unique, single, only, sole

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,unique, single, only, sole,都有“唯一的，单一的”意思,unique:,“独一无二的”，强调一类中唯一存在的。,（一个一类）,single:,“一个的，单个的”强调没有其他人或物的陪伴。,（没有陪伴）,only:,常用词，指“唯一的，只有，仅仅”。含有“,不会再多,”的意思。,sole:,语气比only强，指唯一一个存在的或唯一一个给予考虑的。,（硕果仅存；不想别的）,1,unique, single, only, sole,The book in the museum is a,unique,copy.,（孤本）,The koala is,unique,to Australia.,There is a,single,tree in the yard.,He sent her a,single,red rose.,Shes their,only,daughter.,This is the,only,letter my father ever wrote to me.,She is the,sole,survivor of the crash.,My,sole,reason for coming here was to see you.,2,blast,v.s.,blow,二者皆有（一阵）强风，（一阵）强气流的意思,blast:,侧重于强调一股气流吹过的猛烈和突然性,blow:,指人吹气或人、自然界类似人吹气的现象,3,blast,v.s.,blow,A,blast,of hot air hit us as we stepped off the plane.,A,blast,of wind blew the window and the door opened immediately.,Make a,blow,on the candles and make a wish!,Give your nose a good,blow,.,4,slap, smack, spank,以上三个词都有“用手掌拍击；打；掌掴”的意思,slap:,侧重表示“扬手，甩手，扇，”的含义,smack:,只是表明“用巴掌打”，并不强调手腕动作,spank:,打的屁股,但是，在这里，slap是指代清脆突然的撞击声,5,clash; bump; collide; conflict,这些词均含有“碰撞”之意：,clash:,“撞击，撞击声”，指发出强烈,刺耳的嘈杂声,或,金属碰击声,。,在这里是指两种“符号”在视觉上形成了强烈的反差（从而在人们心理上造成了极大的震撼）,bump:,“猛撞，撞击”，主要指客观存在的人或实物的有力碰撞并且发出,沉闷的响声,。,collide:,“碰撞，相撞”，一般指运动中的人或物体发生,猛烈的碰撞,，而且多是,破坏性,的；也可指因,目的、利益等不一致,而产生严重的,直接冲突,。（同,crash,相比，强调“,对撞,”）,conflict:,常指因意见、立场、愿望等不同而产生的,对立或冲突,。,6,clash; bump; collide; conflict,She,clash,ed these pans down on the floor.,The warriors swords,clash,ed together.,Bayern and Real Madrid,clash,ed in the UEFA Champions League final.,His views and mine,clash,ed.,They have,clash,ing personalities.,The wallpaper,clash,es with the carpet.,Theres a,clash,between the wallpaper and the carpet.,7,clash; bump; collide; conflict,The boy skated on ice very fast and,bump,ed into his friend.,Be careful not to,bump,your head.,The car and the van,collide,d head-on in thick fog.,If the national interests of the two countries,collide, there may be a war.,These results,conflict,with earlier findings.,Their political views,conflict,.,8,chunk, hunk, lump, clump,chunk:,一般指整体,中的，切割、崩塌,或碎裂的一部分；,厚块，大块,9,chunk, hunk, lump, clump,hunk:,（尤指食物）,切下或掰下的大块，,大片,10,chunk, hunk, lump, clump,lump:,（通常为无定形的）块,（英式英语）（方糖）块,11,chunk, hunk, bulk, lump, clump,clump:,（尤指树,或植物的）丛；簇；,束；串,（某物质的）一堆，一团,12,worth,V.S.,worthy,worth与worthy都是作,“值得”讲的形容词，但在使用上和搭配关系上都不尽相同。,13,一、worth一般只用作表语 “值”,1主语（物）+be +worth + 名词。,Hawaii,is,a beautiful place for travelling and,worth a visit,.,夏威夷是个旅游胜地，值得一游。,The new bike,is worth 350 yuan,。,这辆新自行车值350元。,2主语（物）+ be + worth + 动名词。,The book,is worth reading,.,这本书值得一读。,The car isnt,worth repairing,.,这辆汽车不值得修了。,14,注意：,（1）在这种情况下，句子的主语与动名词在逻辑上有动宾关系，因此这个动名词应该是及物的（如上述例句），,若用不及物动词，后面要加上介词,（如下述例句）。,The broadcast program is worth listening to.,这条广播节目值得一听。,The picture is worth taking good care of .,那幅画值得好好保存。,（2）在这种结构中，也可用先行词it 作主语。,It is worth repairing the TV set.,这台电视机值修一下。,（3）worth前面，一般用well修饰，不用very。,The scheme is well worth a try .,这个计划很值得一次。,15,3主语（人）+ be + worth + (表示金钱或财产)名词。表示,“拥有财产”“有的身价/家。”,He is worth several million dollars.,他有好几百万美元的财产。,How much is Mr. Green worth? 格林先生有多少财产。,4worth ones while “是值得做/花时间的，是有益的,”，主语是动名词或动词不定式。句首用it作形式主语。,（1）It is worth (ones) while + doing sth,值得某人做某事。,It is worth our while discussing the question again .,这个问题值得我们再讨论一下。,（2）,It is worth (ones) while + to do sth = To do sth is worth (ones) while,值得（某人）做某事。,It would be well worth your while to come to the meeting. 来参加这个会议对你来说是很值得的。,16,二、worthy 可作定语和表语，作表语时才是,“值得”的含义。,1worthy 可作定语，意思是,“可敬的，高尚的，值得敬仰的，值得关注的”。,They are my worthy friends.,他们是我可敬的朋友。,2worthy 作表语，后接不定式作状语。如果句子的主语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，则不定式用主动语态；如果是动宾关系，则用被动语态。,He is worthy to fill the post.,这个职位他当之无愧。,The film is worthy to be seen again.,这部电影值得再看一遍。,17,3worthy of “值得，配得上”,（1）主语,+ be + worthy of + n .,The article is worthy of careful study.,这篇文章值得仔细研究。,Her achievements are worthy of the highest praise .,她的成就值得高度的赞扬。,（2）主语,+ be + worthy of + being done,The book is worthy of being read .,这本书值得一读。,（3）worthy of 作后置定语。,She is a teacher worthy of great respect.,她是位受尊敬的教师。,He is a poet worthy of the name .,他是一位名副其实的诗人。,18,to be sure,（承认属实）诚然，固然，无可否认,He is intelligent,to be sure, but hes also very lazy.,他固然聪明，但也很懒。,To be sure, he is young, but he is very experienced.,他确实很年轻，但他很有经验。,19,bring sb. to + n,bring sb. to heel,使某人紧跟, 使某人就范（或俯首帖耳）,bring sb. to his knees; bring sb. to terms,迫使某人屈服,bring sb. to justice,将某人捉拿归案/把某人送上法庭,bring sb. to reason,（迫）使某人讲理,20,bring sb. to the scaffold,送某人上断头台, 把某人处以死刑,bring sb. to the lure,引诱某人上钩,bring sb to book for sth,为某事盘问/责问某人,bring sb. to account,向某人提出质询,bring sb.(back ) to reality,使某人面对现实,bring sb. back to life,起死回生,21,here,在此？ 这儿？,用于名词（该名词通常有指示代词修饰）之,后，表示强调,My friend here saw it happen.,我的这位朋友目睹了事情的经过。,This man here is the very person Im looking for.,这个人就是我要找的人。,Of all the stories here, I like this one best.,22,bring down,打倒；打落；击落；放倒,He aimed, fired and,brought down,the antelope.,他瞄准羚羊射击，把它撂倒了。,In American football, you have to try to,bring down,your opponent.,在美式橄榄球赛中, 你必须设法把对手弄倒在地。,The pilot won a medal for,bringing down,enemy aircrafts.,那位飞行员因击落敌机而获奖。,23,rise to sth.,能够处理，有能力处理（突发情况，问题等）；,成功应付挑战（或困难的局面）,Luckily, my mother rose to the occasion.,幸好，我母亲挺身而出作了处置。,He was determined to rise to the challenge.,他决心克服困难迎接挑战。,At this critical moment, they need someone who can rise to the occasion.,在这个关键时刻，他们需要一个能够掌控局面的人。,24,account for,v.s.,explain,都有“解释；说明”的意思,account for:,指对于事件或状况的一份,符合实际,情况的事实陈述，指一种较正式的描述，通常由,亲历者、目击者,提供。,explain:,通过描述事物的形式和结构，追溯其起源和发展，展示其运行和用法，或列举其各部分间的关系和产生结果的原由来,“阐释”,该事物。在多数非正式场合下，它指在口头上试图,证明,某些行为,合理,或,使,它们,被理解,；也可指对某事物的,因果关系,做出总的解释。,25,account for,v.s.,explain,He couldnt,account for,the fact that he didnt come back home last night to his wife.,His illness,account,s,for,his absence.,It was difficult to,explain,the problem to beginners.,You have 10 seconds to,explain,all this!,“Tom is in hospital.”,“That,explain,s why he wasnt in school today.,26,skid,（飞机的）起落撬；滑撬,27,hence; so; therefore; thus,hence:,较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必然的东西，且强调其原因的客观，结果的必然。,“因此”，“直至”,so:,常用词，用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。,“所以”,therefore:,通常引出一个推断出的结论。表现因果的联系，但原因是否客观不强调。,“有鉴于此”,thus:,多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。因而，从而，所以。,“由是”,28,hence; so; therefore; thus,Alcohol can cause liver failure and,hence,death.,It was snowing, and,so,I could not go out.,There is still much to discuss. We shall,therefore, return to this item at our next meeting.,We do not own the building.,Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.,29,average, common,ordinary, commonplace,general,universal,这些形容词均含有“普通的，普遍的”之意。,average:,通常指的是能力，业绩等的,平均水平,，,中等的,common:,侧重彼此有,共同特征,，不稀奇，无特殊地位、头衔。,ordinary:,用于事物，指每天发生，,十分平淡无奇,；用于人，指,全无特别之处,，很一般。,commonplace:,现象,司空见惯,，言语(多为n),老生常谈,general:,语气强于common,，侧重,大多如此,，很少有例外情况。,“通常的”“普遍的”“总体上的”,universal:,与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物,都适用,，没有例外。,“放诸四海皆准的”,30,average, common,ordinary, commonplace,general,universal,I was just an,average,sort of student.,This is true both for the philosopher and the,common,man.,It is,common,practice to offer guests some refreshment.,Although she was rich, she was always in,ordinary,dress.,We are all,ordinary,people but we dream big.,31,average, common,ordinary, commonplace,general,universal,It is becoming increasingly,commonplace,for people to use the Internet at home.,The speech was full of,commonplace,s.,There is one exception to this,general,principle.,The,general,opinion is that the conference was a success.,Such problems are a,universal,feature of old age.,32,faculty; ability; capability;capacity,faculty:,官能；天赋,的内在的能力,ability:,含义较广，主要指人具有从事体力或脑力劳动的能力，可以是先天具有的，也可以是后天习得的，并且,暗含能够干好,的意味。其复数形式表示“才能，专门技能”。,capability:,意义基本,与ability相同,，可指人或物。复数形式指潜在的能力。（,稍正式，综合，大,）,capacity:,容纳,某事物的能力，或生产，体会，理解或学习等的能力。（这里指为别人牺牲的“气度”）,33,faculty; ability; capability;capacity,She retained her mental,faculties,until the day she died.,A pilot has the,ability,to fly his plane through a storm.,He found the company more suitable to his,abilities,.,Almost everyone has some musical,ability,since hes born.,The country has the,capability,to defeat any enemy.,I dont think that boy has great,capabilities,.,34,faculty; ability; capability;capacity,The child shows a great,capacity,for learning languages.,This vacuum flask has a,capacity,of five pounds.,Limited resources are restricting our,capacity,for developing new products.,35,owe sth to sb/sth,归因于；归功于；因而,I knew that I,owe,d my life,to,the surgeon.,我明白我是因这位外科医生才得以活命的。,He,owe,s his success more,to,luck than to ability.,他认为他的成功是靠运气而不是因为自己有能力。,36,doze; nap; nod (off); slumber,都是动词，都有睡的意思：,doze:,多用于口语中，指轻微的小睡或处于半睡状态。,nap:,指白天的小睡、打盹儿。,nod (off):,打瞌睡，（无意间）短时低头睡着。,slumber:,可与sleep互换，（正式，修辞）多指人安详地或长时间地睡。,37,doze; nap; nod (off); slumber,I,doze,d fitfully until dawn.,我断断续续地打着瞌睡，直到黎明。,The old man,nap,ped on the porch.,那位老人在走廊上打盹儿。,I was practically,nod,ding,off,in that meeting.,我在那次会上差点睡着了。,He sat,nod,ding in front of the fire.,他坐在炉火前打盹儿。,Allow no sleep to your eyes, no,slumber,to your eyelids.,别睡着；莫合眼,38,trip, journey, tour, travel, voyage, excursion, expedition, cruise,这些名词均含“旅行”之意。,trip:,普通用词，口语多用，常指为,公务或游玩,作的,较短暂,的旅行。,journey:,普通用词，侧重指,时间较长、距离较远,的,单程,旅行。,tour:,指,最后返回出发地,，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡游。,travel:,泛指,旅行的行为,而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。,39,trip, journey, tour, travel, voyage, excursion, expedition, cruise,voyage:,指在水上旅行，,尤指海上旅行,，有时也可指空中旅行。,excursion:,较正式用词，常指,不超过一天,的短期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。,expedition:,指有特定目的,远征或探险,。,cruise:,主要指,乘船的游览,并在多处停靠,40,surprise, amaze, astonish, astound, startle, shock, stun,这些动词均含“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”之意,surprise:,普通用词，多指因,未预料,或,意外,的事而引起的惊奇。,amaze:,指因认为,不可能或极少可能,发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。,astonish:,语气较强，指,出乎预料,，意外发生，但,又无法解释,而感到惊奇。,41,surprise, amaze, astonish, astound, startle, shock,stun,astound:,语气强，指由于事情,令人难以置信或实在罕见,而使人感到,震惊,。,startle:,指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人,惊跳,或震惊。,shock:,本意指电击，后来指,思想上如同遭受电击一样,的冲击，震惊,stun:,语气最强,，指极度惊讶而,目瞪口呆,，不知所措。,42,age-old,古老的，由来已久的,Its the,age-old,problem of poverty.,Never trust much to a new friend, or an,age-old,enemy.,新友宿敌勿轻信。,43,go at,go at sb 攻击某人，扑向某人,They,went at,each other furiously.,他们相互猛烈攻击。,go at sth 拼命干；卖力干,They,went at,the job as if their lives depended on it.,他们干起活来好像性命攸关似的。,44,come to the conclusion,结论；推论。,与conclusion搭配的常见词组还有,come to the conclusion,Ive,come to the conclusion,that hes not the right person for the job.,我断定他不适合做这项工作。,reach the conclusion,It took the jury some time to,reach the conclusion,that she was guilty.,陪审团花了很长时间才得出结论认为她有罪。,45,lead to the conclusion,New evidence might,lead to the conclusion,that we are wrong.,根据新的证据可能会推断出我们是错的。,draw some conclusion,We can safely,draw some conclusions,from our discussion.,从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论,46,jump/leap to conclusions,jump/leap to the conclusions that,匆忙下结论；贸然断定,There I go again -,jumping to conclusions.,我又犯老毛病了- 冒冒失失地就去下结论。,47,let go of it,let go (of): 放手，松手，放开；放弃，摒弃（想法，态度或控制）.,She refused to,let go of,her bag and kicked her attackers several times.,Its time to let the past go.,Its time to,let go of,the past.,48,gasp for sth,渴望，很想要,He came to the surface of the water,gasping for,air.,他浮出水面急促地喘着气,I was,gasping for,a cigarette.,我很想抽支烟。,49,likewise,同样地；类似地；有同感,I told him to watch me and do,likewise,.,我叫他仔细看著我,并且照样做。,Her speech and her manner,likewise,upset me.,她的言谈使我心烦意乱, 她的举止也一样。,He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do,likewise,.,他投票赞成变革并期望他的同事投同样的票。,50,set oneself against,坚决反对,She accused her husband of,setting the children against,her.,她指责丈夫唆使孩子们和她作对。,He is too arrogant that he,sets himself against,anyone.,他太傲慢了，不管谁他都反对。,51,standoff,僵持局面,The,standoff,has chilled relations between the two nuclear-armed neighbors and raised speculation there could be another armed confrontation between India and Pakistan.,这一僵局使得这两个拥有核武器的邻国关系冷淡，并令人猜测印度和巴基斯坦之间是否可能再次发生军事对抗。,52,语法讲解,that 引导的从句,53,that 可以引导不同类型的从句，如定语从句、同位语从句和其他名词性从句。本课语法的要点是要区别三种从句的构成和句法功能。定语从句、名词性从句和其他同位语从句虽然都可由that引导，但语法结构不同，that在从句中的功能也不同。,54,1、定语从句,在定语从句中，that是关系代词，要在从句中担当一定的句法成分，一般为主语或宾语，用来指人或物。如果作宾语，that可以省略。关系代词前有名词或代词作先行词。,He is the man (that) I am looking for.他正是我在找的人。（that在从句中作宾语，可以省略。）,I dont like the cats that are wandering in the campus.我不喜欢那些在校园里游荡的猫。（that在从句中作主语）,55,2、同位语从句,同位语从句的结构和定语从句很相似， 不同之处在于that在从句中不担当任何句法成分，只起到连接句子的作用，且不可省略，从句内容是对同位的名词的进一步说明。可以接同位语从句的名词主要有advice, answer, belief, conclusion, decision, doubt, evidence, excuse, fact, hope, idea, news, opinion, promise, proof, question, reason, truth等。,He was shocked at the news that his father died a week ago.他父亲一周前去世了，听到这个消息，他很震惊。,56,3、其他名词性从句,主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句统称为名词性从句。除了同位语从句前有名词，其他三种从句中，that引导的从句是一种事实陈述，引导词that在句中不充当任何成分，只是起了连接的作用。,That he was injured in the accident made his mother worried.他在事故中受了伤，这让妈妈很担心。（that引导的从句作主语）,57,（注意）,连接词that引导的主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略。但为避免头重脚轻，可以用it作为形式主语，而把主语从句放到后面。,It is impossible that he cheated all his friends.他不可能欺骗了所有的朋友。,He believed that hard work would lead to success.他相信努力工作就会成功。（that从句在句中作宾语）,The fact is that I was not at home when he came.事实是，他来时我不在家。,（that从句在句中作表语）,58,