资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,CHAPTER NINE,Conversion of Clauses in Translation,句式转换译法,句式转换译法主要指名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、 定语从句、状语从句间的相互转换翻译。定语从句是从句中比较复杂而又十分重要的一种从句，运用范围比较广泛，其翻译方法灵活多变，可以译成前置定语，也可以译成后置定语，还可以译成时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语，有时还可以译成插入语等。,9. 1,定语从句的翻译,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。限定性定语从句所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物，这类从句不能去掉，若去掉，所剩部分就会失去意义而不能成立；非限定性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步说明，去掉之后句子的其他部分仍然成立。限定性定语从句通常和句子的其他部分之间没有逗号分开；非限定性定语从句通常用逗号分开。限定性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制的作用；非限定性定语从句只对先行词起一种补充说明的作用。,前者可译为前置定语“,的”，后者通常译成一个后置的并列分句，表示补充说明。,限定性定语从句 与 非限定性定语从句的对比,例,1,：,A. His brother,who is in Hong Kong,will return to,Taibei,next week.,他在香港的哥哥下星期一回台北。,（暗示：除了在香港的这个哥哥以外，他还有其他的哥哥。）,B. His brother,who is in Hong Kong,will return to,Taibei,next week.,他的哥哥下星期回台北，现在他在香港。,（表示：他只有这个哥哥，所以不必再加以限制。）,例,2,：,A. The teacher thanked the students,who had given her flowers.,老师向给她送花的学生表示感谢。,（表示：只有部分学生）,B. The teacher thanked the students,who had given her flowers,.,老师向学生们表示感谢，因为学生们向老师送了鲜花。（表示：全体学生）,9. 1. 1,前置译法,A.,两种定语从句有时都可汉译为前置定语,例,1,：,Water,which is a clear liquid, has many uses.,【,译文,】,水,是一种清澈的液体,，有许多用途。,例,2,：,This reading-room is the place,in which there are many students and teachers reading books every day.,【,译文,】,这个阅览室是,每天都有许多师生看书的,地方。,例,3,：,I have often wondered whether some people,who had no intention of making a purchase,would take advantage of this privilege.,【,译文,】,我常常纳闷，会不会有,一些根本无意购买东西的,人利用这一优惠趁机揩油。,例,4,：,On October 4, 1957, the first man-made satellite was sent into space,where exploration hadnt been made by man.,【,译文,】1957,年,10,月,4,日，第一颗人造卫星送入了,从未被人类探索过的,太空。,B.,省译定语从句中的谓语,如果定语从句中的谓语不含有具体的意义，可省译从句中的谓语。这种译法很简便，也很有效。,例,1,：,The purpose for which,electricity is used,is numerous.,【,译文,】,电的,用途是很多的。,例,2,：,He is the man which,he was.,【,译文,】,他还是,过去,那个老样子。,例,3,：,We have arrived at the same conclusion as,they have.,【,译文,】,我们已得出,与他们,相同的结论。,例,4,：,The factory has produced two kinds of chemicals, the quality of which,is good.,【,译文,】,这个工厂生产了两种,高质量的,化学制品。,例,5,：,The modern aircraft is no longer the airplane which,it was before,.,【,译文,】,现代的飞机已经不是,从前,那种飞机了。,C.,译出定语从句中的谓语,如果定语从句中的谓语含有具体的动作意义，这个谓语不可省译。把定语从句汉译成“,的”词组置于所修饰的词前，仍作定语。这种译法简单直观，应用范围很广。当然，这种译法最适用于结构不太复杂的定语从句。,例,1,：,Objects,that do not transfer light,cause shadows.,【,译文,】,不透光的,物体会造成阴影。,例,2,：,Situation,that may bring happiness in one place,may not bring happiness in another place.,【,译文,】,此处能带来欢乐的,景况，换了它处未必也能给人带来欢乐。,例,3,：,They saw the first glimmerings of the “new economic order”,for which many Third World countries have long been clamoring.,【,译文,】,他们看到了,许多第三世界国家长期呼吁的,“新经济秩序”的曙光。,D.,先译,定语从句，但不作先行词的定语,出于汉语行文的需要和逻辑关系方面的考虑，可将定语从句提在主语之前翻译，用来说明情况，但不作其先行词的定语。,例,1,：,I suffered agonies,that no one suspected,.,【,译文,】,谁也想不到,，我内心经历了多么大的痛苦。,例,2,：,The police capitulated on the morning of the day,when I volunteered to defy them,.,【,译文,】,那天上午我主动同警察对抗,，他们却投降,例,3,：,This is the way,that,Americans themselves become familiar with one another,.,【,译文,】,美国人自己也是这样相识的。,例,4,：,There are also great advantages,that come from the variety of culture brought by settlers from other lands,.,【,译文,】,移民从各地带来了多种文化,，产生了极大的好处。,课堂互动,1,： 翻译句子,注意运用前置译法,1,She kissed the child,which was in the mothers arms.,2,Atoms are the units,out of which molecules are built,.,3,Those,who want to go,please sign their names here.,4,We will start at the point,where we left off.,5,The days are gone,when my heart was,young and gay.,译文欣赏,1.,她吻了吻,抱在母亲怀中的,婴儿。,2.,原子是,构成分子的,基本单位。,3.,想去的,人请在这里签名。,4.,我们将从,上次停下来的,地方开始。,5.,快乐,童年一去不复返。,9. 1. 2,后置译法,A.,限定性定语从句有时可译为后置的并列句,限定性定语从句，如果结构较为复杂，句子太长，无法译成前置的定语从句，最好译成一个后置的并列分句，且更合乎汉语的习惯。,例,1,：,Our war against terror is a contest of will,in which perseverance is power.,【,译文,】,我们的反恐怖战争是意志的较量。,在这场较量中,，,不屈不挠的努力就是力量,。,例,2,：,A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl,who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era,and a major,who says that they havent.,【,译文,】,一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。,年轻女士认为,，,妇女已有所进步,，,不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就会吓得跳到椅子上去,，,少校则不以为然,。,B.,非限定性定语从句在意义上等于并列句,非限定性定语从句在意义上等于并列句。当定语从 句对主句没有限制意义时，关系代词可以用“,and +,代词”的结构来代替，关系副词可以用“,and +,副词”来代替。可把这种定语从句汉译成一个后置的并列分句。,例,1,：,He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true,. (=and it),【,译文,】,他说他以前未见过她，,这不是事实,。（“,which”,指前面“,that”,从句的意义）,例,2,：,He stays at,Huating,Hotel in Shanghai till Friday,when he started for Beijing,. (=and then),【,译文,】,他在上海华亭宾馆住到星期五，随即动身去北京。,例,3,：,My heart is full of happiness,which I like to share with others.,（,=and that,）,【,译文,】,我心中充满了快乐，,想与人分享,。,C.,重复翻译先行词,结构较复杂的定语从句常汉译成后置的并列分句，在多数情况下要重译先行词；或即便句子不长，出于某种原因需要强调先行词，也需重译先行词。,例,1,：,He accepted the offer,which was a job after his own heart,.,【,译文,】,他接受了这项工作，,该工作很符合他的心意,。,例,2,：,Days and nights are very long on the moon,where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth .,【,译文,】,在月亮上，白天和黑夜都相当长，,月亮上的一天等于地球上的两周,。,D.,不重复翻译先行词,有些定语从句汉译时译成后置分句，但可不重译先行词，译文仍然符合汉语习惯。,例,1,：,Earl and I had noticed many children,who ignored the fences and found holes to allow them through,.,【,译文,】,我和艾勒都看见许多孩子不管栏杆不栏杆，见了缺口就钻进去。,例,2,：,Both picnics and barbeques are friendly, informal social events,that offer an opportunity to enjoy a meal outside in pleasant surroundings,.,【,译文,】,野餐和烧烤餐都是友情洋溢、不拘礼节的社交活动，让大家在户外一个怡情的环境里高高兴兴美餐一顿。,课堂互动,2,： 翻译句子,注意运用后置译法,1,All matter is made of atoms,which are invisible to the naked eye,.,2,On that day she looked the happiest,(that) Ive ever seen her.,3,An aircraft engine consists of thousands of parts,each of which has its importance.,4,Energy can neither be created nor destroyed,which is the universally accepted law.,5,Shes very like,Catler,that I used to meet,at Dumdum,.,译文欣赏,1.,一切物质都是由原子构成，,原子是肉眼看不见的。,2.,那一天她显得特别高兴，,我从来没见过她这样高兴过。,3.,飞机发动机由成千上万个部件所组成，,其中每一个都很重要。,4.,能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，,这是一条公认的规律。,5.,她非常像卡特勒小姐，,这位小姐我过去常在达姆达姆遇到。,9. 1. 3,转换译法,英语中有些定语从句，尤其是非限定性定语从句， 从语法结构上讲是定语，起定语的作用；从意义上说又相当于一个状语从句，所以常称为状语化的定语从句，说明时间、原因、条件、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下，定语从句常转译成汉语各种相应的偏正复句，而这类定语从句表示原因的最多。,当定语从句和主句所表示的动作几乎同时发生时，其含义相当于由连词“,when, while, as”,等引导的时间状语从句，翻译时加上连词,“当,时候”。,例,1,：,Electrical energy,that is supplied to a lamp,can be turned into light energy. (=when it)(,时间状语,),【,译文,】,把,电供给电灯,时,，它就变成光能。,例,2,：,A driver,who is driving a bus,mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. (=when he)(,时间状语,),【,译文,】,司机开车,时,，不许和别人谈话，也不能走神。,例,3,：,The thief,who was about to escape,was caught by the policemen. (=when he) (,时间状语,),【,译文,】,小偷,正要,逃跑,时,，被警察抓住了。,A.,译为时间状语从句,B.,译为原因状语从句,当定语从句用来表示主句中某一动作或状态的原因时，其含义相当于由连词“,because, as”,等引导的原因状语从句，翻译时加上连词 “由于”，“因为”，等。,例,1,：,The current,which is very rapid,makes the river dangerous. (=for it) (,原因状语,),【,译文,】,由于,水流很急，这条河很危险。,例,2,：,They lost their way,which delayed them considerably,. (=for that) (,原因状语,),【,译文,】,他们迷了路，,因而,迟了很久才到。,【,解析,】,句中“,which”,的先行词不单单是“,way”,，而是“,lost their way”,，以为“因而”就包含着“因为迷路”的意思。,例,3,：,Im not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth,who could give, or have a theoretical knowledge of that proof,but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizens, such as you or we. (=because they)(,原因状语,),【,译文,】,我说的不是数千位天文学家、地理学家之类的人，,因为,他们可以用观察到的事实或用理论上的根据来证实这一点，我指的是如同你我之辈只会看报纸的普通读者。,C.,译为条件状语从句,当从句所表示的是主句中某一动作或状态是在某一条件下产生时，其功能相当于由连词“,if”,引导的条件状语从句用来修饰主句中的谓语动词。翻译时加上“如果”、“只要”、“凡是”等连词，句子意思前后连贯，语气通顺。,例,1,：,Nobody could be said to understand the heath,who,had not been there at such a time,. (=if he),（表假设，条件状语）,【,译文,】,凡是,没有在这种时节去过那里的人，就不能说他领会这片荒原。,例,2,：,How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, w,ho doesnt know what the students are thinking and demanding?,(=if he),（表假设，条件状语）,【,译文,】,如果,一个老师不知道他的学生在想什么，需要什么，怎么能指望自己成为一个合格的老师呢？,例,3,：,Unfortunately, in all these dreams I am deprived of the analysis,without which,I cannot find the meaning of the dream. (=if I),（表假设，条件状语）,【,译文,】,然而，很不幸，这些梦我都无法分析，可,如果,不分析又不能发现梦的意义。,D.,译为目的状语从句,当从句所表示的是主句中某一动作或状态所发生的目的或动机时，其含义相当于由连词“,so that,，,in order that”,等引导的目的状语从句，修饰主句的谓语动词。在翻译时，可根据汉语的表达习惯，译为目的状语。,例,1,：,He wishes to write an article,which will attract public attention to the air pollution in this city,. (=in order that it),（目的状语）,【,译文,】,他想写一篇文章，,用来,引起公众对这座城市空气污染的关注。,例,2,：,While at a museum, one can frequently rent a small recording machine,that will explain the objects on display as you move through the museum,. (=so that),（目的状语）,【,译文,】,在博物馆，通常你可以租一个小录音机，,以便,你一面参观一面听有关展品的录音解说。,例,3,：,We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions,which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.,(=so that),（目的状语）,【,译文,】,我们认识到需要建立健全一些机构，,以,帮助控制滥用权力。,E.,译为结果状语从句,当从句所表示的是主句中某一动作或状态所产生的结果时，其意义相当于“,so that”,引导的结果状语从句，修饰主句的谓语动词。在翻译时，可根据其意义及汉语的表达习惯，加上适当的连词。,例,1,：,This means we shall have to carry our own water,which will add even greater weight to the saucer,. (=so that it),（结果状语）,【,译文,】,这意味着我们必须自己带水，,这,就会给飞碟增加更多的重量。,例,2,：,He tries to seek happiness in selfish enjoyment, where it can never be found. (= so that)(,结果状语,),【,译文,】,他想在自私的享受中寻找幸福，,那,是永远不可能找到的。,例,3,：,I was down in the cellar of society, down in the subterranean depth of misery,about which it is neither nice nor proper to speak,. (Jack London) (=so that)(,结果状语,),【,译文,】,我落入社会的最底层，陷进苦难的深渊，,因而,苦不堪言。,F.,译为让步状语从句,当从句所表示的是主句中某一动作或状态与从句中的某一动作或状态在逻辑上有一定矛盾，但并不影响主句的事实或语气的突发转折时，其含义相当于“,though, although”,引导的让步状语从句，汉译时可适当加上连词“但是”、“然而”、“却”等，这样译文显得流畅，语气也连贯。,例,1,：,She insisted on buying another coat and shirt,which she had no use for.,(=althoughit ) (,让步状语,),【,译文,】,她坚持要另买一套衣裙，,虽然,她买了也没用。,例,2,：,Electronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot replace man. (=although they),（让步状语）,【,译文,】,虽然,电子计算机有许多优点，,但,它却不能代替人。,例,3,：,He,who had walked so arrogantly across Europes stage for two decades,was at the end of his rope. (=although he),（让步状语）,【,译文,】,虽然,他曾经在欧洲舞台上不可一世地活动了,20,年，,但,最终还是到了山穷水尽的地步。,课堂互动,3,： 翻译句子,注意运用转换译法,1. Einstein,who worked out the famous theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.,（译为原因状语）,2,Private schools in the United States have a wide range of Programs,that are offered to meet the needs of certain students,.,（译为目的状语）,3,Iron,which is not so strong as steel,finds wide application.,(,译为让步状语,),4,Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone,who dares to scale the height,.,（译为条件状语）,5,Late last century all the universities in the United States adopted the credit system,which benefited student a great deal,.,(,译为结果状语,),译文欣赏,1.,由于,爱因斯坦提出了著名的“相对论”理论，,因此,他于,1921,年获得了诺贝尔奖。,2.,美国私立学校设课繁多，,以期,满足某些学生的不同要求。,3.,虽然,铁的强度不如钢，但它仍有广泛的用途。,4.,世上无难事，,只要,肯登攀。,5.,上个世纪末，美国所有大学已实行了学分制，（所以）学生们从中受益匪浅。,9. 2,状语从句的翻译,状语从句可根据从句在句中的作用分为,时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的等状语从句,。状语从句在英译汉时比较容易处理，一般可根据引导状语从句的连接副词的词义去译，不会有很大的难度，但有时却不能生搬硬套，需要灵活处理，将状语从句翻译成并列结构、定语从句或无灵主语等。,9. 2. 1,译成状语,英语的状语从句译成汉语一般还是状语从句，但有些状语从句的真正含义与其表面形式并不一致，不能单从连接副词的词义来套译，要根据原句的逻辑关系、实际含义和具体情况来判断翻译。,例,1,：,Can any society survive,when,i,ts citizens are all engaged in a furious competition to carve up the spoils?,(,译为条件状语,),【,译文,】,如果,全社会的公民都为争权夺利而展开激烈竞争，那么这个社会能逃得过瓦解的命运吗？,例,2,：,If he actually did commit the crime, he wouldnt be punished. (,译为让步状语,),【,译文,】,他即便真的犯了罪，也不会受到惩的。,例,3,：,Why was he late,when he knew the meeting began at eight sharp?,(,译为原因状语,),【,译文,】,既然他知道八点整开会，为什么他还迟到呢？,例,4,：,How can you expect your children to be truthful,when you yourself tell lies?,(,译为条件状语,),【,译文,】,如果你自己讲假话，怎么能期待你的孩子们说真话呢？,9. 2. 2,译成并列结构,例,1,：,The sort of battery is dry only,in the sense that there is no liquid in it.,【,译文,】,仅就其中没有液体这一意义来说,，这种电池是干电池。,例,2,：,Forty-one percent of the 12,000 people who responded to the councils survey said they were most productive in the morning,while 38 percent said they hit their stride in the evening.,【,译文,】,该委员会收回的,12,，,000,份问卷中，,41%,的人认为自己晨间效率最高,，,38%,则称自己的最佳状态在夜晚,。,例,3,：,The days were short,for it was now December.,【,译文,】,现在是十二月，,白日短了,。,例,4,：,The train moved away,so,slowly,that butterflies blew in and out the windows.,【,译文,】,火车开得非常缓慢，,蝴蝶从窗口飞进又飞出,。,9. 2. 3,译成定语,例,1,：,Make a mark,where you have any doubts or questions.,【,译文,】,在有疑问的地方,做个记号。,例,2,：,Where there is smoke,there must be fire.,【,译文,】,有烟的,地方一定有火。,例,3,：,A tariff may be defined as a tax which is put on a commodity,when it crosses a national boundary.,【,译文,】,所谓关税，可以这样来定义，即对,过境,商品征收的税项。,课堂互动,4,： 翻译句子,注意状语从句的译法,1,Liquids are different from solids,in that liquids have no definite shape.,2,People who are hard of hearing wear special devices that amplify sound,so that they can hear.,3,When,marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture,they fail to capture their target market.,(,译为条件状语,),4,While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity, no one has yet made a convincing case that it would do any real harm, either.,(,译为让步状语,),5,He was about to give up the question,when suddenly he found the answer.,(,译为并列结构）,译文欣赏,1.,液体与固体的区别在于，液体没有固定的形态。,2.,听力不佳的人戴着放大声音的专门装置，以便能听到声音。,3.,如果营销商不重视也不了解一种文化的价值观，品味，地理，气候，迷信，宗教以及经济等，就占领不了目标市场。,4.,虽然克隆人类可能不会给人类带来很大的好处，但也没有人能提供有力的例证证明它会带来真正的危害。,5.,他刚要放弃回答这个问题，忽然又找到了答案。,9. 3,名词性从句的翻译,英语名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四类。这些从句的翻译一般按原句的语序处理即可，但有时也可以译为并列分句、定语从句或其它形式的句子。,9. 3. 1,名词性从句译成并列分句,如果名词性从句包含两层以上的意思，需要把主句与从句分开译。一般先译出从句，放在句首，然后用汉语的复指代词“这”“那”，与主句的其他成分连成一句。,同位语从句的翻译与定语从句的翻译非常近似，可以将同位语从句放在名词前，相当于前置的修饰语，但不必使用定语的标志“的”字；可以保持原句的语序，译为后置的并列句，加入冒号、破折号或“这样”、“这,”,、“那就是”、“即”等字眼；也可以改变原句的同位语结构，采用汉语的无主句或其它方式的译法。,例,1,：,That those who had learned from us now excelled us,was a real challenge.(,主语从句,),【,译文,】,向我们学习过的人反倒超过了我们,，这对我们的确是一个促进。,例,2,：,I take it for granted,that you will come and talk the matter over with him.,（,it,作形式宾语）,【,译文,】,我理所当然地认为，,你会来跟他谈这件事的,。,例,3,：,Another cause of obscurity is,that the writer is himself not quite sure of his meaning.,(,表语从句,),【,译文,】,写不清楚还有一个原因，,那就是作者自己对于所要表达的意思也不是很有把握,。,例,4,：,It was plain to see,how old and firm the girlish heart had grown under the discipline of heavy sorrow.,(it,作形式主语,),【,译文,】,一望便知，,在沉重痛苦的磨炼下,，,她那颗少女之心已经变得多么苍老,，,多么坚韧,。,9. 3. 2,名词性从句译成定语从句,有些名词性从句，特别是以,what, whatever, where, wherever, when, whenever,等引导的名词性从句，常可把指代的名词译出来，变成定语从句。,例,1,：,Where you stumble,becomes your opportunity to make corrections, to learn and grow.,【,译文,】,你跌倒的,地方,就是你改正错误、汲取教训、开始成长的地方。,例,2,：,This is,where the shoe pinches.,【,译文,】,这就是问题的,症结所在,。,例,3,：,A principle of science tells,what usually happens under certain condition.,【,译文,】,科学原理告诉我们在一定条件下所会发生的,事情,。,例,4,：,Whatever he saw and heard,on his trip gave him a very deep impression.,【,译文,】,他此行,所见所闻,都给他留下了深刻的印象。,例,5,：,Since hearing her predicament, Ive always arranged to meet people,where they or I can be reached,in case of delay.,【,译文,】,听她说了那次尴尬的经历之后，每每与人约见，我总要安排在彼此能够互相联系的上的,地方,，以免误约。,课堂互动,5,： 翻译句子,注意名词性从句的译法,1,The problem,that all machines in this factory must be automated,will be solved before long.,（同位语从句译成定语从句）,2,Today doctors,can find out,by means of x-rays,whether a patient has tuberculosis.,3,He is surprised to read the news in the newspaper,that his father should be still alive,.,(,同位语从句,),4,How the hot iron emits light energy, and how this energy reaches our eyes, is one of the natures deepest secrets.,(,主语从句,),5,Its extraordinary,that,in all the years the British spent in Egypt they never got to know the real people of Egypt,.,(it,作形式主语,),译文欣赏,1.,该厂所有机器实现自动化的,问题,，不久就能解决。,2.,今天，医生可以利用,X,光来确诊病人是否患有肺结核。,3.,他在报纸上读到这条消息很吃惊：,他的父亲竟然还活着,。,4.,高热的铁怎样放出光能,，,这种能又怎样辐射到我们的眼睛,，这是自然界的奥秘之一。,5.,英国人在埃及呆了那么多年，却从来没有真正了解埃及人，这是异乎寻常的,。,第九章课外练习及参考答案,1,翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的译法,1) He is wisest,that is honest.,【,译文,】,诚实者,最聪明。,2,）,He is rich,which I unfortunately am not.,【,译文,】,他有钱，,但不幸，我没有钱,。,3) He said he had no time,which isnt true.,【,译文,】,他说他没有时间，,这不是事实,。,4) He has asked me to prepare a paper,which he will circulate.,【,译文,】,他已请我准备一份文件，,他将散发这个文件,。,5) Archimedes principle applies to all fluids,by which we mean all liquids and gases.,【,译文,】,阿基米德原理适用于一切流体,这里所谓的流体指的是一切液体和一切气体,。,6) The longest glacier so far discovered in China, the,Karagul,which is 34 km. in length,is located here.,【,译文,】,卡拉古尔冰川是我国到目前为止发现最长的冰川，,有,34,公里长,，就在这个地方。,7,）,This is a college of science and technology, the students,of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.,【,译文,】,这是一所科技大学，,该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者,。,8) After regular intervals,which depend partly upon the amount of traffic carried and partly upon the local conditions,the so-called “permanent way” requires replacement.,【,译文,】,每隔一段时间后，所谓“永久性道路”（即铁路轨道）就需要更换。,这段时间的长短，部分取决于运输量，部分取决于当地的条件,。,9) So what do the Americans think of the foreign visitors,who arrive for the torrid heat,just when locals from the United States tended to avoid Death Valley,？,【,译文,】,美国本地人对死谷避之惟恐不及，,国外游客却纷纷为炎炎烈日而至,，对此美国人是怎么看的呢？,10,）,They seemed to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unremitting fatigue and by victories which almost exceeded belief.,【,译文,】,他们对这些酬劳看来是很得意的，,这些酬劳是他们历经千辛万苦，通过取得许多次令人难以置信的胜利得来的,。,
展开阅读全文