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考点三：省略句1状语从句的省略(1)在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又与主句的主语一致或主语是it时，主谓均可以省略。如：时间状语从句：Please come here as soon as (it is) possible.请尽快到这里来。 地点状语从句：Fill in the blanks with articles where(it is)necessary.在需要的空处填上冠词。条件状语从句：She wont come to the party unless (she is) invited.除非被邀请，她不会参加聚会。方式状语从句：I wonder why he didnt do as (he was) told to.我想知道他为什么不按告诉他的那样做。 比较状语从句：It is much colder today than (it was) yesterday.今天比昨天冷很多。让步状语从句：Though (they were) tired, they went on walking.尽管他们很累了，他们仍继续步行。 (2)状语从句省略主语时，其后用现在分词表示该动词与省略的主语是主谓关系，用过去分词则表示为动宾关系。如：Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.穿过街道时要小心。Once (he is) burnt, a child dare not touch the fire again.被烫过一次，小孩再不敢碰火了。 2虚拟语气中if和should的省略(1)在虚拟条件句中，将had，should或were提至句首，省去if。如：If we had known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.Had we known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.如果我们知道工厂的计划，我们决不会买那个房子。 If I were you, I would not do it like that.Were I you, I would not do it like that.如果我是你，我不会那样做。 (2)主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句用虚拟语气时可省略should。如：The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.工人们要求涨工资。类似的动词还有：suggest，advise，ask，insist，order，prefer，propose，request，require，command，recommend等。 It is desired that we (should) arrive there before dark.It is necessary that he (should) know it.My suggestion is that we (should) visit the exhibition at once. 3定语从句中关系词的省略(1)作宾语的关系代词常可以省略(非限制性定语从句除外)。如：He lost the watch (that/which) he bought yesterday.(2)关系副词：when，why，where有时也可以省略。如：Thats the very reason (why) I want to kill you.This is the place (where) the accident happened yesterday. (3)the way，the time后面的定语从句，常省略关系副词。如：I dont like the way he speaks to others.I didnt know the time he arrived. 4不定式中“to”省略(1)感官动词(see，feel，hear，notice，watch，observe，listen to等)和使役动词(let，make，have)后接不定式作宾语补足语时，主动句中省略to，但在被动式中不能省略(let除外)。如：I heard someone sing in the next room.我听见隔壁有人唱歌。The thief was noticed to slip into the room.那个小偷被看见溜进了屋。 (2)动词help后的不定式to可省略。如：He will help(me)(to) work out the problem.他会帮我解决困难。 (3)介词but/except后跟不定式作宾语时，若其前有实义动词do的某一形式，则to须省去。如：He did nothing but wait all the time.他什么都没做只是一直在等待。若句中but/except前无do/does/did，则to不能省去。如：He has no choice but to wait.他别无选择除了等待。 (4)不定式作表语时，若主语为what引导的主语从句，不定代词all作主语被定语从句修饰或含有thing的定语从句作主语时，如果其前出现过实义动词do的各种形式，不定式中“to”可以省去。如：What he can do is (to) wait.The only thing he could do was (to) wait.All that he can do is (to) wait.他所能做的只有等待。 (5)固定结构或句型中常省去“to”。cant (help) but dowhy not do？prefer to dorather than doto do and/or do 5“替代性”省略(1)not与think，suppose，believe，guess，expect，be afraid等连用，代替否定的宾语从句，so代替肯定的宾语从句。如：Do you think hes got the meaning of the text?你认为他理解了课文的意思了吗？I expect so/I expect not.我想是的/我认为没有。 (2)“so谓语主语”倒装句子用于肯定的情况，“neither/nor谓语主语”用于否定的情况。如：Tom works hard on his study. So does Jenifer.汤姆学习很努力。珍尼弗也一样。If you dont go there, neither shall I.如果你不去那里，我也不会去。(3)在have，need，ought，be going，used等后面，省略动词而保留to。如：I didnt want to go there, but I had to.我不想去那里，但我不得不去。 (4)在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后面，省略动词而保留to。Will you join in the game?Id be glad to.你想参加比赛吗？我很乐意。 (5)否定形式的省略用not to。如：Shall I go instead of him?I prefer not to.我代替他去吗？我认为不要。 (6)如果不定式中含有助动词be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：Are you a sailor?No, but I used to be.你是水手吗？不是的，但我曾经是。He hasnt finished yet.Well, he ought to have.他还没完成。噢，他应该完成了。 考点四：独立主格结构1常见的构成形式有：(1)名词或代词现在分词。如：Time/Weather permittingIf time/weather permits, we shall have a picnic this weekend.如果时间/天气允许的话，我们周末去野餐。(2)名词或代词过去分词。如：The job finished, we went home straight away.工作结束后，我们便立即回了家。 注意：用现在分词还是过去分词，要看前面的名词或代词与后面动词的关系：是主谓关系，即名词或代词作了动词的逻辑主语，就用v.ing形式；若是动宾关系，即名词或代词是动词的逻辑宾语，用v.ed形式。 (3)名词或代词形容词。如：He entered the room, his nose red with cold.他进到房间里，鼻子冻得红红的。(4)名词或代词副词。如：Dinner over, we decide to play bridge.吃过晚饭，我们决定打桥牌。 (5)名词或代词介词短语。如：The teacher came into the classroom, book in hand.老师进了教室，手里拿着书。(6)名词或代词不定式。如：I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us, the rest to follow within a month.我今天把我们之间已商定的总数的3/4寄给你，余下的部分将在一个月内寄去。 2with复合宾语结构with的复合结构在句中作状语或定语等，构成形式只是在独立主格结构前with，语法功能与独立主格结构相同，但独立主格结构中的作逻辑主语的代词用主格，而with复合结构中的逻辑主语用名词或宾语代词。如： (1)with名词/代词分词。如：With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。比较：As time goes on, our life is becoming more beautiful.With time going on, our life is becoming more beautiful.(2) with名词/代词形容词。如：He stared at me with his mouth open.他张着嘴，凝视着我。 (3) with名词/代词介词短语。如：He stood with his hand in his pocket.他站着，一只手插在口袋里。注意：与独立主格结构的区别。如：He ran into the house, sword in hand.(名词sword前没有冠词)He ran into the house, with a sword in his right hand.(名词sword前有冠词) (4)with名词/代词副词。如：The boy stood there, with his head down.这个男孩站在那儿，低着头。(5)with名词/代词不定式。如：With no one to talk to, John felt sad.由于没有人说话，约翰感到很伤感。(6) with名词/代词名词。如：She died with her son(being) yet a school boy.她去世时儿子还在上学读书。 (7)with的复合结构还有可能作定语。如：Troy was a strong city with a great and thick wall around it.特洛伊是一座周围有又大又厚的城墙围绕的坚固城市。 考点五：反意疑问句1反意疑问句的构成 2. 回答反意疑问句时应遵循以下原则：(1)要么肯定，要么否定，不能出现Yes，I dont.和No，I do.的形式。(2)不要看汉语如何翻译，只看所提到的事情是否发生。如果发生了，用肯定回答，否则用否定回答。当对方问你You arent a teacher，are you？或You are a teacher, arent you？时，你只要听懂you和teacher两个单词即可，如果你是老师，回答Yes, I am.否则回答No, I am not. 3反意疑问句的其他注意点：(1)陈述部分含有used to的反意疑问句其反意疑问词用usednt或didnt均可。如：You used to sleep with the windows open, usednt/didnt you?(2)陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句其反意疑问词用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如：He ought to attend the lecture, oughtnt/shouldnt he? (3)陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句当must作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问词用neednt；当含有mustnt(不允许、禁止)时，其反意疑问词用must/may。如：You must go now，neednt you?You mustnt smoke here, must/may you?当must表示推测，作“一定，准是”讲时，可首先将句子改为“I am sure that”从句，反意疑问部分的动词形式根据be sure后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。 如：You must be hungry now, _？I am sure that you are hungry, arent you?You must be hungry now, arent you?You must have heard about it，_？I am sure that you have heard about it, havent you? You must have heard about it，havent you?You must have watched that football match last night, _？I am sure that you watched that football match last night, didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you？(陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语last night) (4)陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom，hardly，scarcely，never，few，little，nothing，nobody等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：He could hardly walk without a stick, could he?(5)陈述部分含有由表示否定意义的前缀构成的词的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分的动词一般用否定式。如：Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesnt he?Its unfair, isnt it? (6)含有宾语从句的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有宾语从句时，反意疑问部分的主语应与主句的主语保持一致。如：He said that she would come to my birthday party, didnt he?但是当主句是I think，I believe，I suppose，I expect，I imagine等结构时，反意疑问部分的主语和谓语动词均应该和宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致。比较：I dont believe he will succeed, will he?He doesnt believe she will succeed, does he? (7)祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句后加反意疑问句，不表示反意，而表示一种语气，其结构为：祈使句，will you?Letsshall we?Let uswill you?Let第三人称will you？如：Open the door, will you?Lets go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go home now, will you? 考点六：祈使句和感叹句1祈使句(1)否定式和强调式Dont be so sure.(否定式)Never come late.(强调式)Please dont forget to take your medicine.(否定式)Do come on time this evening.今晚务必准时到。(强调式)Do be careful! 千万要小心！(强调式) (2)带主语祈使句为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时，须加主语“you”，有时还可同时加称呼语。如：Tom, you water the flowers!命令吩咐几个人分头做几件事时，祈使句须带主语“you”，还可同时带称呼语。如：You，girls，clean the desks；you，boys，sweep the floor.在表达“不高兴，厌烦”等情绪时，可带主语“you”。如：You mind your own business！你少管闲事！ 祈使句的主语除了用“you”外，还可用“everybody，everyone，somebody，someone”等，它们的位置可以放在句首，也可以放在句末；放在句首时，即使不用逗号与谓语部分分开，谓语动词也不受“第三人称单数s”规则的影响。如：Someone answer the phone！谁去接一下电话！Be quiet，everyone！大家静下来！ (3)祈使句and/or陈述句if主句Work hard and you will succeed.(If you work hard, you will succeed.)Hurry up or we will be late.(If you dont hurry up, we will be late.)One more minute and I will finish it.(If you give me one more minute, I will finish it.) 2感叹句(1)基本构成形式Whata(n)(形容词)可数名词单数主语谓语，如：What a clever boy he is!What(形容词)复数名词/不可数名词主语谓语，如：What beautiful flowers these are!What sweet water it is! How形容词a/an单数可数名词主语谓语，如：How difficult a problem it is!How形容词/副词主语谓语，如：How high the mountain is!How fast he is running! (2)省略形式的感叹句how直接修饰谓语动词：How主语谓语，如：How (much) we love our motherland!省略主语和谓语，如：What an interesting book (it is)!How wonderful (it is)!
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