《心理语言学》课件：CH1 psycholinguistics

,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,P,sycholinguistics,心理语言学,心理语言学参考书目,1.,(,美）考勒斯主编，张瑞岭等译,.,心理语言学,.,北京：人民卫生出版社，,2012,心理语言学参考书目,2.David W. Carroll,.,Psychology of Language . Publisher:,Cengage,Learning; 5 edition ,March 29, 2007,3.(,美,)Timothy B. Jay,著.,The Psychology of Language .,北京:北京大学出版社.2004年.,4.,桂诗春著.新编心理语言学.上海：上海外语教育出版社，200,0,年.,心理语言学参考书目,5,、德约翰内斯,恩格尔坎普 著. 陈国鹏译.心理语言学. 上海：上海译文出版社，1997年.,6,、朱曼殊著 心理语言学.上海：华东师范大学出版社.1990 年.,Chapter 1 An introduction to,psycholin,gui,stics,What is Psycholinguistics?,What is Human Language?,Components of Language,The Scope of psycholinguistic Research,The Historical Context,of,Psycholinguistics (Ante,ce,dents of Psycholinguistics),Introductory Definitions,Lin,gui,stics: The aca,de,mic discipline that studies language.,Psycholinguistics: The study of language as it is used and learned by people.,Language: A shared, symbolic system for communication.,BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS,1. STUDY OF SOUNDS,Phonetics,(,语音学）,What sounds do languages use?,What sounds “make a difference”?,Phonology,（,音韵学）,How do sounds fit together in par,ti,cular languages,BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS2. STUDY OF MEANING,Semantics,（,语义学）,What do words mean?,What do sentences/passages literally mean?,Pragmatics,（,语用学）,What messages are actually con,vey,ed?,BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS,3. RULES FOR RELATING SOUNDS AND MEANINGS,Morphology,（,形态学）,Principles for constructing complex words (inflexional and derivational),Syntax,（,句法规则）,How do words get put together into larger groups?,What is psycholinguistics?,Psycholinguistics studies the relationship between linguistic structure and cognitive processing.,Psycholinguistics is concerned with the cognitive processes during language processing (perception and production),What is psycholinguistics?,study of mental processes and structures that underlie our ability to produce and comprehend language,What is psycholinguistics?,Psycholinguistics,is a branch of linguistics (and psychology) concerned with the study of the cognitive or psychological processes involved in,using,language.,Psycholinguists borrow aspects of linguistic theory and apply it to the,representation,and,processing,of language in the brain,Linguists study linguistic competence,（语言能力）,Psychologists study linguistic performance,（语言行为）,What is psycholinguistics?,The study of the representations, mechanisms, and processes that underlie our ability to acquire and use language.,What is Human Language?,Human Language is a structured system for combining words that makes it possible for us to communicate to others ,to think about our immediate environment ,or to imagine.,语言是以词为基本结构单位，以语法为构造规则的符号系统。它是一种社会历史现象，是音义统一的人类交际工具。,Language is a system of pairing of forms (often sounds) and meanings which is used to (formulate) and transfer information.,Language manipulation appears to be,a rule-governed activity,involving symbol manipulation,（符号处理）,involving the pairing of symbols and meaning,Properties of Human Language,Language is communicative,Language is arbitrary,Language is structured,Language is multilayered:,sounds ,units of meaning, words , phrases, sentences,Language is productive,Language is evolutionary,The Components of Language,Form,The structure of language,Content,The meaning of language,Use,The goal or purpose of language,Form,Syntax,Rules for combining words into sentences,Morphology,Rules for combining speech sounds into meaningful units,Phonology,Rules for combining speech sounds to make words,Content,Semantics,Rules for combining words and meaning of words,Use,Pragmatics,Rules for conversation,The Components of Language,Hierarchical structure,phonemes - sound units of our language,infants are born with ability to hear all phonemes in all languages, but as they learn the prototypes for a given language they lose the ability to distinguish phonemes in other languages,morphemes - smallest units that change word meanings (semantics),e.g. house, houses, housed, housing,learn, learning, relearn, learned, relearning,grammar - rules for producing sentences,both explicit and implicit rules,Explicit rules (grammar) is taught in school,sentence diagramming,Implicit rules are picked up informally by listening to others speak,Examples of linguistic intuitions,1) Grammaticality - word order,e.g. all politicians kiss babies,kiss politicians babies all,we can even judge the grammaticality of meaningless sentences,e.g. colorless green ideas sleep furiously,Linguistic Intuitions,2) grammatical relations - we can detect subject, object, verb, and modifiers,In the following example the word order remains constant but the grammatical relations change:,John is eager to please,John is easy to please,Linguistic intuitions,3) sentence relations - many difference sentences can express the same idea and we can have difference sentences forms (types of sentences),The gorilla chased the orangutan,The orangutan was chased by the gorilla,The gorilla did not chase the orangutan,The orangutan was not chased by the gorilla,Did the gorilla chase the orangutan?,What chased the orangutan?,The Scope of psycholinguistic Research,Traditionally, psycholinguistics is divided into language acquisition, language comprehend and language production.,Language Acquisition,Early theories based on behaviorism,parents reinforce correct language use,imitation and reinforcement,Prior to 1950s: Behavioral theories,B. F. Skinner,Idea: language is reinforced or punished,Problem: children are always creating things they have never heard before.,Children misapply the rules of language.,Current theories (,1950: Chomsky),suggest that babies are born with at least some innate knowledge of language,not random and rule usage,Language is prewired in a babys brain.,There is a universal language that gets inherited through our DNA.,The language acquisition device (LAD),Metaphor: a seed language gets inherited through the genes. Out of this seed language would blossom all past, present, and future languages of the world.,Evidence for the innate aspects of language,children deal with novel sequences in a systematic way,e.g. the,pluralization,of non-words,This is a,wug,. If I had one I will have two _,Language Acquisition,Evidence continued,Over-regularization and over-generalization,children often learn correct forms such as came and went , but after exposure to many examples of past tenses start to use,comed,goed,doed,. This is not regression this is application of the rule - even if parents try to correct this.,In all languages children make a similar pattern of errors,negation - children start by adding “no” as the first or last word n the sentence,Imitation is not progressive,when children try to repeat after an adult, they do not mimic exactly, change the utterance to fit their current level of development,examples,Language Acquisition,Evidence continued,Parents tend to reinforce the truth value of the utterance rather than the correct grammar.,example,Criticism of Chomskys theory,Children do learn by rewards and punishment.,Is this only unique to humans? What about trained chimps, gorillas, etc.,Where is the LAD?,Research Problem Areas (Subfields),Experimental Psycholinguistics,Developmental Psycholinguistics,Neurolinguistics,Sociolinguistics,Experimental Psycholinguistics,Language comprehension,Language production,Developmental Psycholinguistics,Study of language acquisition,LAD (Chomsky),What linguistic universals are innate?,Cross-linguistic studies,Cross-species studies,Neurolinguistics,Neurophysiological,studies of the brain and the impact on language processing,Methods,Brain Damage,Brain Imaging,Sociolinguistics,Study of effects of social context, expectations, and interpersonal dynamics on language production and comprehension,The Historical Context,of Psycholinguistics,Antecedents of Psycholinguistics,Historical Antecedents,Early Experimental Psychology (1800s) - Wundt,Ebbinghaus, Buhler,Empiricist/,Associationist,Tradition,Knowledge derived from sensory experience,We are blank slates,Link together sensory impressions in an,associationist,manner,Introspection technique dominant,Wundts Views on Language,Sentence is the primary unit of language,Production and comprehension are transformations of a thought process into sequentially organized speech segments and vice-versa,Production is a word-by-word process that begins with a whole sentence,Others Doing Language Research,Watt (1905),Mayer and,Orth,(1901),Buhler (1907),Huey (1908) - developed t-scope recognition task and eye-voice-span technique,Behaviorism And,Neobehaviorism,Mental internal events not studied from the 20s to 50s,“Verbal behavior,” or verbal stimuli and verbal responses, are studied,Verbal Behavior,Production and comprehension treated as stimulus-response pairings,Words were the basic units,Sentences were associative chains of S-R responses,Classical Conditioning View,Osgood (1953) Method and Theory in Experimental Psychology,Verbal behavior (word meanings) were learned by classical conditioning,Operant Conditioning View,Skinner (1957) Verbal Behavior,Verbal behavior conditioned by reinforcement,Parents shape childrens utterances by reinforcement and error correction,People reinforce each others verbal responses,Verplanch,(1955) study,Criticisms Of Verbal Behaviorists View,Lashley,(1951) - The problem of serial order in behavior“,Miller (1956) “The magical number seven +/- two”,Chomsky (1959) Review of B.F. Skinners Verbal Behavior,Fodor (1965) - Could meaning be an,Rm,?,Chomskys Criticisms,Behavioristic,terms were vague,Couldnt explain syntactically acceptable sentences that dont have any meaning,Couldnt explain certain synonymous sentences very well,Couldnt explain language acquisition very well (poverty of stimulus argument),Problem of discontinuous constituents,Problem of ambiguous words,Official Birth Of Psycholinguistics,1951 conference with linguists and psychologists,Osgood and,Sebeok,(1954) Psycholinguistics: A survey of theory and research problems,The,Chomskyian,Revolution,Chomsky (1957) Syntactic Structures,Chomsky (1965) - Aspects of the Theory of Syntax,Research Issues in Language begin to change,Verifying transformational grammar use in comprehension,i.e., the DERIVATIONAL THEORY OF COMPLEXITY,Language acquisition,Speech perception and phonology,This era was probably when linguistics and psychology were most closely related,But, the two fields use distinctly different methods,Post-Chomsky Psycholinguistics,Transformational grammar fell apart, no faith in a particular linguistic theory,Language research turned to semantics, pragmatics, memory models,Current Directions,