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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,吕中舌 博士,清华大学外语系教授,英国诺丁汉大学客座教授,地址：北京清华大学文南楼,211,室,邮编：,100084,电话：,62784969,传真：,62785568,1,清华大学博士生入学考试题型及各部分比例分配,听力,20%,词汇,10,阅读,40,综合填充,10%,写作,20%,2,清华大学博士生入学 考试考前辅导,词汇部分,清华大学外语系吕中舌,3,I.,攻读博士学位考试大纲词汇量要求：,清华大学博士生入学时其英语水平,原则上应达到或略高于硕士生水平,。,根据,研究生英语教学大纲,中的规定：硕士生应领会式掌握词汇,5500,个，其中大部分为实义词，如：,名词、动词、形容词、副词,。,动词,所占比例最大，约占五分之一；名词应不亚于动词，而且词汇级别越高名词的比例就越大。但这并不意味介词、连词就可以忽略。,掌握一定数量的常用词组。,掌握一定数量的常用词缀，并能根据构词法和语境意思识别常见的派生词。,4,II.,词汇部分的考试形式及重点：,形式：,10,个单句有下划线，选出同下划线意义相同的单词；,10,个,单句选择填空以完成句子。,题量,:,20,个句子,(10%),，每道题,0.5,分，共,10,分。,重点,：是对名词、动词、形容词、短语及固定搭配的判断和理解，其中包括区分同义词、近义词、反义词等。如：,In order to,achieve,your goals,you must work hard.,A.make B.accomplish C.require D.develop,As they cant afford to let the situation get worse,they will take some necessary _.,A.decisions B.sides C.directions D.steps,The first,second,and third prizes went to Jack,Tom and Harry _.,A.equally B.differently C.similarly D.respectively,5,III.,单词记忆方法：,通过阅读记单词,通过做练习题记单词,通过联想方式记单词,:,邻近联想,:lightening-thunder-storm;winter-freeze-snow-frost;spring-blossom-awake;,类比联想,:result-effect-impact;because of,on account of,due to;,对比联想,:stupid-clever-smart;advance-backward,等,.,。,分类记忆单词：根据单词的词性、词义、读音等方式将单词分类。如按意义分类：,vehicle,truck,jeep,taxi,等。按单词词性分类：,reduce,decline,decrease,fall,drop,等。,掌握构词法：如，前缀、后缀、词根。,6,前缀：名词后缀：动词后缀：形容词后缀：副词后缀：常见词根：,7,IV.,四种命题方式：,1,近形词题目,：,考单词辨认、近形词辨认的能力。如：,The problem is caused _ by a lack of money.,A.prominently B.profoundly C.primarily D.proportionally,The new director of the television station wants to _ its program.,A.divide B.decide C.diversify D.divert,8,2,近义词题,：,词义相近、用法不同。如：,Generally _,that city is less crowded than the others in the same state.,A.talking B.speaking C.saying D.telling,In the big flood,only 20%of the people in that village _.,A.remained B.stayed C.lived,D.survived,9,语境词汇题,：,根据单词所处的具体语言环境，确定正确选项。,In 400 A.D.Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as _ ceased.,A.rotation B.suspension C.emission D.motivation,As a good photographer,you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who _ it.,A.innovate B.inhabit C.integrate D.inherit,10,固定搭配,：,动词与介词或副词的搭配，形容词与名词的搭配等。,Not all persons arrested and _ with a crime are guilty,and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law.,A.sentenced B.accused C persecuted D charged,If you are a member of a club,you must _ to the rules of that club.,A.conform B.appeal C.refer D.access,11,词汇部分的主要词类及要点,在词汇考试中，考生应该重视主要性及其要点，如名词、动词、形容词和副词。,12,名词：,名词是词汇考试的一个重要组成部分；考生应注意名词在不同的语境中所体现的不同含义和用法，同时需通过练习熟悉这批名词，以及了解名词的外延和内涵和一定量的同义词。,1,、除了英语本族语及少量外来语等拼写简单的名词外，名词多数是由希腊及拉丁词根加上前缀、后缀构成。大量的名词后缀是表示性质、状态和行为的。参见,III.e.,掌握构词法之名词后缀及成绩词根。,13,2,）名词的复数,(1),以,-f,结尾的名词，构成复数时只加,-s,，如：,cliff,s,（悬崖）,gulf,s,（海湾）,proof,s,（证据）,safe,s,（保险箱）,有些,-f,结尾的名词可有两种复数形式。如：,dwarfdwarfsdwarves,（侏儒）,hoofhoofshooves,（蹄）,(2),源自拉丁语、希腊语及法语的一部分外来词的复数形式仍然保留不变。,1,）来自拉丁语的：,stratum/,starta,（地层）,larva/larvae,（昆虫的幼虫）,stimulus/stimuli,（刺激）,bacterium/bacteria,（细菌）,14,2,）来自希腊语的：,analysis/analyses,（分析）,hypothesis/hypotheses,（假设）,synopsis/synopses,（概要，大意）,thesis/theses,（论文，论题）,criterion/criteria,（标准）,phenomenon/phenomena,（现象）,15,(3),一些外来词兼有原有复数形式和英语规则复数形式。,外来词 原有复数 规则复数形式,syllabus,（拉）,syllabi syllabuses,（大纲）,medium,（拉）,media mediums,（媒体）,symposium,（拉）,symposia symposiums(,研讨会）,16,(4),复合名词的复数形式,1,）,daughter-in-law/daughters-in-law,（儿媳）,2,）,looker-on/lookers-on,（旁观者）,3,）,stand-by/stand-bys,（可依靠的人或物）,(5),一些名词的单复数意义不同。,anxiety,（焦虑）,/anxieties,（令人忧虑之事）,security,（安全）,/securities,（证券，债券）,kindness,（善意）,/kindnesses,（善行）,17,(6),有些名词的复数形式兼有单数形式的意义和新的意义。,letter,字母；信,letters,字母；信,/,文学，学问,manner,方式，方法,manners,方式，方法,/,礼貌,pain,痛,pains,痛,/,努力,color,颜色,colors,颜色,/,军旗,18,动词,:,动词的测试重点：,1),动词的认知能力和辨别能力；,2),动词的用法；,3),动词的搭配关系。在考试大纲的词汇表中，约有,五分之一是动词,。因此，掌握好这批词汇直接关系到考试成绩。,19,1.As a result,they had to _ answering their letter by three days.,A.decide B.refrain C.surpassD.delay,2.The diplomatic relations between the tow countries have _.,A.ticked away,B.gone out,C.broken off,D.rung up,20,1),动词不规则词型变化,动词原形 过去时过去分词,abide,遵守,abode,abided abode,abided,arise,升起,arosearisen,awake,唤醒,awoke,awoke,awaken,bid,表示,bade,bidbidden bid,breed,繁殖,bred,bred,cast,投、掷,cast,cast,creep,爬,crept,crept,dwell,留居,dwelt,dwelleddwelt,dwelled,forbid,禁止,forbade,forbadeforbidden,21,2),动词词型相近，词义不同,compliment,vt,.,赞美,He is complimented for his fine work.,complement,vt,.,补充,They need to complement the factory with more workers.,affect,vt,.,影响,award,vt,.,授予、给予,effect,vt,.,产生、引起,reward,vt,.,奖赏、报答,adapt,vt,.,使适应,contract,vt,.,缔结、订约,adopt,vt,.,采用,contact,vt,.,使接触，,compress,vt,.,挤压,confirm v.,证实,comprise,vt,.,包括,conform v.,符合,inquire,vt,.,打听、询问,compel,vt,.,强迫、迫使屈从,require,vt,.,要求、命令,impel,vt,.,促成、推动,ensure,vt,.,保证、担保,rescue,vt,.,援救、营救,insure,vt,.,给,.,保险,secure,vt,.,保护、使,.,安全,extinguish,vt,.,熄灭,respect,vt,.,尊重,distinguish,vt,.,区别，辨别,suspect,vt,.,猜想,22,3),动词词义相近，用法不同,arrive vi.,该动词后面需采用,at,in,on,等介词,He arrived in Beijing yesterday.,reach,vt,.,该动词为及物动词，直接跟宾语。,They reached the village yesterday.,in
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