企业涉外知识产权侵权防御及管理

,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,企业涉,外,外知识,产,产权侵,权,权防御,及,及管理,Defense andStrategyofIntellectualPropertyInfringement,Overview,目,目,录,录,IntroductiontoDirect,Indirect,WillfulInfringement, USC271aswell as somerelatedcases,直接侵,权,权，间,接,接侵权,，,，故意,侵,侵权，271,条,条款,引,引诱侵,权,权及相,关,关案例,Stepsforavoidance of patentInfringementinthe UnitedStates, FTOaswell as somerelatedcases,防止侵,权,权策略,、,、FTO及相,关,关案例,HiddenTraps,“走出,去,去”的,“,“尴尬,”,”,BasicAttributeofPatent Right:RegionalFeature专利的,基,基本属,性,性：地,域,域性,Patentisarightgranted by thegovernment,andit,sonly valid in theauthorized countries.专利是,政,政府授,予,予的权,利,利，只,在,在授权,国,国境内,有,有效。,The,infringementoccurs whenthe productappearsintheauthorizedcountries.产品专,利,利必须,要,要产品,在,在授权,国,国内出,现,现才侵,权,权。,Thepatent canonly be infringedinthecountries where itsauthorized.,同样地,，,，方法,专,专利只,会,会在被,授,授权的,国,国家境,内,内实施,该,该专利,的,的行为,所,所侵害,。,。,America PatentInfringement,美国专,利,利侵权,DirectInfringement(Client)-,35USC271(a),直接侵,权,权 (,当,当事人),-,271(a),条,条款,IndirectInfringement(Accomplice),间接侵,权,权 (,共,共犯),I,nduce,infringement, 35 USC271(b),引诱侵,权,权 271(b),条,条款,C,ontributory,infringement, 35 USC271(c),共同(,参,参与),侵,侵权271(c),条,条款,Thebehaviors above areviewedasinfringementsonly in USA,the directinfringements,outside,USAare statedasfollows:,以上行,为,为在美,国,国国内,才,才侵权,，,，下面,是,是美国,境外,的间接,侵,侵权行,为,为:,Provide componentstoassembleabroad, 35 USC271(f)(1),提,提供部,件,件到国,外,外组合, 271(f)(1)条,款,款,ImportAmericanpatentedmethodstoproduce products abroad,35USC271(g) 进,口,口美国,专,专利方,法,法在国,外,外制造,的,的产品- 271(g)条,款,款,Provide patentedcomponents forspecificuse, 35 USC271(f)(2),提,提供专,利,利特用,的,的零件,271(f)(2)条款,PatentInfringement under US Law,美,美国法,中,中的专,利,利侵权,IntheU.S.,apatentprovidesits proprietorwiththerighttoexcludeothersfromutilizingthe inventionclaimed in thepatent.,在美国,，,，专利,给,给予专,利,利权人,排,排他性,的,的特权,，,，对,其,其拥有,的,的技术,具,具有独,占,占使用,权,权。,Shouldapersonutilizethat invention,withoutpermission of thepatentproprietor,they,infringe,that patent.,在无专,利,利权人,允,允许的,情,情况下,使,使用该,发,发明，,就,就是专,利,利侵权,。,。,See35U.S.Code Section271,参见见,美,美国专,利,利法271条,Extraterratorial AspectsofUSLaw治,外,外法权,Thegeneralrule is thatU.S.Patents onlycoveractivitiesintheU.S.,美国专,利,利法通,常,常只适,用,用于在,美,美国境,内,内的行,为,为,However,incertain circumstances, bothactivitiesoriginatingoutside of theU.S. &salesoccurring outsideofthe U.S.may be implicatedbyU.S.law,然而在,特,特定情,况,况下，,从,从美国,境,境外始,发,发的行,为,为和在,美,美国境,外,外的销,售,售也受,美,美国法,管,管辖,DirectInfringement直,接,接侵权,A person,directlyinfringes,a patentbymaking, using,selling,offeringtosell,orimportingintotheUSany patented invention,withoutauthority, duringthetermofthepatent 35USC 271(a),美国专,利,利法271(a)条,款,款规定,：,：未经,专,专利权,人,人许可,，,，制造,、,、使用,、,、销售,、,、授权,他,他人销,售,售或进,口,口入美,国,国的行,为,为，是,直,直接侵,权,权行为,。,。,35USC271(a),271,（,（a）,条款,(a)Except as otherwiseprovidedinthis title,whoever withoutauthoritymakes,uses,offers to sell, or sellsanypatentedinvention,withinthe UnitedStates, orimportsinto theUnitedStates anypatentedinventionduring theterm of thepatenttherefor, infringesthepatent.,除法律,另,另外规,定,定外，,未,未经专,利,利权人,允,允许，,制,制造、,使,使用、,销,销售、,授,授权他,人,人销售,或,或进口,专,专利产,品,品到美,国,国的行,为,为，是,本,本条款,中,中规定,的,的侵权,行,行为。,DirectInfringement(cases),直接,侵,侵权,（,（案,例,例）,JapanesecorporationAsoldproductstoAsiancorporationB.BrequiredAtotaptheboxesoftheproductswiththeaddressofthesubsidiarycorporationofAmericancorporationBtomakeitconvenientforBtosendthemtoUSA,Isitaninfringement?,日本,A,公司,卖,卖产,品,品给,一,一个,亚,亚洲,B,公司,，,，,B,公司,要,要求,A,公司,把,把产,品,品箱,子,子贴,上,上美,国,国,B,公司,的,的子,公,公司,的,的地,址,址方,便,便,B,公司,直,直接,寄,寄到,美,美国,直接,侵,侵权,吗,吗？,No.,没有,。,。,(,MEMCElec.Materials,Inc.v.MitsubishiMaterialsSiliconCorp.,420F.3d1369(Fed.Cir.2005),CanadiancorporationAboughttheproductsofChinesecorporationB,andsoldthemtoAmericancorporationC;ThetradewasprocessedinCanada.,Isitadirectinfringement?,加拿,大,大,A,公司,采,采购,中,中国,B,公司,的,的产,品,品，,卖,卖给,美,美国,C,公司,；,；交,货,货是,在,在加,拿,拿大,直,直接,侵,侵权,吗,吗,?,Yes.,有。,(,LightCubes,LLCv.NorthernLightProducts,Inc.,523F.3d1353(Fed.Cir.2008),TaiwanesecorporationAproducedelectronicproductsinShenzhen,andthetradewasprocessedinChina.Beforethetrade,AsentsomesamplestoUSAandgotUL.,Isitadirectinfringement?,台湾,A,公司,在,在深,圳,圳制,造,造电,子,子产,品,品卖,给,给公,司,司，,在,在中,国,国交,货,货，,交,交货,前,前寄,了,了几,个,个样,品,品到,美,美国,取,取得,UL,认证, 直接,侵,侵权吗？,Yes,有。,(,Fellowesv.MichilinProsperityCo.,491F. Supp.2d571,583(E.D. Va. 2007).),IndirectInfringement间接侵权,ThePatent Act doesnotdirectlydistinguish,“,direct,”,and,“,indirect,”,infringement.,美国专利,法,法并没有,直,直接区分,“,“直接侵,权,权”与“,间,间接侵权,”,”, 271(b)and(c)aretypically grouped togetheras,“,indirect,”,waysofinfringing apatent:,271（b）和,（,（c）条,款,款合并规,定,定了“间,接,接的”专,利,利侵权方,式,式,271(b)createsa type of infringement describedas,“,active,inducement,of infringement.,”,271（b）的“,积,积极引诱,”,”侵权,271(c)createsliability for thosewhohave,contributed,to the infringementof apatent.271c,对,对侵权行,为,为提供帮,助,助者的法,律,律责任,Bothtypes of indirect infringementcanonlyoccur whenthere has actually beena directinfringement ofthepatent.,上述2种,间,间接侵权,只,只发生在,实,实际存在,一,一个直接,侵,侵权的情,况,况下,35 USC 271(b), (c)271（b,）,）和（c,）,）条款,(b)Whoeveractivelyinducesinfringementofa patentshall be liableasaninfringer,（b）条,款,款中，积,极,极引诱侵,权,权者应被,视,视为侵权,方,方,(c)Whoeveroffers to sell or sellswithin the United StatesorimportsintotheUnitedStatesa componentof apatented machine, manufacture,combination,orcomposition,ora material or apparatusforusein practicing apatentedprocess, constituting amaterial part of the invention,knowingthesame tobeespecially madeor especially adapted for use inaninfringementofsuchpatent,andnota staple article orcommodity of commerce suitableforsubstantialnon-infringing use,shall beliableas acontributory infringer.,（c）条,款,款针对专,利,利产品组,件,件的生产,、,、销售、,组,组装，该,部,部件是发,明,明的一部,分,分且当事,人,人明知该,部,部件是特,别,别为专利,产,产品生产,制,制造的，,且,且没有其,他,他非专利,侵,侵权的商,业,业用途，,该,该当事人,是,是辅助（,贡,贡献）侵,权,权。,35 USC 271(b) (Inducement)271（b,）,）条款（,引,引诱侵权,）,）,Section271(b) covers situationswhere aparty activelyinducestheinfringementofa patentbyencouraging,aiding,orotherwise causing another personorentity to infringe apatent.,271（b）条款,规,规定，一,方,方积极主,动,动引诱侵,权,权，通过,鼓,鼓励、协,助,助、或其,他,他手段促,成,成第三方,完,完成的侵,权,权行为。,Thepotential inducer must actuallybe awareofthepatent and intend for theiractionsto result ina thirdparty infringing that patent.,潜在的引,诱,诱者必须,意,意识到专,利,利的存在,且,且希望其,引,引诱行为,会,会导致第,三,三方做出,侵,侵权行为,。,。,35 USC 271(b), Supreme CourtWeighs In,271(b),条,条款,-,最高法院,审,审理的领,域,域,Global-TechAppliances Inc.v. SEB S.A.,No.10-6, May 31, 2011,Global-Tech,电器股份,有,有限公司,与,与,SEB,集团的案,例,例，第,10-6,号案例，,2011,年五月,31,日,Global-TechAppliancesInc.andPentalpha Enterprises,Ltd.(collectively,“,Pentalpha,”,), aHong Kong appliancemaker,solda deep-fryer to3,rd,partiesthatwasanallegedcopyofonepatentedbySEB.,香港华利,美,美公司Pentalpha将深度,油,油炸锅的,专,专利卖给,第,第三方，,而,而该技术,被,被起诉为,SEB,集团的专利,仿,仿制品,35 USC 271(b), SupremeCourtWeighs In,271 (b) 条款,-,最高法院审,理,理的领域,Factsshowed that Pentalpha copiedSEBsdesign and knew that thedesign was patented,事实证明，,香港华利美,公,公司 Pentalpha 仿制,了,了SEB电,子,子油炸锅，,并,并且知道这,是,是专利产品,。,。,Pentalphacontacteda U.S. patent attorney and obtaineda freedomto use opinion.,Pentalpha与,美,美国专利局,联,联系过并获,得,得了不侵权,意,意见书。,Theynevertoldtheattorney of thepatent, or that thedesign was a copy.,Pentalpha没,告,告诉律师他,们,们制造的是,仿,仿制品,；,Pentalphastarted sellingcopied friersto variousdistributors,who sold them in theU.S.,Pentalpha,公司销售仿,制,制品给分销,商,商，分销商,把,把产品卖到,美,美国。,SEB sued Pentalpha under271(b),SEB基于271（b,）,）条款告Pentalpha,Win at thedistrictcourt, andsubsequently appeal,在地方法院,胜,胜诉然后进,一,一步上诉,Federal CircuitDecision,联邦巡回法,院,院判决,Holding: Induced infringementunder35 USC 271(b)requires,依据：271（b）条,款,款规定下的,引,引诱侵权要,求,求,knowledgethatthe induced acts constitute patentinfringement; and,知道有专利,存,存在并且做,出,出引诱侵权,的,的行为,deliberateindifference (or recklessness) toa known risk that apatent exists does not satisfytheknowledgerequired by section271(b),故意,忽视有,专利存在的,可,可能性,A recklessdefendantis one who merely knowsof asubstantial andunjustified risk ofwrongdoing.,被告明知其,行,行为很可能,是,是违规的。,Supreme Court Decision,最高法院判,决,决,Willful blindness isgroundedin U.S.,criminal,law,“故意视而,不,不见”是美,国,国刑法中的,最,最重罪责,Defendantmay be found liableif afinding of,“,“deliberate shielding themselves from clearevidence”,被告如果被,发,发现是“故,意,意忽视明显,证,证据”，那,么,么应追究其,法,法律责任,Despite the higher standard, Supreme Court affirmstheFederal Circuit,Why?,尽管是一个,很,很高的标准,，,，最高法院,肯,肯定了联邦,巡,巡回法院的,判,判决为,什,什么？,Failure todisclosethatthe frierwas acopyto the patentattorney was strongevidence that the actionswereintentional,没有向专利,代,代理人公开,煎,煎锅是仿制,品,品的行为是,证,证明其故意,行,行为的强有,力,力证据；,35 USC 271(c) (Contributory)271（c）,条,条款辅助（,贡,贡献）侵权,“,Contributory infringement,”,is triggered when aseller providesa part orcomponentthat, while not itself infringingof any patent,has aparticular useof some othermachine orcomposition that iscovered by a patent.,“辅助(贡,献,献)侵权”,是,是当卖方提,供,供部件，其,部,部件本身不,构,构成侵权，,但,但部件有专,有,有用途，用,来,来组建成专,利,利保护的产,品,品。,However, if there are other valid uses for the product,or it isa,“,staple articleor commodity ofcommercesuitable for substantialnoninfringing use,”,the sellerhaslikely notcontributed tothethirdparty,s infringement.,然而，如果,该,该部件有其,他,他有效的用,途,途或存在其,他,他显而易见,的,的非侵权的,商,商业替代用,途,途，卖方的,行,行为不构成,侵,侵权。,35 USC 271(c)271（c,）,）条款,Contributory infringementcanbe thoughtof as a type of inducement, in which the intent to cause directinfringement can beinferred from the fact that the productoffered for sale issuitable only for patentinfringement.,辅助（贡献,）,）侵权可以,被,被认定为引,诱,诱侵权行为,的,的一类。其,存,存在的故意,侵,侵权意图可,以,以通过该产,品,品事实上只,适,适用于侵权,产,产品这一事,实,实进行证明,。,。,“,Whena manufacturerincludes in itsproduct acomponentthatcanonlyinfringe,the inference that infringement isintended is unavoidable.,”,RicohCo.,Ltd.v. QuantaComputerInc., 550F.3d1325, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2008).,法院判定“,部,部件只能用,于,于侵权产品,，,，其侵权意,图,图是显而易,见,见的”,JointInfringement共,同,同侵权,Jointinfringement requires anagency relationshipor contractualobligation betweenthe jointly infringing parties.,共同侵权需,要,要存在于共,同,同侵权人中,间,间的一个代,理,理关系或合,同,同关系。,Akamai Technologiesv. Limelight Networks (Fed. Cir., Aug. 31, 2012) (en banc),Akamai assertedthatLimelightdirectlyinfringeda patent directed toa methodof delivering content over theweb.Thepatent claims each required astepof,“,tagging,”,objects ona web page. There was nodispute that Limelight did not tagobjects.However, Limelight,s user documentationincludedinstructions for tagging,andits customers wouldtypicallyperform the taggingstep.,争议专利是,通,通过网络标,记,记的一种方,法,法。标记是,专,专利实施的,必,必须步骤。,En banc court foundinfringement, currently on appeal to SupremeCourt,CaseStudy:,Ricohv. Quanta,案例研究：,Ricoh,与,Quanta,Ricohhasclaims towriting and recording disks onan optical drive.,Ricoh,公,公司有关于,光,光盘读写的,专,专利,Quanta manufactures,butsellsto thirdparties who incorporate into computers,Q公司生产,，,，销售给第,三,三方，其产,品,品装入电脑,中,中,Federal Circuitfinds that Quanta联邦巡回法,院,院判决,Should notbe permitted to escape liability,justbecause the endproduct has substantialnon-infringinguses,Q公司仍然,要,要承担侵权,责,责任，即便,他,他提出其最,终,终产品是不,侵,侵权,Itsthe component that matters,虽然是组件，但是,仍,仍然有关联,35 USC 271(c)271(c),条款,“,Whena manufacturerincludes in itsproduct acomponentthatcanonlyinfringe,the inference that infringement isintended is unavoidable.,”,RicohCo.,Ltd.v. QuantaComputerInc., 550F.3d1325, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2008).,271（c,）,）条款中判,定,定，产品的,组,组件只是为,了,了侵权，就,可,可以推定其,侵,侵权的意图,是,是明确的。,35 USC 271(f)271（f）,条,条款,Section 271(f)is meant to preventparties from avoiding infringementin the U.S. byshipping apatenteddevice insmaller components and then assembling the components overseas.,271(f)条款是为,防,防止将美国,专,专利产品的,部,部件运到海,外,外组装，从,而,而规避侵权,责,责任。,Creates acauseof actionforinfringement for supplying components ofa patented invention forassemblyoutside the US.,法律创造了,这,这类侵权可,诉,诉的行为，,即,即把未组装,的,的部件出口,到,到美国境外,，,，在美国境,外,外组装成产,品,品，也会构,成,成侵权。,Outside USA,271(f),Infringement Case,美国境外271(f),条,条款侵权案,例,例,Microsoftput “audiotransferring program” indisks andsentthemabroad ,allowing the manufacturesto install them inPCs and sell the PCs.,微软把含有,“,“声音转码,程,程序”的软,件,件放在光盘,送,送到国外让,制,制造商把该,软,软件装到电,脑,脑里去贩卖,。,。,American district court and Federalcircuit courtjudged:,美国地方法,院,院及联邦巡,回,回法庭判决,：,：,The program ispatented “component,”,此软件是专,利,利的“部件,”,”,Although the original disks were not installed inthe PCs, the copiedprogram isinfringedcomponent.,虽然,原来的光碟,没有装入电,脑,脑，,复制,的软件是侵,权,权的部件。,American Supreme Court(2007) Judgment:,美国最高法,院,院(2007)判决：,35 USC 271(f,) protectsonlytangiblecomponents, excluding programs,35 USC 271(f)只涵,盖,盖实体的“,部,部件”，不,涵,涵盖软件,The original disk did notinstalledin PCs, and the copied ones do notcount,原来的光碟,没,没有装入电,脑,脑，复制的,软,软件不算。,35 USC 271(f)(1),271(f)(1)条,款,款,(f)(1) Whoeverwithout authoritysupplies or causes to besuppliedin orfromtheUnited Statesall or a substantialportion of thecomponents ofa patentedinvention, where such components are uncombined in whole orin part,in such manneras toactivelyinduce thecombination ofsuchcomponents outsideof the United Statesin amanner that would infringe the patent if such combination occurred withinthe UnitedStates, shallbe liableas aninfringer.,(f)(1)任何人未,经,经许可，在,美,美国或由美,国,国提供或使,人,人提供”受,专,专利保护的,发,发明的未被,组,组合的全部,或,或主要组件,”,”，且积极,促,促使该组件,在,在美国境外,进,进行组合；,若,若这组合行,为,为在美国境,内,内是属侵犯,专,专利权，则,由,由美国提供,或,或使人提供,该,该组件亦属,于,于专利侵权,行,行为。,35USC271(f)(2),271(f)(2),条,条,款,款,(f)(2)WhoeverwithoutauthoritysuppliesorcausestobesuppliedinorfromtheUnitedStatesanycomponentofapatentedinventionthatisespeciallymadeorespeciallyadaptedforuseintheinventionandnotastaplearticleorcommodityofcommercesuitableforsubstantialnoninfringinguse,wheresuchcomponentisuncombinedinwholeorinpart,knowingthatsuchcomponentissomadeoradaptedandintendingthatsuchcomponentwillbecombinedoutsideoftheUnitedStatesinamannerthatwouldinfringethepatentifsuchcombinationoccurredwithintheUnitedStates,shallbeliableasaninfringer.,(f)(2),任,任,何,何,人,人,未,未,经,经,许,许,可,可,，,，,在,在,美,美,国,国,或,或,从,从,美,美,国,国,提,提,供,供,或,或,促,促,使,使,提,提,供,供,专,专,门,门,为,为,实,实,施,施,一,一,项,项,专,专,利,利,发,发,明,明,所,所,用,用,之,之,组,组,件,件,，,，,且,且,该,该,组,组,件,件,不,不,是,是,普,普,通,通,物,物,品,品,或,或,具,具,有,有,实,实,质,质,非,非,侵,侵,权,权,用,用,途,途,之,之,商,商,品,品,，,，,尽,尽,管,管,该,该,组,组,件,件,尚,尚,未,未,部,部,分,分,地,地,或,或,整,整,体,体,地,地,组,组,装,装,起,起,来,来,，,，,但,但,该,该,行,行,为,为,人,人,明,明,知,知,该,该,组,组,件,件,乃,乃,专,专,门,门,用,用,于,于,实,实,施,施,专,专,利,利,发,发,明,明,，,，,且,且,希,希,望,望,其,其,在,在,美,美,国,国,境,境,外,外,被,被,组,组,装,装,起,起,来,来,，,，,假,假,如,如,这,这,种,种,组,组,装,装,在,在,美,美,国,国,境,境,内,内,将,将,侵,侵,犯,犯,专,专,利,利,权,权,，,，,则,则,行,行,为,为,人,人,应,应,承,承,担,担,侵,侵,权,权,责,责,任,任,。,。,35USC271(f),271,（,（f,）,）,条,条,款,款,CardiacPacemakersv.St.JudeMedical,2007-1296,-1347(Fed.Cir.2009).,St.Judeshippedimplantablecardioverterdefibrillators(ICD,s)overseas.Cardiac,thepatentee,hada,methodclaim,toadministeraparticularshocksequenceusingthedefibrillator.CardiacarguedSt.Judeinfringedunder271(f)whereSt.JudeshippedICD,soverseasthatwerethenusedtoperformthepatentee,smethod.,St.Jude,将,将,心,心,脏,脏,除,除,颤,颤,器,器,运,运,往,往,国,国,外,外.Cardiac,作,作,为,为,专,专,利,利,权,权,人,人,，,，,拥,拥,有,有,一,一,个,个,除,除,颤,颤,器,器,中,中,应,应,用,用,的,的,心,心,脏,脏,刺,刺,激,激,方,方,法,法,权,权,利,利,要,要,求,求,。,。Cardiac,辩,辩,称,称St.Jude,将,将,心,心,脏,脏,除,除,颤,颤,器,器,运,运,往,往,国,国,外,外,侵,侵,犯,犯,了,了271,（,（f,）,）,条,条,款,款,下,下,心,心,脏,脏,刺,刺,激,激,方,方,法,法,的,的,权,权,利,利,要,要,求,求,；,；,TheFederalCircuitheldSection271(f)doesnotencompassdevices,suppliedoutsidetheUS,thatmaybeusedtoperformapatentedmethod.,联邦,巡,巡回,法,法院,判,判定271（f）,条,条款,并,并不,包,包含,在,在美,国,国境,外,外销,售,售的,使,使用,专,专利,方,方法,的,的设,备,备,35USC271(f)271(f),条款,Cardiac,cont.,Formanypatentholders,wherebothdeviceclaimsandmethodclaimscanbeincludedinissuedpatents,thiscasewillnothavemucheffect.,许多,专,专利,持,持有,者,者，,当,当专,利,利包,含,含设,备,备权,利,利要,求,求与,方,方法,的,的权,利,利要,求,求，,本,本案,对,对这,类,类专,利,利并,没,没有,太,太大,影,影响,。,。,However,fortechnologieswhereonlymethodclaimsareavailable,thiscasecanlimitexportdamages(enforcementoutsidetheUS).,然而,，,，对,只,只存,在,在方,法,法专,利,利，,本,本案,可,可以,对,对出,口,口损,害,害（,在,在美,国,国境,外,外的enforcement）,进,进行,限,限制,。,。,Trytoincludemanyclaimtypes(,e.g.,device,method,andmanufacture)andwriteclaimsfromtheperspectiveofapotentialinfringer.,试,试,图,图包,含,含更,多,多的,权,权利,要,要求,类,类型,和,和书,面,面权,利,利要,求,求,35USC271(g)271(g),条款,(g)WhoeverwithoutauthorityimportsintotheUnitedStatesorofferstosell,sells,oruseswithintheUnitedStatesaproductwhichismadebyaprocesspatentedintheUnitedStatesshallbeliableasaninfringer,iftheimportation,offertosell,sale,oruseoftheproductoccursduringthetermofsuchprocesspatent.,Aproductwhichismadebyapatentedprocesswill,forpurposesofthistitle,notbeconsideredtobesomadeafter,凡未,经,经授,权,权而,使,使用,已,已获,美,美国,工,工艺,专,专利,生,生产,的,的产,品,品，,如,如果,在,在这,种,种工,艺,艺专,利,利期,内,内将,其,其进,口,口到,美,美国,或,或出,售,售，,销,销售,，,，或,在,在美,国,国境,内,内使,用,用将,承,承担,侵,侵权,责,责任,。,。.这,种,种根,据,据专,利,利工,艺,艺生,产,产的,产,产品,通,通过,下,下面,的,的步,骤,骤可,以,以规,避,避侵,权,权：,(1)itismateriallychangedbysubsequentprocesses;or,（1,）,）后,续,续工,序,序发,生,生重,大,大改,变,变,;,(2)itbecomesatrivialandnonessentialcomponentofanotherproduct.,（2,）,）变,成,成了,其,其他,产,产品,琐,琐碎,和,和不,必,必要,的,的组,件,件,35USC271(g)(,“,Product-by-processinfringement),271（g）,条,条款,（,（产,品,品-,流,流程,侵,侵权,）,）,UnderSection271(g),itisillegalto,“,importintotheUnitedStates,”,offertosell,sell,“,orusewithintheUnitedStatesaproductwhichis,”,producedbyapatentedprocess(unlessproductismateriallychangedorbecomesnon-essentialcomponentofanotherproduct),271（g）,规,规定,，,，“,进,进口,到,到美,国,国销,售,售或,在,在美,国,国境,内,内使,用,用”,是,是违,法,法行,为,为。,Patent-by-processinfringementoccursevenifthepatentedprocessisactuallyperformedinaforeigncountry.,适用,于,于在,外,外国,执,执行,专,专利,程,程序,方,方法,的,的行,为,为,ThepartywhoimportstheproductintotheUSisliable(nottheactualmanufactureoftheproduct,unlesstheyarethesameparty).,进口,产,产品,到,到美,国,国的,一,一方,负,负有,责,责任,（,（而,不,不是,实,实际,制,制造,方,方，,除,除非,他,他们,是,是同,一,一方,）,）。,美国境,外,外271(g)条款,侵,侵权案,例,例,outside USA,271(g),infringementcase,Pfizerv.Anhui,辉瑞公,司,司告合,肥,肥香料,厂,厂侵权,Anhuimanufacturedasweetener(maltol)inChina, thatPfizer allegedinfringed their processpatent；,辉瑞指,控,控合肥,香,香料厂,用,用辉瑞,专,专利的,方,方法制,造,造麦芽,酚,酚 (maltol),Anhuisold to Sinochem,whosoldtoF&S, whoimportedtoU.S.,合肥香,料,料厂将,麦,麦芽酚,卖,卖给中,化,化集团,，,，中化,集,集团再,将,将麦芽,酚,酚卖给,美,美国F&S公,司,司，后,者,者将麦,芽,芽酚进,口,口到美,国,国,.,Summary Judgementgranted forAnhui,对于辉,瑞,瑞的总,判,判决,Judgement:,Anhuimanufacture,didnot participate in “import,”,”,thus didnotviolet 271(g).OnlyF&Sisliable.,法院裁,定,定：合,肥,肥香料,厂,厂不参,与,与“进,口,口”所,以,以没有,违,违反271(g)条,款,款，只,有,有F&S公司,承,承担责,任,任,。,35U.S.C.,271,Case Law案例法,（,（判例,）,）,StandardHavensv.Gencor Dec.1991,Gencorsoldasphalt-productionplants thatusedthepatentedmethod forproducingasphalt.,Gencor,公,公司使,用,用专利,方,方法生,产,产销售,沥,沥青。,Oneasphalt-production plant soldtoforeigncustomer,who didnotimport products to U.S.,一个沥,青,青产品,公,公司卖,产,产品给,一,一个外,国,国客户,，,，该客,户,户并没,有,有进口,产,产品到,美,美国,271(g): theCourtfoundnoinfringementbecausetherewasnoimportationtoU.S.,271,（,（g）,条,条款：,法,法院认,定,定无侵,权,权，因,为,为没有,进,进口到,美,美国的,行,行为。,271(f): theCourtunequivocally statedthat there isnoimplicationof271(f)bythe saleofnon-patentedapparatustoforeign customer foruseoutsideofU.S.,271,（,（f）,条,条款：,法,法院判,定,定不适,用,用271f条,款,款中关,于,于销售,非,非专利,产,产品给,在,在美国,以,以外的,外,外国客,户,户。,35U.S.C.,271,Case Law,案例法,（,（判例,）,）,SynapticPharm.v.MDS Panlabs,June 2002,SynapticPharm.patentedaprocess relatedtobiologicaltesting.MDS affiliatePanlabs Taiwanconductedthe patented processoutsidetheU.S.MDS imported theresults of theprocess intothe U.S.f