PDA我们可以管理个人信息，浏览网页，接收和发送电子邮件、传真，甚至还可以把它当作一部手机。这些功能可以通过无线模式实现。与次同时，PDA嵌入了 windows CE操作系统，它可以用来和外部计算机及相关设备（如GPS、全站仪等）进行交流。PDA嵌入了开发环境，而且能处理来自测量仪器和土木工程中用过的空间数据。同时，它可以连接到互联网，通过有线的人获得实时信息。因此，PDA是一种移动GIS的理想平台。整合3S、无线网络(如GPRS、GSM)及PDA技术,我们可以进行遥感实地考察、环境灾害研究和快速的、实时的地质调查，其中包括每个地质、环境现象的空间范围以及相应属性的快速输入。如果结合矢量地形图、遥感图像以及这些数字高程模型的三维表面图，它将有利于各种环境现象识别。在采矿测量中使用PDA最明显的优点为：（1）它体积小，重量轻，特别易于携带。由于低功耗的特性使它在自然条件恶劣的矿业领域中有更好的适用性。（2）集成了移动通信技术，这使得它与操作员之间的信息交换更加方便。（3）由于PDA集成了GPS和遥感技术，这使得它能够为操作员提供勘查时间安排的路线，因此用该方法获取定位数据的速度加快。5 结论 利用现代测绘设备、信息融合技术、PDA技术和矿山地理信息系统来调查矿山地质环境现状，可以为矿务资源的合理开采、矿山环境的保护和监督管理、矿山环境和生态恢复的控制管理提供基本的数据和准则。这是一个现代采矿测量新方法，并且值得推广应用。 为了保护矿区生态环境和优化矿产资源开采，实现煤矿可持续发展的历史使命，现代采矿测量技术，特别是3S集成技术的应用面临着巨大的新挑战。同时，它也为运用现代测量技术提供更多的机会，必将为推动矿业的可持续发展发挥重要的作用，并且为煤矿的安全生产提供基本的技术支持。内部资料请勿外传9JWKffwvG#tYM*Jg&6a*CZ7H$dq8KqqfHVZFedswSyXTy#&QA9wkxFyeQ!djs#XuyUP2kNXpRWXmA&UE9aQGn8xp$R#͑GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmUE9aQGn8xp$R#͑GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wE