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第 三 节 定 语 从 句 (2) 考点一：关系代词的用法1关系代词的作用和分类(1)关系代词的作用有三个：连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来；替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；成分作用：关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语成分。 (2)关系代词的用法分类 关系代词的用法分类有三点依据：根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；根据它在从句中所充当的成分主语、宾语、表语或定语。 2易混关系代词辨析(1)关系代词that和which先行词是物时，关系代词that，which一般可以通用，但也有区别。1)只能用that的情况先行词为指物的不定代词(all, nothing, the one, much等)或被不定代词修饰时，如：You can take any seat that is free.Tell us all that you know. 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，如：That is the first composition that Ive written in English.先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，如：This is the best way that has been used against pollution.当人和物同为先行词时，如：Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth.关系代词在从句中作表语时，如：He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. 先行词被the only，the very修饰时，如：That is the very pen (that) I am looking for.当先行词是which时，如：Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?先行词为the way/the time/the moment/the first time/the last time等名词时，如：I dont like the way(that)he talks.This is the third time(that)he has been late this week. 注意：此时that为关系副词，若先行词没有被the first/the last修饰时，用that和when均可，如：The time (that)/(when) I saw you was 8：00. 2)只能用which的情况关系代词前有介词时，如：Here is the book about which I told you yesterday.非限制性定语从句中，如：The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could expect. (2)关系代词as和whichas既可指人又可指物，主要用于as；asas；the sameas；suchas等结构中，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导的从句可位于句中、句首、句末。如：As is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress.Mary was late for school，as is often the case. as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个句子，而which不仅可修饰整个句子还可以修饰单个名词。如：The meeting，which was held in the park，was a success.The meeting was a success，as was expected. 当as代替一句话，引导限制性定语从句时，其意思是“这一点”，引出的从句位置很灵活，可以放在主句之前、之后或中间。放在主句之前时，as在从句中通常作主语，放在其他位置时as在从句中可作主语或宾语；而which引导非限制性从句时不但可以代替全句内容，也可以代替某个词或短语，在从句中除了可作主语外，还可作宾语、表语等成分，其位置是尽量靠近被说明的先行词、先行句、先行短语，绝不能置于句前。非限制性从句若是肯定句，用which，as均可，若是否定句式或意思是否定的句子，则多用which。 如：She has married again，as was expected.她又结婚了，这是大家意料之中的事。She has married again，which was unexpected.她又结婚了，真是没想到。 (3)who和that先行词是人时，关系代词可用who(m)，that引导定语从句，但下列情况一般用who，而不用that。先行词是one，ones，anyone或anybody，those时，如：Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个的关系词是that时，如：The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class. 在there be句型中和非限制性句型中，如：There is a person who wants to see you.I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company. (4)who，whom和whosewho指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。作宾语时who和whom一般可通用，但直接放在介词之后时，一般只用whom，不可用who。如：Take your problem to the person who you think can help you.She is the girl (who/whom) I will go to Shanghai with.She is the girl with whom I will go to Shanghai. whose既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。如：George Orwell，whose real name was Eric Arthur，wrote many political novels.The librarian refused to accept the book，whose cover was gone when it was returned. 3关系词的省略作宾语的关系代词可以省略，但前面不能有介词。如：This is the man(who/whom/that) we have talked about.口语中，关系副词可以省略(尤其是先行词为time，way，reason等时)。如：This is the reason (why)I did it.I dont know the time (that) he arrived. 4限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句起修饰限制的作用，是主句不可缺少的一部分，与先行词无逗号隔开，翻泽成中文常译成前置定语。如：Those who want to go，sign their names on the paper.那些想去的人把他们的名字签在纸上。 非限制性的定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，省去不影响句子意思，常用逗号隔开，翻译成中文时，常译成并列分句。如：This note was left by John, who was here a moment ago.这便条是约翰留的，他刚才还在这儿。注意：why和that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 5定语从句中的主谓一致关系词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。如：I，who am your friend，will leave for Beijing tomorrow.which和as指代一个句子时，从句谓语动词用单数。如：Mary is often late for class，which makes our teacher very unhappy. 当先行词被the only/the very/the exact one of修饰时，从句谓语动词用单数，若仅有one of修饰时则从句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：He is one of the students who want to be a doctor in the future.He is the only one of the students who wants to be a doctor in the future. 6“介词/介词短语which/whom”中介词的选择关系代词前面的介词使用是根据与名词前面的动词搭配关系和介词的搭配关系及句子结构上的需要而定的。如：Well never forget the day on which we went camping.(on the day)The woman to whom we spoke is from the USA. (speak to sb.)His glasses，without which he was(who was not)like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.(由句意决定) 考点二：关系副词的用法1当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when表示时间的介词(如：in，at，during等)which；where表示地点的介词(如：in，at，on，under等)which；whyforwhich。如：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (whenon which)Can you tell me the office where he works? (wherein which)Do you know the reason why he is absent? (whyfor which) 2高考对关系副词where的考查高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词由“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表示地点。当先行词表示某人/物的处境，或某事所发展的阶段，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如：The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.事情发展到如此程度，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。 考点三：定语从句的其他要点1关系副词和关系代词的比较关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择引导词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系副词。 试比较下面的句子：Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？在句中，定语从句中缺宾语，因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句，而在句中，定语从句中不缺主语，也不缺宾语，因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。 2定语从句与其他句式的比较It is such a heavy box that he cant lift it.(状语从句)It is such a heavy box as he cant lift.(定语从句)Is this factory the one in which/where we lived three years ago？(定语从句)Is this factory where we lived three years ago？(表语从句) As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.(定语从句)It is known to the world that Mark Twain is a great American writer.(主语从句)That Mark Twain is a great American writer is known to the world.(主语从句)We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.(同位语从句) The reason that he gave was not right.(定语从句)She did all she could to help him.(定语从句)She is not the girl she used to be.(定语从句)She did what she could to help him.(宾语从句)She is not what she used to be.(表语从句)由以上例句可以看出，分清定语从句与其他复合句的关键是要掌握先行词及其后的关系词，要看其是否在从句中作成分，是否有意义。 3注意way和time后接定语从句的情况(1)当先行词是way意为“方式、方法”时，在定语从句作状语，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如：使我感到惊奇的不是他说了什么，而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。 (2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/duringwhich引导定语从句。如：This is the second time(that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问那个国家。 I could hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.我几乎记不清我已失败多少次了。This was at a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or no TV sets.这是一段没有收音机，没有电话，没有电视机的时间。
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