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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015/8/14,#,采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015/8/14,#,采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015/8/14,#,采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物,4,Love and logic:,The story of a fallacy,Unit 1 Section A,FOREIGN LANGUAGE,TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS,AIR,FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY,4Love and logic:Unit 1 Section,1,Doing the right thing is not the problem. Knowing what the right thing is, thats the,challenge., Lyndon B. Johnson (36th US president),It is one thing to be clever and another to be wise., George R. R. Martin (American author,),4,1,UNIT,Life and Logic,Doing the right thing is not t,2,Section A,4,1,Life and Logic,UNIT,Love and,logic: The,story of a fallacy,Objectives,To talk about,love and logic,To further understand the text,To apply the phrases and patterns,To master the,narrative essay,writing skill,Section A 41Life and LogicUNIT,3,Contents,A,Love and,logic: The,story of a fallacy,Section,Warming-up Activities,Text Study,Language Application,Summary,ContentsALove and logic: The s,4,A,Section,Warming-up Activities,Lead-in,Pre-reading Activities,Cultural Background,Love and,logic: The,story of a fallacy,ASectionWarming-up ActivitiesL,5,1. What do you know about logic?,It is the use and study of valid reasoning;,Most prominent in the subjects of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science;,Established as a formal discipline by Aristotle;,One of the classical trivium (,三学科,), the other two being grammar and rhetoric;,Divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.,1. What do you know about logi,6,2. Do you think it is possible to deal with life in a completely rational and logical way?,When it comes to,making,a choice,many,people tend to use,rational,and logical,reasoning;,Males are more rational than females;,Rational world is not necessarily a wonderful one;,Rational individuals can make choices that are bad news for others;,It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way.,2. Do you think it is possib,7,The following are some statements to test your reasoning ability. Tell whether the conclusions after the word “Therefore” are true (T), false (F), or uncertain (U). Write your answer on the line before each statement.,True or False,Pre-reading Activities,The following are some stateme,8,1,.,All odd numbers are integers (,整数,).,All even numbers,are,integers. Therefore, all odd numbers are even,numbers,.,2. There,are no dancers that arent slim and no singers,that,arent dancers. Therefore, all singers are slim.,3. A,toothpick (,牙签,),is useful. Useful things are valuable.,Therefore, a toothpick is valuable.,4.,Three pencils cost the same as two erasers. Four,erasers,cost the same as one ruler. Therefore, pencils,are,more expensive than rulers,.,5,. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B. Class,C has a lower enrollment than Class B. Therefore,Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.,Pre-reading Activities,True or False,F,T,T,F,F,Pre-reading ActivitiesTrue or,9,6.,A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons.,There,are more lemons in the basket than oranges.,Therefore, the basket contains more apples than,oranges,.,7.,Taking the train across town is quicker than taking,the,bus. Taking the bus across town is slower than,driving,a car. Therefore, taking the train across town,is,quicker than driving a car.,8.,All the tulips in Zoes garden are white. All the roses,in,Zoes garden are yellow. Therefore, all the flowers,in,Zoes garden are either white or yellow.,Pre-reading Activities,True or False,T,U,U,6. A fruit basket conta,10,Logic,is the use and study of valid,.,The study of logic features most prominently in the subjects of philosophy,and computer science,.,Philosophical,reasoning,To be continued,mathematics,Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.,Logi,11,Logic,was studied in several ancient,including India,China, Persia and Greece. In the West, logic was established as a formal,by Aristotle, who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical trivium (,三学科,), which also included,and rhetoric.,civilizations,discipline,To be continued,grammar,Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.,Logic was studied in several a,12,Logic,was further,by,Al-Farabi who categorized it into two separate groups (idea,and,).,Later, Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship between temporalis and,the,(,时间与意义,).,In the East, logic was developed by Hindus, Buddhists and,Jains (,耆那教徒,).,extended,proof,To be continued,implication,Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.,Logic was further,13,Logic is often divided into three parts:,reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.,inductive,Listen to a short passage on logic, and,fill in the missing information.,Logic is often divided into th,14,Questions Previewing,1. What is a fallacy? And how is it used?,2,. How many types of fallacy do you know?,Tips,Tips,Cultural Background,Logic and Fallacy,Questions Previewing1. What is,15,What is a fallacy? And how is it used?,An,error in reasoning that,renders an,argument logically,invalid;,By,accident,or design, logical fallacies are often used in,debate or propaganda;,To,mislead,people;,To distract people,from the real issue for the purpose,of winning,an,argument.,Cultural Background,Logic and Fallacy,What is a fallacy? And how is,16,2,. How many types of fallacy do you know?,Red Herring (,转移话题,),Begging,the,Question,(,循环论证,),Slippery,Slope (,滑坡谬误,),Bandwagon,(,从众谬误,),False,Dilemma,(,伪两难谬误,),False,Cause (post hoc),(,假因谬误,),Ad,Hominem (,人身攻击,),Appeal,to Authority,(,诉诸权威,),Dicto,Simpliciter (,绝对判断,),Hasty,Generalization,(,草率结论,),Ad,Misericordiam,(,文不对题,),False,Analogy (,错误类比,),Cultural Background,Logic and Fallacy,2. How many types of fallacy d,17,Main Idea & Structure,Language,Focus,Critical,Thinking,Text Study,A,Section,Love and,logic: The,story of a fallacy,Main Idea & StructureLanguage,18,What did the narrator do with his roommate Rob?,(,Para.1),Tips,They made a deal that the narrator gives Rob his leather jacket, and Rob, in exchange, gives the narrator his girlfriend.,What did the narrator do with,19,Why did the narrator want,to,have Polly as his girl friend?,(,Paras. 2-3),Tips,Pretty, well-off, radiant;,The right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer;,Help the narrator in his competition with other applicants to some elite law firms.,Why did the narrator want to h,20,The,author sets the scene of the story by providing information about the four “,wh-,” words:,who,where,what, and,why,. “,Who,” refers,to,the narrator,his roommate Rob, and the beautiful,girl Polly,. “,Where,” refers to,.,“,What,” and “,why,” refer,to what to do and why to do it,: The narrator decides,to make Polly,“ ”,because as a promisingly brilliant lawyer, he wants to have a girlfriend who is not only beautiful but also intelligent.,Part I Paras. 1_,3,a college,campus,well-spoken,The author sets the scene of t,21,After a,day out with Polly, I drove her to a big old oak tree on a hill off the highway, where we could enjoy a perfect view of the,. Then I was ready to talk with Polly about logic, the first thing under our discussion is the fallacy,.,banner,luminous city,Dicto Simpliciter,Paras. 4-8,After a day ou,22,What is Dicto Simpliciter? Give an example.,(Paras. 9-11),Tips,An unqualified, too simple generalization;,One example: Exercise is good, therefore, everybody should do exercise.,What is Dicto Simpliciter? Giv,23,What,is Hasty Generalization?,Give an example.,(Paras. 12-15),Tips,An unqualified, too simple generalization;,One example: Exercise is good, therefore, everybody should do exercise.,What is Hasty Generalization?,24,What,is Ad Misericordiam?,Give an example.,(Paras. 16-21),Tips,Appealing to ones sympathy instead of answering the question directly;,One example: A,man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.,What is Ad Misericordiam? Give,25,What,is False Analogy?,Give an example.,(Paras. 22-25),Tips,Wrong inference;,Making,an analogy,between two situations that are altogether different;,One,example:,Students,should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.,What is False Analogy? Give an,26,Part II Paras. 4-25,The narrator,tries to,help Polly,become smarter by giving her lessons in,logic. Altogether he,spends five nights,teaching Polly four logical, namely, Dicto,Simpliciter,Ad Misericordiam,.,Hasty Generalization,False Analogy,fallacies,Part II Paras. 4-25The narra,27,When the narrator asks Polly to be his girlfriend, Polly refutes his first argument,“We make a,pretty,good couple”,as,“ ”,and his second,argument “You dont have to eat a,whole cake,to know its good” as,“ ”.,Hasty Generalization,False Analogy,Paras. 26-32,When the narrator asks Polly t,28,When the,narrator,asks Polly to be his girl friend, Polly refutes,his,third,argument “Please,say youll go out with me.,Im nothing,without you” as,“ ”,and his,fourth argument,“You know the things you learn,in school,dont have anything to do with real life”,as,“ ”.,Ad Misericordiam,Dicto Simpliciter,Paras. 33-37,When the narrator asks P,29,What happened at last? (Paras. 38-43),Tips,Polly refused to be the girlfriend of the author;,Full disclosure;,Polly liked Rob in leather;,She told Rob to make the pact with the author so that he could have the jacket.,What happened at last? (Paras.,30,Part III Paras. 26-43,When asked to be the,narrators girl friend,Polly refutes his arguments with the exact,taught,by him and refuses by making,that she,is dating the,narrator simply,because it is a trick she and Rob,have decided,to play on him in order to get,his,.,logical fallacies,full disclosure,leather jacket,Part III Paras. 26-43 W,31,The narrator and Rob make a deal: the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly,.,(Para. 1),Polly needs to be made more intelligent,.,(Para.,3),Introduction to the story,Polly has some basic qualities to be the girlfriend of a lawyer.,(,Para.,2),Polly needs to be made more in,32,Why logic,is,important (Para,. 4-8),The,first logical fallacy taught to Polly: Dicto,Simpliciter,(Paras.,9-11),Introduction,Body (Development of the story),The second logical fallacy taught to Polly: Hasty Generalization (Paras. 12-15),The,third logical fallacy taught to Polly: Ad,Misericordiam (Paras.,16-21),The,fourth logical fallacy taught to Polly: False,Analogy (Paras.,22-25),IntroductionBody (Development,33,Introduction,Body,The climax and end of the story,(Pollys refutation and the final disclosure),“,You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good,.”,False,Analogy,. (Paras. 31-32),“,Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without you,.”,Ad Misericordiam. (Paras. 33-35),“,You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life,.”,Dicto Simpliciter. (Paras. 36-37),Climax,of the story:,Polly,refuses to be the narrators girlfriend. (Paras. 38-43),“,We make a pretty good couple,.”,Hasty Generaliza-tion. (Paras. 26-30),IntroductionBodyThe climax and,34,Introduction,Body,Climax & End,Introduction BodyClimax & En,35,Love and logic: The story of a fallacy,My,roommate Rob made a,with,me that hed give me his girlfriend Polly in exchange for my jacket. And I agreed,.,Polly,had the right background to be the girlfriend of a,lawyer,like myself. She was pretty, well-off, and radiant. Still, I want to dispense her enough,to,make her “well-spoken”.,pact,pearls of wisdom,To be continued,dogged, brilliant,Love and logic: The story of a,36,So,I tried my best to teach her such logical,as,Dicto Simpliciter, Hasty Generalization, Ad Misericordiam, and False Analogy. After five nights of diligent work, I actually made a,out,of Polly. She was an,at,last.,fallacies,logician,analytical thinker,To be continued,So I tried my best to te,37,When,I asked her to develop our relationship into a,one, however, she,my,arguments as those logical fallacies I had taught her! And she refused my proposition by making,full,:,She liked Rob in leather, therefore, she had told him to make the pact with me so that Rob could have,my,.,romantic,refuted,disclosure,jacket,When I asked her to develo,38,Practical Phrases,Specific,Meanings,1.,In exchange for,作为对,的交换,2. Set a date for,为,定日期,3. Appeal to,唤起；吸引,4. make/draw,an analogy between,在,之间作类比,5. Make sth. out of sb./sth.,使,变成,6. Give sb. the axe,抛弃（恋人）；解雇,7. Be dripping with ,满是,Practical Phrases Specific Mea,39,作为对,的交换,(revolutionary predecessors/shed,blood/sacrifice ones,life),In exchange for a peaceful environment for the future generations, our,revolutionary predecessors shed their blood,and even,sacrificed their precious lives,.,in exchange for,短语逆译,短语应用,为了给后代换,来一个和平的环境，我们的革命先烈们抛头颅、洒热血。,意群提示,作为对的交换(revolutionary predece,40,为,定日期,(,to achieve success/rather than),In order,to achieve success, one had better start immediately,rather than,set dates for his/her efforts.,set a date for,短语逆译,短语应用,要,想取得成功，最好马上开始努力，不要推三推四。,意群提示,为定日期(to achieve success/rath,41,唤起；吸引,(boast,/,research library,),This university,boasts,many world-famous experts, professors, and the worlds best,research library, therefore, it appeals to students and researchers from all over the world.,appeal to,短语逆译,短语应用,这所大学,拥有许多世界知名的专家、教授以及世界上最好的研究图书馆，因此吸引了来自世界各地的学子和研究人员。,意群提示,唤起；吸引(boast/research library)T,42,在,之间作类比,(require great efforts,/reach the top),We often make an analogy between studying and climbing a mountain: both of them,require great efforts,before you can,reach the top,.,make/draw an analogy between,短语逆译,短语应用,我们经常把学习和登山进行类比：两者在你达到巅峰之前都需要付出巨大的努力。,意群提示,在之间作类比(require great efforts,43,使,变成,(military academy/young cadets),The aim of the,military academy,is to make qualified officers out of the,young cadets,after,four years study,and training.,make sth. out of sb./sth.,短语逆译,短语应用,这,所军校的目标是经过四年的学习与训练将这些年轻的军校生变成合格的军官。,意群提示,使变成(military academy/young,44,抛弃（恋人）；解雇,(play away/upon,graduation,),If you continue,playing,your,precious college years away, success will give you the axe,upon graduation,.,give sb. the axe,短语逆译,短语应用,如果,你继续浪费宝贵的大学时光，毕业时你,将,一事无成。,意群提示,抛弃（恋人）；解雇(play away/upon gradu,45,满是,(words and actions/,vulgarity,and rudeness,),Though the beautiful lady is dripping with jewels, her,words and actions,are dripping with,vulgarity and rudeness,.,短语逆译,短语应用,这位漂亮的,女士尽管浑身珠光宝气，言行却低俗无礼。,意群提示,be dripping with ,满是(words and actions/vulgari,46,Functional,Patterns,Functions & Usages,1. If sb. could do , sb. just might,do ,用于表达“假设”,2. Sb. never/seldom do .,Instead,sb. do ,用于表达“强调”,3. Look,at , look at . Can you,do ?,用于表达“对比”,Functional Patterns Funct,47,如果我能够,让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，,我就很有可能,在竞聘中以微弱,优势,获胜。,原句译文,逆译练习,If I could,show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant,well-spoken counterpart,by my side,I just might,edge past the competition.,句型提炼,如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩,48,If sb. could do , sb. just might,do,句型提炼,应用提示,用于,表达,“假设”,。,句型,应用,If sb. could do , sb. just mi,49,(,make the best of/dream of),典型例句,如果你能好好利用现有的一切而不是幻想你所没有的，你很可能已经取得巨大的成功了。,意群提示,If you could,make the best of,what you have instead of,dreaming of,what you dont have, you just might have already achieved great success.,( make the best of/dream of)典型,50,这个人,根本没有,回答老板的问题，,而只是在,博取老板的,同情。,原句译文,逆译练习,The man never answered,the bosss question.,Instead he appealed to,the bosss,sympathy,.,句型提炼,这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情。原句译,51,Sb. never/seldom do . Instead, sb. do ,句型提炼,应用提示,用于,表达,“,强调,”,。,句型应用,Sb. never/seldom do . Inste,52,(public servant,/ take advantage of/privileges and authorities),典型例句,一些人民公仆从不为人民服务，而只是利用手中的特权、职权最大程度地为自己谋取私利。,意群提示,Some of our,public servants,never serve the people, instead they,take advantage of,their,privileges and authorities,to seek personal interests to the maximum extent.,(public servant/ take advantag,53,看看我，,一个聪明过人的学生，一个,不同凡响,的学者，一个前途无量的人。,再看看罗伯，,一个,肌肉,发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。,你,是否,能,给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”,原句译文,逆译练习,Look at,me,an,ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.,Look,at Rob,a muscular idiot, a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming,from.,Can,you,give me one good reason why you should be with him?”,句型提炼,看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量,54,Look at , look at . Can,you do,?,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达,“,对比,”,。,句型应用,Look at , look at . Can you,55,(tall buildings,/,war stricken areas,/poor straw sheds,),典型例句,看看我们，住着高楼大厦，穿着耐克、阿迪，吃着麦当劳、肯德基，喝着百事和可乐。,再,看看那些战乱地区的难民们，躲在破烂不堪的草棚里，没穿、没吃、没喝。我们怎么还能抱怨我们的生活呢？,意群提示,Look at us, living in,tall buildings, wearing Nike and Adidas, eating McDonalds and KFCs,drinking,Pepsis and Colas. Look at the refugees in,the war stricken areas, sheltering in,poor straw sheds, having almost nothing to wear, to eat and to drink. How can we complain about our lives?,(tall buildings/war stricken a,56,她已经是,“光彩照人”了。,但,我能够施,予她足够多,的“智慧之珠”,，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。,a. “Radiant,” she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make,her “well-spoken”. (Para.3, L1),她已经是“光彩照人”了。但我能够施予她足够多的“智慧之珠,57,我们可以成为很好,的一对儿。,b. We make a pretty good,couple,.,(,Para.29, L1),我们可以成为很好的一对儿。 b. We make a,58,毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它好不好。,c. After all, you dont have to eat a whole cake to know its,good,.,(Para.4, L6),毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它好不好。 c. Aft,59,再,错几步我可就无法挽回,了,。,d. A few more false steps would be my doom. (,Para.33, L2),再错几步我可就无法挽回 d. A few more f,60,我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧。,e. I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up,. (Para.38, L1),我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧。 e. I leaped t,61,看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个,不同凡响,的学者，一个前途无量的人。,f. Look at,me, an,ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. (,Para.42, L1-2),看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量,62,再看看罗伯，一个肌,肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。,g.,Look,at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from,. (Para.42, L2-3),再看看罗伯，一个肌 g. Look at Rob, a,63,1. What,logical fallacy is,included,in the,story itself,? Why do you think so?,2. What,does the story tell us about love?,And what,does it tell us about smart people?,3. Can,you think of a logical fallacy,you,have committed,? Why is it a fallacy and,what caused,it?,Tips,Tips,Tips,1. What logical fallacy is in,64,The story itself includes the fallacy “,Dicto Simpliciter,”. The narrator assumes that all,girls would,be happy to date a boy whose,future is somewhat guaranteed,. Therefore,Polly, a,beautiful and wealthy young girl,would certainly,fall in love with him “,an,ingenious student,” and “,a man with an assured,future,”, rather,than Rob “a muscular idiot”.,However, to,the narrators surprise and,disappointment, Polly,chooses Rob in the end because Rob,is fashionable,and cool.,What,logical fallacy is included in the story itself?,Why,do you think so?,The story itself includes,65,2.,What does the story tell us about love? And what,does,it tell us about smart people?,Love,is blind,. It is ridiculous to use logic,to deal,with love;, Smart,people sometimes can make,wrong,judgments,;,Smart,people are sometimes too arrogant,and,overconfident,;,Smart,people may,fall victims to,their,own,smartness,.,2. What does the story tell us,66,Yes, certainly. Actually, logical fallacies are,very common,in our everyday life. I myself,commit logical fallacies,very,often
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