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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语大全,英语的历程,学习英语的悲欢离合,句子的结构,S,主语,v,谓语,O,宾语,C,补语,A,状语,结构式,(,定语,),主语,（状语）,谓语,（定语）,宾语,（状语）,(The tall),boy,(often),go to,(the big),zoo,.,(The happy),child,went,(his),home,(yesterday),英语的基础,pron.,代词,pre.,介词,n.,名词,v.,动词,adv.,副词,vi.,不及物动词,vt.,及物动词,adj.,形容词,art.,冠词,num.,数词,SV,主谓,SVO,主谓宾,SVC,主谓补,SVA,主谓状,SVOO,主谓宾宾,SVOC,主谓宾补,SVOA,主谓宾补,S,主语（主体）,常用（,n. num. pron.,）,V,谓语（,S,之后）,(,行为或状态,),常用（,V,）,O,宾语（动宾和介宾）,常用（,n. pron.,）,定语 （说明和限制名词）,常用（,adj.,）,状语,常用 （,adv.,）,动词的时态,一般时,现在时,完成时,完成进行时,现在,works,work,am working,is working,are working,have worked,has worked,have been working,has been working,过去,worked,was working,were working,had worked,had been working,将来,shall work,will work,shall have worked,will be working,shall have worked,will have worked,shall have been working,will have been woking,过去将来,would work,would be working,would have worked,would have been working,定冠词使用顺口溜,特指、重提和唯一， 岛屿、海峡和海湾；,海洋、党派、最高级，沙漠、河流与群山；,方位、顺序和乐器，年代、团体与机关；,船名、建筑和组织，会议、条约与报刊；,姓氏复数、国全名，请你记住用定冠；,In,film Cast Away, Tom Hanks plays,man named chuck Noland.,A a ; the B the ; a C the ; the D a; a,B.,第一个空,film,前用定冠词修饰，表示特指这部电影；,不定冠词与可数名词单数连用表示泛指,误区警示,本题同学易误选,C,，认为一般名词后有过去分词或介词短语作定语时通常表示特指，需要定冠词修饰，但该题中的,man,在句中表示泛指“一个,.,的人”故用不定冠词修饰,Many people have come to realize that they should go on ,Balanced diet and make room in their day for exercise,A a;/ B the ; a C the; the D /; a,A,可能部分学生看到,diet,前有形容词修饰，需用,the,修饰表示特指，看到,room,便认为表示”房间“的意思，结果照成答案的误选。所以做有冠词的题目时，一定首先判断其名词是可数还是不可数；其次判断该名词在句中表示特指。,Diet,为可数名词，在文中首次提到，故用不定冠词修饰；,Make room for,为习惯搭配 故选,A,项正确,零冠词,月，季，星期，节假、周、头衔、职务前、三餐、球类、惯用语、学科、棋类名词前，一般不用任何冠词,名词就是表示人，事物，地点，现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词，它分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词分为可数名词与不可数名词；专有名词是指具体的人物、地点、组织、机构、国家或地区的名词等，,名,词,普通,名词,可数,名词,个体名词,Worker,工人,bus,公共汽车,集体名词,Group,组,class,班级,不可数,名词,物种名称,Air,空气,water,水,抽象名词,Music,音乐,friendship,友谊,专有,名词,Bill Gates,比尔盖茨,china,中国,The party,共产党,可数名词的单复数一般来说，不可数名词只有单数形式，可数名词有单数和复数形式。当可数名词的数量大于,1,时，就用复数形式，可数名词由单数变为复数时，有规则与不规则两种,规则变化的,6,条规则,1.,一般在后面加,s,如,deskdesks,，,penpens,2.,以,s x ch sh,结尾的名词 在后面加,es,。 如,bus-buses boxboxes brushburshes watchwatches,但,stomachstomachs,3.“,以辅音字母,+y”,结尾的名词,y,变为,i,加,es,如,bady-badies,婴儿,country-countries,等,4.,常见的以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词，如,thief life wife shelf self knife half leaf wolf,等 把,f,或,fe,改为,v,再加,es,其他的不用 如,safe roof belife gulf chief,等直接在后面加,s,以,f,或,fe,结尾的改为,v,加,es,的,巧妙记忆,树叶半数,自己黄，,妻子自己,去割粮。,架,后窜出一只,狼,，,就像,小偷,逃命忙。,leaf-leaves,树叶,Half-halves,半数,Self-selves,自己,Wife-wives,妻子,Shelf-shelves,架子,Wolf-wolves,狼,Thief-thieves,小偷,5,，,以元音字母,+y,结尾的名词直接加,s,Boys toys,玩具,days,以辅音字母,+y,结尾的名词,把,y,变为,i,加,es,Factory-factories country countries,story-stories,Citiy-citities,6.,以,o,结尾的名词,1.,两人,+,两物 （加,es,）,即 黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿,Negro hero potato tomato,2.,其余 加,s,结尾,不规则变化的,五,种规律,1.,含,man,的词 一般变为,men,2.,将,oo,改为,ee,的有,foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese(,鹅肉 笨蛋,),3.,以,en,结尾的有,child-childen ox-oxen,4.,将,ouse,改为,ice,的,mouse-mice louse-lice,5.,单复数 同形的是,sheep deer fish aircrft(,飞机,),means,（方法）,works,（工厂）,swiss japanese chinese,人称代词的主格和宾格及相应的,be,动词,(zhuge),人称,pron,只能作主语,I,he,she,it,we,you,they,人称,代词的主格,我,他,她,它,我们,你,/,你们,他,/,她们,am,is,is,is,are,are,are,主格,I,he,she,it,we,you,they,宾格,me,him,her,it,us,you,them,代词的分类（,pron,）,代词的定义：代词就是代替,名词或形容词,的词或代替起名词作用的短语或句子的词,代词分为：人称代词 物主代词 反身代词,指示代词 就是表示,这个 那个 这些 那些 如此,等概念的代词,（,this that these such,）,相互代词 表示,相互关,系的代词 （,each other one another,）,疑问代词 用来构成,特殊疑问句,起名词作用的代词,（有,who which what whose whom,）,连接代词 引导,名词性从句疑问,代词 （,who whom whose what which,Whoever whosever whatever whichever,）,关系代词,引导定语从句的,who whom whose that which as,等代词,替代词 未来避免重复出现前面已经出现的名词,（常用,it one that those,）,背景知识,英国国家人们之间的称呼和我国的习惯相差很大，值得我们研究一下，以免在交往接触中使用不当。,对于几个或更多的成年男子，可尊称他们为,gentlemen,意为,“,先生们,”,对于一名不知名的男子可称为,gentlemen,或,sir,但是不宜单独用,Mister,这个字来称呼他，因为这是小孩子或较低微的人的口吻，对于已知其姓氏的男子，可在他的姓（,family name,） 前冠以,Mr,，如,Mr .Smith,但不要在他的名前冠以,Mr,，如,Mr jack. MR.,为,Mister,的缩写。比如说，,George Smith,和,Michal johnnson,两个人，在刚刚认识的时候可以互称,Mr.smith Mr.johnnson,，在比较熟悉的时候 可以互称对方的名（,first name,）,即,george michal.,按英国国家的习惯，妇女婚后都用丈夫的姓。一个已婚妇女的全名是以自己的名（,frist name,）加上丈夫的的姓（,family name),女性 未嫁是 用,Miss,已婚,Mrs,There is still a copy of the book in the library, will you go and borrow_?,No,Id rather by_ in the bookstore.,A it ;one B one; one C one; it D it,；,it,答案,A. it,特指上文提到的同名同物，一般指代可数名词单数；,one,用来指代前面出现的可数名词单数，表示泛指概念，相当于,a/an+,可数名词单数,区分两者的关键所指代的名词在句中表示特指还是泛指；若表示特指上文提到的可数名词单数，就用,it,反之则用,one,We had picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so lets have _ one this month.,A the other B some C another D other,C antoher,表示“又一，再一”，常与可数名词单数名词连用；,the other,表示（两者中的）另一个；,some,指不确定的 某一个；,other,表示三者或三者以上的“其他的”,替代词,that one/ones it those,的区别,1.that,用来代替前面提到的单数或不可数名词，不和冠词连用，其后总有修饰语，其后总有修饰语，相当于“,the+,可数名词单数,/,不可数名词。”,the book on the desk is better than that under the desk.,桌上的那本书要比桌下的那本书下面的那本好得多,The weatheris in beijing is much colder than that of Nanjing in winter.,冬天北京的天气要比南京冷得多,2.one,用来指代前面 出现的可数名词单数，表示泛指概念，相当于“,a/an+,可数名词单数”；,ones,用来指代前面出现的可数名词复数，也表示 泛指的概念,I lost my watch and I want to by one next week.,我的手表丢了，打算下周再去买一个。,Susan gave me many valuable presents, ones that I had never seen.,苏珊送给我很多珍贵的礼物，那些礼物我以前从来没有见过。,知识拓展,1.ONE,可以和,this,或,that,连用，但不能和,these,或,those,连用，除非,ones,前有形容词修饰 。,2.the one,相当于,that; the ones,相当于,those,3. it,特指上文提到的同名同物，不能带任何的修饰语。,A bird landed on my window. It chirped and danced.,一只小鸟落在我的窗台上，又唱又跳。,4. those,常用来代替可数名词复数，相当于,the ones,其后常有定语修饰,The conditions are like those in the spaceship.,环境和真的太空船一样。,不定代词,the other;other;another;,和,others,的区别,1.the other,指 代单数可数名词时，表示两者中的“另一个”,Disney was famous for his two cartoon character;,One was Mickey Mouse ,the other was Donald Duck.,迪斯尼以两个卡通人物著称，一个米老鼠，另一个是唐老鸭。,there are two books on the desk. One is Lilys, the other is Lucys.,课桌上有两本书，一本是莉莉的，另一本是露西的。,2.Other,在句中不能单独使用，修饰可数名词复数 “（另外的）一些” 表示泛指,I have no other shoes.,我没有其他可穿的鞋子,We should not speak ill of other people behind their backs.,我们不能在别人后面说他们的坏话。,3.Another,一般表示单数，其后可接可数名词单数；但是其后有 数词或,few,修饰，则接复数名词,I have finished the novel. Please give me another.,这本小说我已经看完了，请再给我一本。,We need another ten days to finish it.,我们还需要十天才能完成,知识拓展,1.,与,some,对比使用时，常用,others,不用,the others,。,some cleaned the windows, others mopped the floor.,有的擦窗户，有的擦地板。,2.“any other +,可数名词单数” 表示“,(,一定范围的）任何一个”；,“,another +,数词,+,复数可数名词” 表示“在原有的基础上需要更多数量的东西”；,Tom is taller than any other student in his class,汤姆比他们班的任何一个学生都要高。,We still need another three chairs for the meeting.,会议还需要三把椅子,4.others,表示复数意义，相当于“,other+,名词复数”,不能做定语；,The others,相当于”,the other +,名词复数“。,译为 另一些 其余的,真题,we had picnic last term and it was a lot of fun. So lets have_ one this month.,A the other B some C another D other,注：,another,表示”又一，再一“的意思，常与可数名词单数连用；,the other,表示”（两者中的）另一个“；,some,指不确定”某一个“；,other,表示三者或三者以上中”其他的“。,区分,other,，,the other ,others,和,another,用法的要点是：在,other,前使用定冠词，表示”剩余的” 不用冠词时表示其他的“；,Others,后 不能再接名词；,Another,表示”三者或三种以上中另一个。,列表记忆英语中“三三两两”,词义,指两个人或物的,指三个或以上的人或物,每一个,each,every,任何一个,either,any,另一个,the other,another,都,both,all,都不,neither,none,在,之间,between,amonge,-Which driver was to blame?,-Why,，,_! It was child,s fault,clear and simple.He sudddenly came out between two parked cars.,A both B each C either D neither,注,D,从题意看出，事故与两位司机都无关，所以用,neither,表示两者的全部否定，其他选项都表示肯定意义。,误区警示：本题解题的关键就在于对题意的理解，学生恨容易误选,C,项，但是,either,表示,”,两者中的任何一个,“,，侧重肯定方面，,与,it was the child,s fault.,不符 故 排除,真题一个,介词的使用介词是一种表示词与词，或者词与句之间的关系,介词的种类,1.,简单介词,at in off on by to with,等,2.,合成介词,into inside within throughout,等,3.,短语介词,according to; because of. In addtion to, in front of, in spite of,等,4.,二重介词,from behind ; from aamong; until after; at about;,等,时间名词前介词的用法口诀,年、月、周前要用,in,日子前面却不行。,遇到几号要用,on,，上午、下午又是,in.,要说某日上下午，用,on,换,in,才能行。,午夜、黄、黎用,at,周末用它也不错。,At,用在时刻前，,past,加、,to,要减、,多说多练认真学，莫让岁月空蹉跎。,知识拓展,to,也可以与表示方位的名词连用，表示在某一地位区域之外的某个地方，即 不属于该范围内。,England lies to the west of France.,英国位于法国的西部。,John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School_ the beginning of March.,A on B for Cwith D at,D at the beginning of,意为”在,.,之初“,.at,用来表示时间点，可用于表示星期、年、月、学期、季节等名词前。,误区 学生容易选,A,，认为,on,常与表示时间的名词连用，但,on,常用于表示具体的某一天的上午，下午或晚上的名词前；,for,后常接表示时间段的名词。,真题一个,in/by/after/since/for/beyond,表示时间的区别,in+,时间段,常表示将来的某段时间，即,”在,.,时间之后,“，句中谓语动词必须表示,将来,，和必须是延续性动作,We will meet again in two weeks.,两周后我们还会见面。,By+,时间点 常意为”截止到,”,，句中的时态常用,完成时态,This factory had produced more than one million cars by the end of last year.,到去年年底，这家工厂已经生产了一百多万辆小汽车。,After +,时间点,表示”某刻之后“；,after +,时间段 表示”过去一段时间后“,After supper we went out to go to the movies.,晚饭后我们去看电影了,-When has the country been open to the international trade?,-,1987, I suppose.,A Since B In C From D After,答案解析,A since,后跟时间点，表示从过去某一时间点一直到现在，与完成时态连用,Since +,时间点,表示的时间一般延续到说话的时间，因而往往与现在完成时连用。,I have lived here since two years ago.,两年前我就已经住在这里了。,for+,时间段,修饰的句子常用完成时态或完成进行时态，表示从过去某个时间点到说话时一直延续的动作或行为。,I have lived in this city for more than 10 years.,我在这个城市已经住了,10,多年。,Behyond+,时间点,常意为”（时间）过了，比,晚 迟于“,Dont stay out behyond midnight.,不要在外面带到午夜以后。,副词（,adv,）（一般做状语）,形容词（,的） 副词（,地）（,adj,与,adv,是可转化的）,副词的定义：类似形容词的词 ，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。,He speark English better than I,他的英语比我说的好,He doesnt run faster than his brother,他没他妹妹跑得快。,Marry dances as well as kate,玛丽跳舞和凯特一样好,The taller of the two boys is my brother,两个孩子中较高的一个是我哥哥,含义,结构,表示,A,超过,B,A+,谓语,+j.v.,比较级,+than+B,表示,A,不如,B,1.A+,谓语的否定式,+jv,比较级,+than+B,2.A+,谓语,+less+jv+than +B,3.A +,谓语的否定式,+so,（,as,）,+jv+as+B,表示,A,与,B,同等程度,A+,谓语,+as+jv+as+B,越,.,越,越来越,The+,比较级,the+,比较级,比较级,+and+,比较级,两者中较,.,的一个,The+,比较级（,+of+the+two+,名词）,形容词与副词,多个形容词修饰同一名词是的排列顺序（形容词往往作定语）,副词往往作状语,巧妙记忆,限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老。,颜色国籍出材料，,作用类别,往后靠。,大长高,+,形状 年龄,+,颜色 国籍 材料,+,作用类别,如,A few big round black new wooden Freench tables,几张新的大而圆的法国黑色木桌子。,The last few unforgettable sunny days on the bach.,在海滩度过的令人难忘的最后几个阳光明媚的日子,AS,短语小欢,As long as,达,.,之久 只要,As many(much) as,与,.,一样多 多达,As well as,与,.,一样好 又 而且,As well,又，另外 也,As soon as,一,.,就,As .as.,（用于比较级） 像,.,样,As yet,到现在为止,As good as,几乎,There be,结构,在英语里表示什么地方或什么时间存在某人或某物，句子的结尾往往带有地点状语和时间状语,be,的单复数采用 就近原则,there,是引导词本身并没有意义,There be,（谓语）,+,主语（,N,）,+,状语,There was a meeting yesterday,昨天有一个会议,There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.,桌上有一支钢笔，两本书和许多铅笔。,比较,there are two books , a pen and many pencils on the desk.,There be,与,have,的比较,（,1,）,.,用法不同：,there be,表示某个时间或地方“存在某人或某物”,而,have,表示主语“拥有”某人或某物，作宾语的某人或某物属主语所有,（,2,）,.,结构不同：,there be +sb/sth +,时间,/,地点,(,副词或介词短语）,sb/sth +have+sb/sth,如,there are some children in the garden .,花园里有几个孩子。,she has three cars,她拥有三两小汽车。,(,汽车是属于她的）,说明】,:,若是属于部分与整体的关系时，有时用两种表达方式都可以。如：,A week has seven days.=There are seven days in a week.,一周有七天,含有,there be,的固定句型,there be +,名词或代词,+to do,（,+,介词）有某事要做,there is time when,有做某事的一段时间,虚拟语气,用过去式表示的虚拟语气,1.,与现在事实相反,;,条件句的谓语动词用一般过去时（,be,一般用,were,）,主句谓语用”,would/should/could/might+,动词原形“ 如,If I were you, I would never do that.,如果我是你，我决不做那件事。,If I had more money .I would buy a car.,我要是有在多一点钱，我就买汽车了。,2.,与将来事实相反：条件句中的谓语可用一般过去时 或者 ”,were to/should+,动词原形”,主语谓语用”,would/should/could/might+,动词原形“,如,if it rained /should rain/were to rain tomorrow,I would not go there.,3.,与过去事实相反：条件句中的谓语动词用,过去完成时，,主句谓语,用 ”,would/should/could/might+have+,过去分词,如,if he,had taken,my advice, he,might,not,have,made such a bad mistake.,要是他当初听从我的劝告，他就不会犯这么严重的错误了。,若寻条件语句中有,were,should,had,时，,可省略,I f,，将,were,had,should,移致主语前,如：,were I you ,I would never do that.,If I were you , I would never do that.,Should it rain tomorrow, I wouldnt go there.,If it should rain tomorrow , I wouldt go there.,Had it not been for Margaret, I might not have understood.,条件从句的动词,结果主句的动词,实例,与现在事实相反,;,条件句的谓语动词用一般过去时（,be,一般用,were,）,主句谓语用”,would/should/could/might+,动词原形“,if I were you, I would never do that.,如果我是你，我决不做那件事。,If I had more money .i would buy a car.,我要是有在多一点钱，我就买汽车了。,与将来事实相反,条件句中的谓语可用一般过去时 或者 ”,were to/should+,动词原形”,主语谓语用”,would/should/could/might+,动词原形“,如,if it rained /should rain/were to rain tomorrow,I would not go there.,.,与过去事实相反,条件句中的谓语动词用,过去完成时,主语谓语用”,would/should/could/might+,动词原形“,如,if he,had taken,my advice, he,might,not,have,made such a bad mistake.,要是他当初听从我的劝告，他就不会犯这么严重的错误了。,Must,表示猜测时可以对现在、过去或将来来进行猜测，其否定形式不是,mustnt,而是,cant,对现在的猜测常用“,must+,动词原形”结构，表示一定。,You must be tired after your long journy.,你走了这漫长的路一定很累。,1.,对可能,正在进行,的行为或,将来的,猜测常用”,must be doing”,的结构。表示“一定正在”。,2.,对,过去发生,的事情进行猜测常用 “,must have done “,或”,must have been doing”,结构。,知识拓展,基数词,1-20,的基数词,One two three four five six s,even,eight nine ten el,even,twelve,thir,teen,Fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty,注：,13-19,的数字，是由,3-9,加后缀,-teen,10-100,的十位数为,Ten twenty,thir,ty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred,数字,21-29,是由十位数,20,加个位数,1-9,构成，中间必须有连字符，如：,Twenty-one (21) twenty-two(22),其他的十位数字依此类推，如,Thirty-three(33) forty-five(45) sixty-seven(67) seventy-two(72),Eighty-nine(89) ninety-six (96),数序转化,一二三单独记,Onefirst,Two-second,Three-third,八去,t,，九除,e (th),Eight-eighth,Nine-ninth,五，十二中,f,变,ve (th),Five-fifth,Twelve-twelfth,整十基数变序数,y,改为,ie (th),分数与小数的 概括,(1),先用基数词读分子，再用序数词都分母，分子大于,1,时，分母要复数形式的序数词。,（,2,）较为复杂的复数用,over,特殊的分数结构,one half,小数,1.25,one point two five,表示倍数,（,1),倍数,+as+,形容词或副词,+as,如：,This bridge is three times as long as that one.,这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。,（,2,） 倍数,+,形容词或副词的比较级,+than,如：,this bridge is three times longer than one,这座桥是那座桥的三倍长,（,3,）倍数,+the size/length/weight.+of+,比较对象。如：,This bridge is three times the length of that one,这座桥是那座桥的三倍长,（,4,）倍数,+what,引导的从句。,The college is twice what it was 5 years ago,这是大学是它,5,年前的五倍大。,完型填空的,4,个显著特点,（,1,）短文特点。以故事较强的记叙文或者夹叙夹议的文体为主，篇幅在,300,词左右以内，难度低于阅读理解中短文，一般来讲，故事类文字情节多有曲折，结尾出人意料，常常幽默所在，包袱所在,;,议论文段结构严谨，层次分明，句中有许多的,“对仗”,现象。,（,2),设空特点。短文的第一句通常不设空，考生通过它可以迅速确定文章的主题和故事发生的背景，把握文章的发展方向。,（,3,）选项特点。同一题的四个均属于同一词类或同一语法形式，而且往往都和设空前后的单词形成某种搭配，这便形成了很强的迷惑性和干扰性，其区别在于语境意义的不同，有时单独看那一句，可能用那一个选项都正确，没有语法错误，但根据文章的总体理解和上下文语境只有一个语意正确的选向。,完型填空的解题技巧,定语从句的概述,（,1,） 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或某一代词的从句叫作定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，从句在先行词之后由关系副词或关系代词 引导，如：,the story that you read is The Rescue.,你读的故事叫,营救,she is the girl who got the first prize,她就是那个得了第一名的女孩,定语从句的引导词,引导定语从句的引导词可分为关系代词,that which who,和关系副词,where when,，放在 先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又做定语从句的成分,如何使用关系代词和关系副词是根据先行词及其在从句中所充当打得成分确定的,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，如,My brother who lives in New York has six children,我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。（限制性定语从句,可能还有其他兄弟）,My brother , who lives in New York, has six children.,我弟弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约（非限制性定语从句，只有这一个兄弟）,关系代词的概述,在,先行词指代,句中,对像,所作成分,人,事物,人,+,事物,是否可省略,作主语,who/that,Which/that,that,不可省略,作宾语,Whom/that,Which/that,that,可省略,作定语,whose,Whose/of which,不可省略,关系代词的一般用法,先行词是人，在从句中作主语用,who,或,that,，,作宾语用,whom who,或,that,作定语用,whose,先行词是物，在从句作主语或宾语都用,which,或,that,作定语的,of which,或,whose,在大多数限制性定语从句中,which whom who,都可用,that,代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略 如：,This is the man who helped me yesterday.,这就是昨天的那个人（作主语）,The teacher(who/whom/that) you want to see is coming.,你要见的老师来了（作,see,的宾语，可以省略）,I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.,我认识一个其父亲是宇航员的男孩。,(,作定语）,Here is the coat which/that will be made for you.,这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）,This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.,这就是我们的去年参观的工厂。（作,visited,的宾语，可省略）,He has a book whose cover,（,=the cover of which ) is very beautiful .,他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。,关系副词的一般用法,关系副词有,when where why,在定语从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、和原因的。,When,的先行词通常是,time day season age occasion,等时间名词；,Where,的先行词通常有,place city town village house case situation scene,等地点或时间名词；,Why,的先行词只能是,reason,。,关系副词,when,和,where,有时可用“介词,+which”,代替，,why,可用,for which,代替 如：,there are occasion when (=on which) one must yield,任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。,Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.,北京是我的出生地,Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?,这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？,【注意】 先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词 。如：,（,1,）,The factory where his father worked has closed .,他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了,(,作状语）【比较】,The factory which /that was built in 1978 has closed.,1978,年建的那家工厂关闭了。（作主语）、,（,2,）,Ill never forget the days when we lived together.,我永远也忘不了我们生活的那些的日子。（作状语）,【比较】,Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia.,我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。（作及物动词,spent,的宾语）,（,3,）,The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.,她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。（作状语，用关系副词）,【比较】,The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.,他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。,(,作,gave,的宾语，用关系代词）,只能用,that,的定语从句,（,1,）当先行词是指物的,all little few much any anything everything nothing none,时，或先行词被,all little few much any every no,等修饰时。如：,All that can be done has been done.,能做的都已经做了。,He will tell you everything that he heard about it.,他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切,There is little work that is fit for you.,没有什么工作适合你做。,I have eaten all the food that is left.,我把剩下的所有食物都吃光了。,（,2,） 先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词（包括,last ,next),最高级形容词及,the only the very,等修饰时，如：,This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.,这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影,This is the best way that has been used against pollution.,这是用来防止污染的最好办法 。,this is the very book that I am looking for.,这正是我一直寻找的那本书。,（,3,） 先行词包括人和物时 。如：,they often take about the people and the things that they are interested in.,他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和物。,（,4,） 当主句时以,who,或,which,开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用,that,引导。 如,which is the house that caught fire last night?,昨晚失火的时那座房子,?,who is lady that is playing the piano?,在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？,定语从句分限制性和非限制性两种 限制性定语从句为先行词不可少的定语从句。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整。这种定语从句与主句的关系十分的密切，不可用逗号与主句隔开。,非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去也不会影响主句的意思，它和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。如：,The boy whos sitting behind Kate is my brother.,坐在凯特后面的那个男孩时我的弟弟。,(,限制性）,Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.,昨晚我看了一部非常优秀的影片，这部影片时关于第二次世界大战的,(,非限制性,),【注意】 （,1,）,that,不能引导非限制性定语从句。,（,2,） 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。,限制性与非限制性定语从句的比较,定语从句的概述,状语从句就是在复合句里其状语作用的从句。,修饰主句中的动词、形容词、和副词、 可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式、条件、等。,引导状语从句的连词叫从属连词。,状语从句的位置可放在句首，也可在句末，,放在句首时 ，从句后面常用逗号与主句隔开。,放在句末时，从句后面往往不用逗号。,如： 译：明天要是天气好，我就和你一起去。,If its fine tomorrow, I will go with you.,I will go with you if it,（,1,） 普通类从属连词,引导时间状语从句的普通类从属类连词通常有,when,（当,.,时,) while(,在,.,期间）,as,（当,.,一边,.,一边）,Before (,在,.,之前）,after,（在,.,之后）,since,（从,以来）,till/until (,直到）,whenever(,无论何时）,as soon as,（一,.,就,.),如：,When I went into the classroom , he was reading.,当我走进教室时他正在看书。,He read a newspaper as he went along.,他边走边看报纸,We must strike while the iron Is hot.,我们必须趁热打铁,I will tell you after they leave.,他走后我会告诉你,时间状语从句,
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