微波传输知识简介

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,微波知识简介,Microwave Solution,提纲,微波基本介绍,设计微波传输网的若干考虑,微波设备的设备功能与应用介绍,微波组网介绍,微波传输基本知识,一、微波分类,按传输信号制式分类,1,、模拟微波,2,、数字微波,按数字传输系统分类,1,、,SDH,（,大容量微波：,STM-1 STM-4,）,2、PDH（,小容量微波：1,E1-21E1,）,按假设参考数字微波通道等级分类,1,、高级假设数字微波通道,2,、中继假设数字微波通道,3,、用户极假设数字微波通道,二、微波厂家：,HARRIS、 DMC 、ERICSSON、P-COM、NEC、 NERA 、 SIMENCE、,前三家为我司供应商,三、微波术语：,跳,(,Hop),跳,:,连接一个无线链路的,2,个终端,HOP,：,A radio-link connection with a pair of communicating terminals,微波传输基本知识,四、微波传输路由地形断面,1,、,A,型端面（城市或山区）,2,、,B,型端面（丘陵）,3,、,C,型端面（平地）,4,、,D,型端面（水面）,微波通信的基本原理,BASIC CRITERIA FOR MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION,自由空间传输损耗,视距传播的大气效应,大气吸收衰减,雨雾衰减,大气折射,视距传播的地面效应,费涅尔半径,地面反射,自由空间的定义,自由空间,Free Space:,又称为理想介质空间，它相当于真空状态的理想空间。,在这个空间中充满均匀的、理想的介质，它的导电率,=0,，介电常数,=,0,=10,-9,/36 F/m(,法拉,/,米,),，导磁系数,=,0,=410,-7,H/m,（亨,/,米）。,自由空间的电波传播,自由空间损耗的定义,自由空间损耗,Free space loss:,在自由空间传播的电磁波不产生反射、折射、吸收和散射等现象，即总能量未被损耗。,但电波在自由空间传播时，会因能量向空间扩散而衰耗，这如空中一只孤独的灯泡所发出的光，均匀地向四周扩散。,显然距离光源越远的地方，单位面积上的能量就越少。这种电波的扩散衰耗就称为自由空间损耗。,自由空间的电波传播,P =,发射功率,(TX Power),P,TX,自由空间传输损耗,(Free Space Basic Transmission Loss ),PowerLevel,Distance,G,TX,G,RX,P,RX,G =,天线增益,(Antenna Gain),A,0,A,0,=,自由空间损耗,(Free Space Loss),M,接收门限,(Receiver Threshold),M =,衰落储备,(Fading Margin),Free Space Loss,A,= 92.4 + 20 log,d,+ 20 log,f,Where,d,= distance in km,f,= frequency in GHz,(refer to isotropic antennas),0,d,f,自由空间传输损耗,(Free Space Basic Transmission Loss ),D,或,f,增加,一倍，损耗将增加6,dB,大气吸收衰减,（ Attenuation due to Gases,）,吸收系数,(Attenuation Coefficient) dB / km,频率,(Radio Frequency),GHz,10,50,100,1000,500,1000,100,10,1,0,1,0,01,H,2,O,O,2,O,2,H,2,O,H,2,O,15,C,H,2,O 7,5 g/m,3,1013 hPa,25,g/m,3,23,60,Attenuation due to Rain(,雨雾衰减）,Radio frequency (GHz),Tropical,Downpour,Heavy,Rain,Medium,Heavy,Rain,Light,Rain,Drizzle,0.4,1,2,4,10,20,30,50,100,150,雨雾瞬时强度,(Instantaneous Rain Intensity) (mm/h),0.01,0.1,1,10,50,雨雾吸收系数,(Rain Absorption Coefficient) (dB/km),5,10,20,50,100,2.4,dB/km,7,GHz,38,GHz,5.9,dB/km,37,dB/km,38,GHz,大气折射,（,refraction in the atmosphere,）,依据波在大气中折射原理,无线波束是弯曲的,通常是向下弯曲,(Due to refraction in the atmosphere the radio beam is bent, normally slightly downwards),弯曲影响是通过,K,型因子来表示,(The bending effect is described by the,k-factor,),K=4/3,是标准大气,(k = 4/3,corresponds to the “standard” atmosphere),微波传播,(Microwave Propagation),k 1,k = 1,k 1,d,1,d,2,d,d,1,+,d,2,- d =,l,/2,第一费涅耳椭球面,:,几个基本概念,费涅耳椭球面,Line of sight,1,st zone,+,2,nd zone,-,3,rd zone,+,The,signal power is distributed in the,space surrounding the direct line of sight,费涅耳区定义,(The Fresnel Zone D,efinition),无线电波设计目标,(Radio Wave Propagation,Design Objective),K=4/3,时,第一费涅耳区无障碍物,(,The 1st Fresnel shall be free from obstacles when k = 4/3),在传播经过水面或沙漠地区时,建议,K=1,时,第一费涅耳区无障碍物,(,On paths over water surfaces or desert areas, it is recommended to have the 1st Fresnel zone free from obstacles when k = 1 (See also ITU-R Rec.P.530) ),Distance 50 km,k = 4/3,1,st Fresnel zone,微波传输基本知识,数字微波信道机介绍,1,、数字微波信道机的功能模块,信号处理单元,射频处理单元,网管监控系统,勤务单元,2,、数字微波信道机的结构,微波传输基本知识,2,、,数字微波信道机的结构,全室内单元型数字微波信道机,室内室外型数字微波信道机,微波传输基本知识,微波天线、馈线,1,、微波天线分类,按天线形状分类（抛物面，平板）,按天线馈电形式（卡塞格兰双反射器，前馈式）,按天线安装方式（挂式，座式）,2,、微波天线组成,馈源，主反射体，座挂架，馈线，天线防护罩,微波传输基本知识,微波天线种类,1,、标准天线,2,、低驻波比标准天线,3,、高性能天线,4,、低驻波比高性能天线,微波传输基本知识,微波馈线种类,1,、椭圆软波导,2,、同轴电缆,馈线,(Radio Cable),室内单元,(Indoor Unit),系统结构,（,System Components,）,室外单元,(Outdoor Unit),天线,(Antenna Unit),Outdoor Unit,室外单元 （,Outdoor Units,）,紧凑的无线模块与天线,Compact Radio and Antenna,Radio Alarm,(LED),Power,(LED),Radio Cable,Connection,Earthing,Connection,AGC connection,(0.5-2.5V),无线单元（,Radio Unit,）,RAU1,Antenna Unit,室外单元 （,Outdoor Units,）,0.,3,m antenna0.6m antenna1.2m antennaIntegrated orIntegrated orSeparate mountingSeparate mountingSeparate mounting,天线模块（,Antenna Module,）,安装件（,Mounting Kit,）,Fine alignment mechanism,elevation:,15,/ azimuth:,40,天线单元（,Antenna Units,）,紧凑型天线安装件（,Compact Antenna,Mounting Kit,）,Fine alignment mechanism:,elevation:,13,/ azimuth:,90,Radio cable,馈线 （,Radio Cable,）,Radio cable,10mm, max,200m,Radio cable,16mm, max,400m,Connector kit and radio cable with,28mm,up to a length of,700m,is available on request,馈线（,Radio Cable,）,Traffic,Supervision channels,Service channels,DC Power (60V),System Components,Radio Cable,系统结构（,System Components,）,室内单元（,Indoor Units,）,接入模块,（,Access Module,）,室内单元（,Indoor Units,）,接入模块盒（,Access Module Magazine,）,U = 44 mm,AMM 1U,室内单元（,Indoor Units,）,接入模块盒（,Access Module Magazine,）,AMM 2U,U = 44 mm,室内单元（,Indoor Units,）,接入模块盒（,Access Module Magazine,）,U = 44 mm,AMM 4U,MINI-LINK E - Terminals and Nodes,终端与节点,Access Module 1U,接入模块 ,MMU (Modem Unit),2x2, 4x2/8, 2x8, 34+2 Mbps,调制解调单元,SMU (Switch/,Mux,Unit),Sw, 8x2, 16x2 Mbps,交换复用单元,SAU (Service Access Unit),服务接入单元,Access Module 2U,接入模块 ,Access Module 4U,接入模块 4,Three Plug-in Units,三种插入单元：,7, 8, 15, 18, 23, 26, 38,GHz,TR1A-TR1B,In_TP-out,MMU 2x2,O & M,DC + -,NCC,RAU,Traffic: 2x2 Mbit/s,(75 or 120,),室内单元（,Indoor Units,）,调制解调单元 （,Modem Unit (MMU),）,Test Port,(BER),LSI,(Local Supervision,Interface),PC,EXP NCC,(Expanded,Node Communication Channel),DC Supply,(24-60V),RAU,(Coaxial,cable),TR1A-TR1D,In_TP-out,MMU 4x2/8,O & M,DC + -,NCC,RAU,In_TR2A_out,Traffic: 4x2 or 8,Mbit/s,In_TP-out,MMU 2x8,O & M,DC + -,NCC,RAU,In_TR2A-B_out,Traffic: 2x8,Mbit/s,TR1A-TR1B,In_TP-out,MMU 34+2,O & M,DC + -,NCC,RAU,In_TR2A_out,Traffic: 34+2,Mbit/s,TR1A-TR1D,in_TR2A-B_out,in_TP_out,O & M,in_TR3A_out,SMU Sw,TR1A-TR1D,TR2A-TR2D,in_TP_out,O & M,SMU 8x2,TR1A-TR1D,TR2A-TR2D,in_TP_out,O & M,TR3A-TR3D,TR4A-TR4D,SMU 16x2,室内单元（,Indoor Units,）,交换复用单元（,Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU),）,Traffic: 8x2 Mbit/s,Test Port,LEDs,(Alarm & Power),PC,Traffic:,34 Mbit/s,Traffic:,2x8 Mbit/s,Traffic:,4x2 Mbit/s,Traffic: 16x2 Mbit/s,O & M,EAC 1,EAC 2,USER I/O,SAU Basic,O & M,BR/EAC 1,BR/EAC 2,USER I/O,DIG SC 1-4,PHONE,RAC 1,RAC 2,SAU Exp 2,O & M,EAC 1,EAC 2,USER I/O,DIG SC 1-4,DIG SC 5-8,RAC 1,RAC 2,SAU Exp 1,室内单元（,Indoor Units,）,服务接入单元（,Service Access Unit (SAU),）,PC,LEDs,(Alarm & Power),User Input/Output,1-8 input (relay),9-12 in/out (relay),EAC,(External,Alarm Channel),Service Telephone (G.712),Digital Service Channel,64 kbit/s (G.703),Remote Alarm Channel,64 kbit/s (G.703) / 9.6 kbit/s (V.24/V.28),无保护链路（,MINI-LINK E Unprotected Terminal,）,1+0 Configuration,2,x2, 2x8, 34+2 or 4x2/8 Mbit/s,Traffic,AMM,MMU,BB1,BB2,34+2,MINI-LINK E Unprotected Terminal,1+0 Configuration,BB2,AMM,16,x2 Mbit/s,BB1,MMU,SMU,2,Mbit/s,BB2,MINI-LINK E Unprotected Terminal,1+0 Configuration,MINI-LINK E Terminal,中继站配置（,Repeater Configuration,）,AMM,MINI-LINK E Terminal,中继站配置（,Repeater Configuration,）,Front Cables or Traffic Routing,MINI-LINK E Protected Terminal,1+1 Protected Terminal,2,x2, 4x2, 8, 2x8, 34,8x2 or 16x2 Mbit/s,AMM,8,x2,BB1,BB2,BB1,BB2,MINI-LINK E Protected Terminal,1+1 Configuration,TX,RX,f1,f1,Alarm,f1,f1,MINI-LINK E Protected Terminal,热备份和空间分集（,Hot Stand-by and Space Diversity,）,TX,RX,f1,f2,MINI-LINK E Protected Terminal,工作备份和频率分集（,Working Stand-by and Frequency Diversity,）,Alarm,f1,or (,f1,+,f2,),MINI-LINK E Protected Terminal,热备份或工作备份（,Hot Standby or Working Standby,）,满配置的,4,U,接入模块,(在19”机架中),中继,（ Repeaters,）,MINI-LINK,Parabolic reflectors,Plane reflectors,有源中继,Active repeaters:,无源中继,Passive repeaters:,Repeaters,有源中继（,Active Repeaters,）,Repeaters,无源中继（,Passive repeaters,）,Passive repeater with two parabolic reflectors,Repeaters,无源中继（,Passive repeaters,）,Passive repeater with plane reflector,网络结构（,Network Configuration,）为什么要进行网络规划（,Why Network Planning?,）,目标（,Objectives,）,:,质量和可靠性（,Quality and Availability,）,易于扩容（,Flexibility for future demands,）,成本低（,Lowest investment,）,网络结构（,Network Configuration,）,Which one to use?,不同解决方案（,Different Solutions,）,:,链型（,Chain Configurations,）,星型（,Star configuration,）,树型（,Tree configuration,）,环行（,Ring configuration,）,链型（,Chain Configurations,）,Suitable along Roads,Low concentration of equipment at nodal point,:,BTS Site,:,BTS Site connected to BSC (nodal point),High capacity near nodal point,One link failure affects many sites,星型（,Star Configuration,）,Small networks,Independent paths,Link failure is limited,Line-of-sight,High concentration of equipment at nodal point,Require enough space to install antennas,Interference problems,:,BTS Site,:,BTS Site connected to BSC,树型（,Tree Configuration,）,Small or medium size networks,Line of sight,Short paths,Require smaller antennas,Frequency reuse,Availability,One link failure affects many sites,1+1,hop for protection,:,BTS Site,:,BTS Site connected to BSC,High capacity near nodal point,Difficult to expand (use MXU?),环型（,Ring Configuration,）,When high availability is required,Availability,There is an alternative path,High traffic capacity,Require high band width,Line of sight,Every site to be connected with two other sites,Equipment cost,Cross Connector required (DXX and MXU),:,BTS Site,:,BTS Site connected to BSC,THANK YOU!,