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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,William Shakespeare,(15641616),“All the world s a stage, /,And all the men and women,merely players.”,William Shakespeare,William Shakespeare(15641616),1.His life,2.His literary career,3.Features of his drama,4.Text Study: Hamlet,5.His Poems,6.Text Study: Sonnet 18,5. His Poems,1) Shakespeare wrote 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets which were addressed to a handsome young man and a dark lady.2) His plays are poetical dramas, many important dialogues and soliloquies in the plays assume the form of poetry.,Sonnet,A poem consisting of 14 lines with rhymes arranged according to one or other of certain definite schemes, of which the,Petrarchan,and the Elizabethan are the principal, namely: (1),abba,abba, followed by two, or three, other rhymes in the remaining six lines; (2),abab,cdcd,efef,gg,. The sonnets of Shakespeare are in the latter form. (see P118-119),Iambic Pentameter,抑扬格,(iambic):,如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（,iamb, iambic.,）。,轻读是,“,抑,”,，重读是,“,扬,”,，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。,Iambic Pentameter,英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如,adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return,等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。,诗行的长短以音步数目计算：,英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步,五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。,（各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：,monometer,二音步诗：,dimeter,三音步诗：,trimeter,四音步诗：,tetrameter,五音步诗：,pentameter,六音步诗：,hexameter,七音步诗：,heptameter,八音步诗：,octameter,.,）,音步：,我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。如,He went to town to buy a book. Im glad to hear the news.,英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗：,Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a,melancholy,strain.,这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻,重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（,foot,），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。,在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考虑此诗的基本音步类型，也要考虑此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗：,An EMPTY HOUSEAlexander PopeYou beatyour pate, and fancy wit will come:Knock asyou please, theres nobodyat home.,（,你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打，也无人把门打开。,pate,，,脑袋。,fancy,，,动词：以为，想象。）,在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是,“,抑扬格五音步,”,（,iambic pentameter,）。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律（,meter,）。,Hamlet,Old words,:,Thee,obj,., thou, sub., thy=your,thine,=yours, or your (before vowel). “You” to strangers and uppers; “thou” intimate or familiars and to inferior people,Hamlet,Old words,:,Do,st/,doe,st,=do (2nd sing), do,th,/doe,th,=does,Hast=have (2nd sing),hath= has ,hadst,=had (past),layst,makst, canst, whilst,Hamlet,Old words,:,Ere=before,still=always,oft=often,Happily=haply=perhaps,even=evening,morn=morning,6. Text Study: Sonnet 18,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?,Thou art more lovely and more temperate:,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And Summers lease hath all too short a date;,Shall I compare you to a summers day?You are more lovely and more constant:Rough winds shake the beloved buds of MayAnd summer is far too short:,可否把你比作美丽的夏天？,可你比夏天更加可爱如绣：,狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠，,夏天的租期不肯太长逗留，,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion,dimmd,；,And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or natures changing,course,untrimmd,;,At times the sun is too hot,Or often goes behind the clouds;,And everything beautiful sometime will lose its beauty,By misfortune or by natures planned out course.,有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼，,他金色的脸也会经常暗退。,所有的美丽总会不免衰落，,偶然或永恒总将美丽残催。,But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou,owst,;,Nor shall Death brag thou,wanderst,in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou,growst,;,But your youth shall not fade,Nor will you lose the beauty that you possess;Nor will death claim you for his own,Because in my eternal verse you will live forever.,但是你的妖艳会永不退萎。,你不会失去你拥有的美丽，,死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂；,这时你将于诗中永存与日。,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,Speakers Corner,So long as there are people on this earth,So long will this poem live on, making you immortal.,只要人类呼吸，目放光芒，,诗行也会同长，使你命芳。,Sonnet 18 of Shakespeare,Structure,proposal (1-2),argument (3-12),conclusion(13-14),Sonnet 18,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?, a,Thou art more lovely and more temperate:, b,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, , a,And Summers lease hath all too short a date;, b,Sonnet 18,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c,And often is his gold complexion,dimmd,；, d,And every fair from fair sometime declines, c,By chance, or natures changing,course,untrimmd,;, d,Sonnet 18,But thy eternal summer shall not fade, e,Nor lose possession of that fair thou,owst,;, f,Nor shall Death brag thou,wanderst,in his shade, , e,When in eternal lines to time thou,growst,;, f,Sonnet 18,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, g,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee., g,Rhetoric in sonnet 18,1.simile,2.rhetorical question,3.metaphor,4. personification,5.pun,6.paradox,7.alliteration,8.hyperbole,9.synecdoche,10.inversion,Sonnet 18,William Shakespeare,Some basic concepts about poetry,A,sonnet,is a poem of fourteen lines with various rhyming,schemes.,Rhyme - the likeness of the ending sounds of the poetic lines.,Old Poetic Use,Thou: “you” as subject,Thee: “you” as object,Thy: “your” followed by a consonant,Thine,: “your” followed by a vowel,Art: are,Est,st,: second person singular,Hath: has,This poem might be divided into 3 parts.,Questions,Analyse the rhyming scheme and rhythmic pattern of the poem.,Why does the writer compare the addressee to a “summers day”?,What is the result of the comparison?,How do you understand the theme of the poem?,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?,The,speaker opens the poem with a,question.,This,question,compares “Thee”,to,a summers day because summer,is,considered as,the best time of the year.,The next 11 lines are devoted to the comparison between the summers day and “thee”.,Thou art more lovely and more temperate.,Why?,Rough winds do,shake,the darling buds of May,And,summers,lease hath all too,short,a,date.,Sometime too,hot,the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion,dimmd,;,And every fair from fair sometime,declines,By chance or,natures,changing course,untrimmd,;,五月花蕾恶风落地，,夏日租约转瞬到期，,有时天眼高灼炎炎难耐，,更见乌云常蔽金色面容,古今红颜难逃色衰，,命运无常季候摧残；,每一个美人总要失去美貌，即使没有突发的以外事件，也逃不过自然界生老病死的变迁,But thy,eternal,summer,shall,not,fade,Nor lose possession,of that fair thou,owest,;,Nor,shall Death brag thou,wanderst,in his shade,你的永恒夏日欲将长存，,美貌红颜必也永世不减,死神难夸你在他影中踯躅，,When in,eternal,lines to time thou growest:,So,long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee.,因你芳名已成不朽诗篇。,只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，,这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。,An important,theme of this sonnet is,the praise about the eternal beauty of “thee”.,Another,theme,is the power of the speakers poem to defy time and last forever.,诗人表达了这样一种思想：,美丽的事物可以依靠文学的力量而永远不朽；,文学是人所创造的，因此这有宣告了人的不朽。,一个重读音节与一或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。,某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（,foot,），一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数（,meter),。,轻读音节是“抑”，重读音节是“扬”，如一轻一重，为抑扬格。英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如,adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return,等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。,也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。,Meter and Feet,The meter of a verse can be described as a sequence of feet, each foot being a specific sequence of syllable types.,某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（,foot,),。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数”（,meter,),。,英文诗行的长度范围一般是一至五音步,一音步诗：,monometer,二音步诗：,dimeter,三音步诗：,trimeter,四音步诗：,tetrameter,五音步诗：,pentameter,For example, the most common meter in English poetry, the iambic pentameter, is,a sequence of five iambic feet,consisting of an unstressed,syllable and a stressed syllable,.,如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（,iambic,）。,轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。,Shall Icompare thee to a summers day?,Comedy,a play written chiefly to amuse its audience by appealing to a sense of superiority over the characters depicted. A comedy will normally be closer to everyday life than a tragedy, and will explore common human failings rather than tragedys disastrous crimes. Its ending will usually be happy for the leading characters. Among its less sophisticated forms are,burlesque,讽刺模仿,and,farce,闹剧,.,Sonnet 18,By William Shakespeare,十四行诗,(Sonnet),，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（,Petrarch,）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用,abba,abba,cdcdcd,(,cdecde,),。前八行提问，后六行回答。,后来，怀亚特（,Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542,）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。,斯宾塞（,Edmund Spenser,1552-1599,）用韵脚,abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee,。,莎士比亚（,William Shakespeare,1564-1616,）用韵脚,abab,cdcd,efef,gg,，称英国式或莎士比亚式。,an octave + a sestet,3 quatrains + a couplet,abba,abba,cdecde,abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee,abab,cdcd,efef,gg,Italian Sonnet:,Spenserian Sonnet:,Shakespearian Sonnet:,3 quatrains + a couplet,Francesco,Petrarch,1) Italian Sonnet,Francesco,Petrach,The poetry of earth is never,d,ead,:,a,When all the birds are faint with the hot,s,un,b,And hide in cooling trees, a voice will,r,un,b,From hedge to hedge about the new-mown,m,ead,;,a,That is the Grasshoppers - he takes the,l,ead,a,In summer luxury, - he has never,d,one,b,With his delights; for when tired out with,f,un,b,He rests at ease beneath some pleasant,w,eed,.,a,The,poety,of earth is ceasing,n,ever,:,c,On a lone winter evening, when the,fr,ost,d,Has wrought a silence, from the stove there,shr,ills,e,The,Crickets song, in warmth increasing,ever,c,And seems to one in drowsiness half,l,ost,d,The Grasshoppers among some grassy,h,ills.,e,an octave + a sestet,2) Spenserian Sonnet,Edmund Spenser,For,loe,my love doth in her,selfe,cont,aine,b,All this worlds riches that may,farre,be,f,ound,.,c,If,saphyres,loe,her eyes be,saphyres,pl,aine,:,b,If rubies,loe,her lips be rubies,s,ound,;,c,3 quatrains + a couplet,If pearls, her teeth be pearls both pure and,r,ound,;,c,If,yvorie, her forehead,yvory,w,eene,;,d,If gold, her locks are finest gold on,gr,ound,;,c,If silver, her fair hands are silver,sh,eene,.,d,But that which fairest is, but few,beh,old,:,e,Her mind, adorned with,vertues,manifold,.,e,Ye,tradefull,merchants, that with weary,t,oyle,a,Do,seeke,nost,pretious,things to make your,g,ain,b,And both the Indians of their treasures,sp,oile,a,For,loe,my love doth in her,selfe,cont,aine,b,3) Shakespearian Sonnet,Shakespeare,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven,sh,ines,c,And often is his gold complexion,d,immd,;,d,And every fair from fair sometime,decl,ines,c,By chance, or natures changing course,untr,immd,.,d,3 quatrains + a couplet,But thy eternal summer shall not,f,ade,e,Nor lose possession of that fair thou,owst,f,Nor shall Death brag thou,wanderst,in his,sh,ade,e,When in eternal lines to time thou,gr,owst,.,f,So long as man can breathe or eyes can,s,ee,g,So long lives this, and this gives life to,th,ee,.,g,Shall I compare thee to a summers,d,a,y,?,a,Thou art more lovely and more,temper,ate,.,b,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of,m,ay,a,And summers lease hath all too short a,d,ate,.,b,Iambus,（,抑扬格）,Iambic Foot,（,抑扬音步）,5-foot Iambus,(Iambic,Pentametre,),（五步抑扬格）,Shall I compare thee to a sum,mers,day,?,a,Thou art more love,ly,and more tem,perate,.,b,Rough winds do shake the,dar,ling buds of may,a,And sum,mers,lease hath all too short a date.,b,Metre,:,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven,sh,ines,c,And often is his gold complexion,d,immd,;,d,And every fair from fair sometime,decl,ines,c,By chance, or natures changing course,untr,immd,.,d,But thy eternal summer shall not,f,ade,e,Nor lose possession of that fair thou,owst,f,Nor shall Death brag thou,wanderst,in his,sh,ade,e,When in eternal lines to time thou,gr,owst,.,f,So long as man can breathe or eyes can,s,ee,g,So long lives this, and this gives life to,th,ee,.,g,Shall I compare thee to a summers,d,ay,?,a,Thou art more lovely and more,temper,ate,.,b,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of,m,ay,a,And summers lease hath all too short a,d,ate,.,b,Sonnet 18,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven,sh,ines,c,And often is his gold complexion,d,immd,;,d,And every fair from fair sometime,decl,ines,c,By chance, or natures changing course,untr,immd,.,d,But thy eternal summer shall not,f,ade,e,Nor lose possession of that fair thou,owst,f,Nor shall Death brag thou,wanderst,in his,sh,ade,e,When in eternal lines to time thou,gr,owst,.,f,So long as man can breathe or eyes can,s,ee,g,So long lives this, and this gives life to,th,ee,.,g,Shall I compare thee to a summers,d,ay,?,a,Thou art more lovely and more,temper,ate,.,b,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of,m,ay,a,And summers lease hath all too short a,d,ate,.,b,Sonnet 18,Introduction,(,起,),Elucidation,(,承,),Transition,(,转,),Conclusion,(,合,),The Words Used in Poetry,Thou = You,的主格,Thee = You,的宾格,Thy = Your,Thine = Your,用在元音前,Methink = It seems to me,Hie = go quickly,Pleasance = Enjoyment,Forsooth = No doubt,Quoth = Said,Perchance = By chance,Mead = Meadow,The Words Used in Poetry,Damsel = Maiden,Befide = Happen,Weal = Well-being,Bard = Poet,Vale = Valley,Foe = Enemy,Woe = Sorrow,Valiant = Brave,Forlorn = Lonely,Warrior = Fighter,Yonder = Over there,The Words Used in Poetry,Behold = See,Sunder = Break,Swine = Pigs,Swain = Peasant,Main = Sea,Lowly = Humble,Ingrate = Ungrateful,Mute = Silent,Fond = Foolish,Reckless = Careless,Doleful = sorrowful,Artless = Innocent,Hapless = Unlucky,Haply = Perhaps,Anon = At once,The Words Used in Poetry,Erst = Formerly,Quit = leave,Wax = Grow,Sojourn = Lodge,Tarry = Remain,Wrought = Worked,Fare = walk,Clad = Clothed,Wilt = Will,Shalt = Shall,Canst = Can,Dost = Do,Didst = Did,Ere = Before,Albeit = Although,Tragedy,a serious play or novel representing the disastrous downfall of a central character, the protagonist. According to Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in he protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.,Monologue,an extended speech uttered by one speaker, either to others or alone. Significant varieties include the,dramatic monologue,(a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience), and the,soliloquy,(in which the speaker is supposed to be “overheard” while alone).,独白,Soliloquy,a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. It is also known as,interior monologue,.,内心独白,
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