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,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Hyponymy,-,上下义关系,Outline,Definition of hyponymy,Superordinate,and subordinate,Use of,superordinate,and subordinate,Some details out of the book,Hyponymy,上下义关系,Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.,the meaning of a more,specific word,is included in that of another more,general word,.,Hyponym (subordinate),下义词,Hyperonym,(,superordinate,),上义词,Example,rose,lily,tulip,flower,Example,parrot,sparrow,oriole,bird,Attention:,Hyponymy can be describes in terms of,tree-like graphs, with higher-order,superordinates,above the lower subordinate.,Their status either as,superordinate,or subordinate is relative to other terms.,Tree-like graphs,Living things,creature,plant,animal,insect,horse,dog,pig,cockroach,mare,vegetable,flower,tree,cabbage,rose,pine,hound,swine,Trees,surround the,water,near our summer,place,.,Old elms,surround the,lake,near our summer,cabin,.,I met a,writer,who is the,relation,of a,politician,.,I met a,newspaper reporter,who is the,brother,of,Senator,Buckley,.,usage,Subordinates:,concrete precise vivid,Superordinate,:,general vague,However, this does not mean that subordinate are better than,superordinate,.,usage,She likes,dogs,and other,animals,.There is no,flower,more beautiful than a,rose,.I like all,fruits,except,bananas,.She reads,book,all day mostly,novels,.,usage,Distinction,:,Hyponymy and,Meronymy,Meronymy,mrnm, n.,the semantic relation that holds between a,part,and the,whole,整体部分关系,1,、,the relationship between the whole and its membership,整体和成员之间的关系,e.g.,学生,小学生、中学生、大学生,.,车,轿车、客车、吉普车、卡车,.,Hyponymy,构成上下义,2,、,the relationship between the whole and its component,整体与其构件的关系,e.g.,火车,车头、车厢、车尾,人,头、胳膊、手、脚,部分代表不了整体，不能构成上下义关系,钢琴、小提琴、长笛,乐器,Musical instruments,钢笔、粉笔,笔,Pen chalk-,没有对应的上义词,Attention,Attention:,词的上下义关系和词义表达的团体与成员或单位和部门的关系区别开,例：消防队,消防员,班级,学生,大学,系,医院,外科,不是上下义关系,Reference, you!,
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