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第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,143,Mathematical English,第六讲 英语数学论文的写作,Professional Paper Writing (,一）,常见错误分析,第六讲 英语数学论文的写作Professional,我们所有的思考、分析、实验和数据收集工作,在撰写,论文之前,就什么也不算,.,在学术领域,我们的成果是,以写出的东西来体现的,出版物就像硬通货币,是学术,成果的基本表现形式,.,D. Kennedy,(Science,前主编,斯坦福前校长,),Introduction,我们所有的思考、分析、实验和数据收集工作, 在撰写Intro,为什么要发表论文？,Publish or perish (,发表或者灭亡,),科研成果：如果没有发表，就等于不曾存在；,科研人员：没有论著发表，职业生涯将难以为继,There are three necessary steps in useful research： the first to,begin it, the second to,end it,and the third to,publish it,.,M. Faraday,Introduction,为什么要发表论文？Publish or perish (发,发表论文的目的,一是公开自己的成果并得到学术界的承认,二是为了同行之间的交流,.,美国科学院院士何毓琦说,: “,有个好想法、写篇好论文,和,做个好讲座,是科学研究过程中三件完全不同但是一样重要的事,.,选择适当的文种撰写论文非常重要,.,必须承认,英语是国际学术界使用最多、影响最大并被普遍接受的语言,所以最好用英语撰写论文,.,用中文发表的论文不可能在国际上引起较大关注,中文版的刊物也基本不可能进入,SCI.,发表论文的目的, 一是公开自己的成果并得到学术界的承认, 二,一篇论文能否被国际性的学术刊物接受,最重要的,是该文的科学性和创新性,但英语写作水平也是十分重,要的因素,.,如果文字不规范甚至错误百出、逻辑混乱,那就不能,准确地表达作者的思路、方法和结果,审稿人和编辑显然,也会对作者的研究能力产生怀疑,.,英语的表达水平直接影响到论文是否能被录用,.,一篇论文能否被国际性的学术刊物接受, 最重要,当我们学习了基础课程和专业课程, 并在导师的指导下, 阅读了大量文献,熟悉了本领域某个研究方向的现状以及普遍使用的方法, 而且有自己新的见解和想法,解决了一个有意义的问题以后, 就可以开始论文的写作了,(可以先用中文写, 再译成英文).,当我们学习了基础课程和专业课程, 并在导师的指导下, 阅读了,科技英语不以语言的华丽作为追求目标,而讲究逻辑上,的,条理清楚,和思维上的,准确严密,(,数学尤其这样,),其特点是,:,语法规范,词义明确,结构严谨,文风朴素,通顺流畅,科技英语不以语言的华丽作为追求目标, 而讲究逻辑上,Characteristics of manuscripts by,novice,authors,Too much emphasis on results, background and context insufficiently well explained,Often too much data,Over-long too many references,Manuscript may read like a chapter from a thesis and may, therefore not capture the interest of the reviewer,“.after the first few pages, I began to lose interest, as the paper is simply too long and poorly focussed”,Nigel John Cook,Ore Geology Reviews,Characteristics of manuscripts,Reviewers and editors may be positive about your work, but it is,NOT,their responsibility to make changes and improvements for you.,Reviewers and editors may be p,数学论文对英语的要求其实并不高,.,而且我们有功能强大的,LATEX(WinEdt),编辑软件,可以轻而易举地编排出有复杂公式、美观漂亮的版面,.,但是,有些作者在论文写作中存在不少问题,.,下面从论文的各个组成部分对一些常见的错误进行分析并举例说明,.,数学论文对英语的要求其实并不高. 而且我们有功能强大的LAT,参考文献的选择与引用,:,这是最容易被忽略,也是出现问题较多的环节,.,主要问题有,:,有意或无意地回避引用重要文献,.,罗列许多文献但在正文中并未引用,.,自引过多,(,特别是自己早期的工作,).,随意转引,(,引用他人论文中的文献,实际上未看过,).,参考文献的选择与引用:,要尊重引文作者, 叙述前人的欠缺以强调自己研究工作的创新时, 应,慎重并留有余地,. 例如:,不要说至今无人涉足这一方向之类的话, 而应说,To,the authors knowledge, there is little information in,literature about .,不要说某人的证明是错误的, 而应说,He did not give,a complete proof of .,或,However, there is a gap,in the proof of .,要尊重引文作者, 叙述前人的欠缺以强调自己研究工作的创新时,参考文献（,references,）,大多数论文把参考文献列在“,references”,中，并且一般按在论文中首次出现的,顺序排列,成,1,2,3,。但也有不排列成数字顺序，只,按姓名的字母顺序排列,。,参考文献的一般书写顺序 ：,各种杂志对参考文献的书写顺序大致是相同的，仅有某些项目的前后顺序略有不同。,参考文献（references）,一种写法：,A.,作者姓名,B.,书名（一般用斜体，也可用引号标出）,C.,出版社地点,D.,出版社名称,E.,出版年份,F.,页码（可不标出此项）,Parker, T. S., Chua, L. Q.,Partial Numerical Algorithms for Chaotic Systems, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989,一种写法：,另一种书写方法：,A.,作者姓名,B.,书名（一般用斜体，也可用引号标出）,C.,出版社名称,D.,出版社地点,E.,（第几版）第几章或第几节和页码,F.,出版年份,Reed, T. M., Gubbins, K. E.,Applied Statistical Mechanics-Thermodynamics and Transport Properties of Fluid, McGraw-Hill , New York, 2,nd,ed., 1991,另一种书写方法：,信息要,准确、齐全,.,刊物,论文、书、论文集中的论文,分别按以下格式:,1 name(s) of author(s), title of the paper (,abbreviated,) ,title,of the journal,(,in italics,), number of volume (,in boldface,),year of publication (,in parentheses,), numbers of the,f,i,rst,and last pages.,2 name(s) of author(s),title of the book,(,in italics,), publishinghouse, city of publication, year of publication.,信息要准确、齐全.,3 name(s) of author(s), title of the paper, in:,title of the book,(,in italics,), publishing house, city of publication, year of,publication, numbers of the,f,i,rst and last pages of the paper.,为了便于论文撰写过程中对参考文献的增删和顺序调整, 建议采用作者-出版年份体系.,例如列文献时用,bibitem,Jonh2008a, 在正文中引用时用,cite,Jonh2008a,.,3 name(s) of author(s), titl,标,题,(,title),应,准确、简洁,地反映论文的研究对象. 既不能过于空泛, 也不要过于烦琐.,不要用On the Study of . 或On the Existence of. 之类作为,标,题.,标,题通常是一个,名词性短语, 不是一个完整的句子,无需主、谓、宾齐全, 其中的动词一般以,分词或动名词,的形式出现, 有时冠词可以省略.,偶尔有以疑问句为,标,题的论文, 但不应以陈述句为,标,题.,为方便二次检索,标,题尽量避免使用复杂的数学式子.,标题(title),标题的作用,：,让读者了解论文的研究领域，本文区别于其他研究的特征；,协助检索,一个令人满意的标题，既不要过于概括，以至流于空泛，一般化；也不宜过于繁琐，使人得不出鲜明印象，难于记忆和引证。,标题要避免使用笼统、空泛、冗长、模棱两可、夸张、华而不实以及与同类论文题目雷同的字眼。,标题的作用：,标题,_,书写格式,(1),1.,开头第一个字母大写，专有名词大写，其余全部小写。,Overview of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry reactors,An experimental study on gravity blending silo with an inner down comer,Steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels,标题_书写格式(1)1. 开头第一个字母大写，专有名词大写，,标题,_,书写格式,(2),开头及每个实词开头字母大写，,5,个字母的介词、连词第一个字母大写,Marco-kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Synthesis over a New Type Hollow Cylindrical Catalyst,Petrochemical Coke Combustion and Catalytic Reaction Mechanism,Research on a New Kind of Diesel Flow Improver,标题_书写格式(2)开头及每个实词开头字母大写，5个字母的,标题,_,书写格式,(3),全部字母大写,RUNAWAY PHENOMENON FOR PARALLEL REACTIONS IN FIXED BED CATALYTIC REACTORS,STYDY ON THE ATTRITION OF IRON CATALYST IN SLURRY F-T SYNTHESIS,PHASE EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN FLUOROTHENE AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS,标题_书写格式(3)全部字母大写,第,1,、,2,种形式最常用，普遍用于各种刊物和文摘杂志,一般主张采用第,1,种形式，可读性较强,第,3,种形式一般用于计算机检索系统，比较难读,第1、2种形式最常用，普遍用于各种刊物和文摘杂志,标题,_,书写格式,(4),一般标题多带有“ 研究”、“ 试验”“、初探”、“ 初报”、“效果”、“ 影响”等等。,e.g.,Study of,Study on,Experiments of,Experimental study of,Effect of on,An preliminary report of,标题_书写格式(4)一般标题多带有“ 研究”、“ 试,标题,_,注意事项,(1),1.,标题不宜太长，也不宜太短,标题太长易显繁琐，不易引起读者兴趣，太短则易流于笼统、空泛甚至模糊。,一般不超过,20,个词，控制在,12,个词左右为宜。,英美科技期刊要求题目不超过,12,个词或,100,个字符（包括间隔在内）。,标题_注意事项(1)1. 标题不宜太长，也不宜太短,标题,_,注意事项,(2),Solubility Studies (,太笼统）,Solubility of Fluorothene,（模糊）,A Study of the Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Some Solvents Such as Dibuty/Phthalate And Chlorotrifluoroethylene at Elevated Temperature (,冗长、繁琐）,Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Organic Solvents,（简明、具体）,标题_注意事项(2)Solubility Studies (,标题,_,注意事项,(3),如果一个短标题不足以概括文章的内容，可考虑增加,副标题，两者之间用冒号分开,。,如果是系列文章，可采用系列形式。,e.g.,Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst.,I.,Determination of shape factor,Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst.,II.,Experimental measurement of fix-bed heat-transfer parameters,标题_注意事项(3)如果一个短标题不足以概括文章的内容，可考,标题,_,注意事项,(4),2 .,一般采用名词短语作标题,。,不使用一个句子或不定式短语，一般也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。,An exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate,（繁琐）,Introduce the exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate,（祈使句）,Methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate,有些情况下，也有用,on,引出的介词短语，表示“ 论（关于）,”,的意思,标题_注意事项(4)2 .一般采用名词短语作标题。不使用一个,标题,_,注意事项,(5),3.,标题必须,包括主要的关键词,。,标题的主要目的有二：一是吸引可能的读者，二是,协助检索,。因此一定要包含一些关键词，标题应该尽可能多的提供计算机题目检索所需要的信息。,4.,选用文章内容所允许的、尽可能,准确的术语,避免广告式的哗众取宠的字眼。,标题_注意事项(5)3. 标题必须包括主要的关键词。,标题,_,注意事项,(6),5.,标题中,开头的冠词可以省去,(The),application of microprocessors on processing of chemical heat-treatment,6.,标题中所有的术语都应该拼写，而,不要用俗语、符号、公式、略语以及缩写词,，在可能的情况下，能够用词汇，就不要用带有上标、下标或其他符号的表达式。不要引用公司的名称、特定的商标，或者化学品、药物、材料及仪器的品牌。,标题_注意事项(6)5. 标题中开头的冠词可以省去,标题,_,注意事项,(7),7.,避免使用下列写法（,19,世纪或更早的标题中常出现）：,Some Thoughts on ,A Few Observations on ,Some Studies on ,标题_注意事项(7)7. 避免使用下列写法（19世纪或更早的,标题,_,注意事项,(8),正式发表的论文中，编辑会在标题右上方打一个*，然后在本页的脚注（,footnote,）中注明论文收到时间及修改后寄达时间。我国杂志中还包括联系人、第一作者简介，某某基金资助等等信息。,Manuscript,received,Mar. 11, 2012;,revised,Nov. 22, 2012;,accepted; published;,To whom correspondence should be address.,Corresponding author.,Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,标题_注意事项(8)正式发表的论文中，编辑会在标题右上方打,署名,(about author(s),作者姓名,作者的姓名要用全称（,full name,）,外国人的姓名分三部分：,教名,Christian name,first name, given name, forename,中间名,middle name,姓,surname, family name, last name,中国人的姓名应根据中国人的习惯，,按汉语的顺序以汉语拼音写出,Transfer Characteristics in Mechanically Stirred Airlift Loop Reactors with or Without Static Mixers,L Xiaoping, Wang Yanru,署名(about author(s)作者姓名,署名,在多名作者时，名字以逗号分开，最后两位作者的名字以,and,相连。,Li Gang, Liu Ming, Zhang Yiqi and Wang Xinyi,若名字是三个字，后两个可以用缩写形式给出。,署名在多名作者时，名字以逗号分开，最后两位作者的名字以and,作者单位,论文作者的工作单位（,institution,）,作者的工作单位一般直接标在作者的姓名下。如果作者分属不同的单位，应注明,:,Cao Yiwei,1, Chai Xiaodan,1, Desce M.B.,2,and Lehn J. M.,2,1,School of Applied Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China, 110000,2,Chimie des Interactions molecularies, College de France, Paris, France,作者单位论文作者的工作单位（institution）,摘要,(,Abstract),这是论文的必须项. 绝大多数检索系统免费提供论文摘要, 读者往往根据摘要来判断和决定是否需要阅读全文. 因此摘要非常重要, 它实际上是论文的高度浓缩, 应,清楚、简洁,地描述论文的,目的、方法和主要结果,.,摘要应具有独立性, 所以一般不引用文献.,用,第一或第三人称,均可.,动词采用,现在时态, 以下三个句子出现在摘要中是错误的:,摘要(Abstract), In this paper, we will investigate . (用了将来时), In this paper, we showed . (用了过去时),“ In this paper, we investigate ., and it is proved,that . (主语应该是同一个),应分别改为, In this paper, we investigate ., In this paper, we show ., In this paper, we investigate ., and prove that ., In this paper, we will inves,An abstract is a,condensed version,of a longer piece of writing that,highlights,the major points,covered, concisely describes the,content,and,scope,of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form.,An abstract is a condensed ver,Parts of an Abstract,Motivation:,Why do we care,about the problem and the results?,Problem statement:,What,problem,are you trying to solve? What is the,scope,of your work?,Approach:,How did you go about solving,or making progress on the problem?,Results:,Whats the answer,?,Conclusions:,What are the implications,of your answer?,Parts of an AbstractMotivation,Length,100,150 words,，,1,5,of the full paper,U.S.A.:,250 words for,master thesis,abstract,，,350 words for,doctor dissertation,abstract.,Length100150 words，15 of t,摘要的英文术语及概念,摘要的英文术语原来有两个词汇，一个是,abstract,，一个是,summary,。,“过去时”：,summary,一次文献的文摘（作者自写的提要），专门介绍论文的实质性内容。,abstract,二次文摘（他人为文献编写的浓缩格式），介绍论文的大致内容。,摘要的英文术语及概念,摘要,现在的趋势是一篇论文或专著的摘要，无论是自写还是他写，统称为,abstract,，尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用,abstract,这个术语，在论文的题目下也一律用这个词。,summary,现在更多的是用于对文章主要内容作再一次扼要的陈述，放在文章的结尾，目的是为已经读过正文的读者归纳出,方向性结论,，因此也可称为,小结,。,摘要现在的趋势是一篇论文或专著的摘要，无论是自写还是他写,摘要,Abstract,中文有二种说法,:,文摘,独立存在，单独出版，如,SCI,、,EI,、,CA,等,摘要,与原文在一起,共同点：从原文中抽出主题内容，以简练的文字写写成，只是准确、扼要地表述原文内容，不加以解释或评论。,以下统称为摘要,摘要Abstract 中文有二种说法:,摘要,_,类型,按对原文的压缩程度，摘要一般分为三类：,指示性或说明性摘要（,indicative or descriptive,abstract,）,资料性或报道性摘要（,informative,abstract,）,报道指示性摘要（,informative- indicative,abstract,）,按摘要内容，大致分为三类：,论著摘要,综述摘要,专利摘要,摘要_类型按对原文的压缩程度，摘要一般分为三类：,摘要,_,应具备的要素,简明扼要（,conciseness,）,:,去除文献中的次要材料或辅助细节。,客观公正（,objectivity,）,:,摘要中不应有原文中没有的信息资料。,全面完整（,completeness,）,:,要包括主题思想，主要资料，结论或建议。,摘要_应具备的要素简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文,摘要,_,指示性摘要,指示性摘要,（,indicative or descriptive abstract,），也称,说明性,摘要，只向读者指出文献的主要内容是什么，主要概括论文的涉及范围、研究方向和研究目的，以便读者决定是否有必要阅读全文。因此，说明性摘要的篇幅较短，一般词数在,50,词以内。,这类摘要主是泛泛叙述，不涉及实质问题，所以,一般在科研论文中不予使用,，只刊登在文献索引这类期刊中，也可用于讨论性文章、综述性文章、图书或某些会议论文集。,摘要_指示性摘要指示性摘要（indicative or d,摘要,_,指示性摘要,This paper presents an analysis of principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusion concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.,Cooling water requirements in the petroleum refining, oil shale retorting, coal liquefaction, and coal gasification industries are described.,摘要_指示性摘要This paper presents a,摘要,_,资料性摘要,资料性摘要（,informative abstract,）是原文内容要点的总结，尽量,多而完整,地报道原文献中的具体内容，涉及论文的主题范围、研究对象及原理、所使用的研究手段和方法、主要研究结果和结论、以及建议等方面的内容，并列出主要数据、公式、图表。,反映论文的基本面貌，一般情况下能够代替阅读论文全文。,这类摘要适用于,研究或试验报告、研究论文及专题论文,。此类文摘篇幅稍长，一般为,100,250,词，多者可达,500,词,1000,词。,摘要_资料性摘要资料性摘要（informative abs,摘要,_,资料性摘要,Selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air were studied over a commercial, fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide catalyst. The temperature range was 573-653 K with butane concentrations up to 3 mol % in the feed, which is within flammability limits but below ignition temperatures.,The rate data were modeled using power low kinetics with product inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions. Kinetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse, nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects. The kinetics were combined with independent measurements of catalyst diffusivity and reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model. Model predictions and observed temperatures and concentrations from non-isothermal pilot plants compared up to 115 days on stream. Agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concentrations up to 2.7 mol %. For example, runaway was predicted at a temperature 3 K higher than observed. Effectiveness factors around the hot spot were estimated at o.6 with catalyst surface temperature 2-3 K higher than average gas temperature.,摘要_资料性摘要Selective oxidation,摘要,_,报道指示性摘要,对文献中的基本内容作较为详尽的报道性介绍，对其它部分则作指示性的表述。,以最短的篇幅传递最大信息量。,摘要_报道指示性摘要对文献中的基本内容作较为详尽的报道,摘要,_,报道指示性摘要,Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed reactor were examined experimentally. The circulating fluidized bed reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height. Reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using FCC particles with a mean diameter of 89 um, impregnated with ferric oxide as catalyst. Four ring-type baffles, mounted horizontally around the riser wall, were used in this study. Ozone concentrations were measured in both axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in a riser with baffles, the ozone concentration in the radial direction was more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser without baffles except at the lowest gas velocity used. A mathematical model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under various operating conditions. The gas-solid contact efficiency in the riser was discussed in light of the model.,摘要_报道指示性摘要Baffle effects on,摘要,_,论著摘要,论著摘要,包括期刊论文、会议论文、技术报告、学位论文、专著等的摘要，内容通常有四个方面：,研究的,目的和范围,研究的,方法,研究的,结果,研究的,主要结论,摘要_论著摘要论著摘要包括期刊论文、会议论文、技术报告、,摘要,_,论著摘要,A major difficulty affecting the control of product quality in industrial polymerization reactors is the lack of suitable on-line polymer property measurements. In this article a scheme is developed to predict melt index and density in a fluidized-bed ethylene copolymerization reactor. Theoretically-based models are derived to predict quality variables from the available on-line temperature and gas composition measurements. Adjustable parameters in these models are updated on-line using infrequent laboratory measurements and a recursive parameter estimation technique. The application of this methodology is illustrated using operating data from an industrial reactor. It is shown that both melt index and density can be successfully predicted. Knowledge of product property derivations from desired targets is required so that manufacturers can take corrective actions to reduce the quantity of off-grade material made and produce a consistent product. ,摘要_论著摘要A major difficulty af,摘要,_,综述摘要,综述通常有,专题评述、政策评述和书评,等。,例如，专题评述是综合有代表性的材料，对某一专题的方向、特点、效果、研究手段和有关方法的优缺点等予以综合比较，提出作者的看法。,摘要_综述摘要综述通常有专题评述、政策评述和书评等。,摘要,_,专利摘要,专利摘要是,专利说明书的提要,，是专利文献的重要检索工具。,介绍技术发明的要点与专利持有人的专利权范围。,专利摘要属于专利文献之一。,专利摘要不仅具有科技摘要的一般语言特点，而且具有法律文件的语言特点。,例如多用长句，许多专利摘要仅有一、二句，常用,wherein, whereby, therein, thereof,等词语连接。,摘要_专利摘要专利摘要是专利说明书的提要，是专利文献的重,摘要,_,专利摘要,A continuous process of producing sodium carbonate peroxide for use in laundry compositions by introducing separate streams of 50-70% hydrogen peroxide and saturated sodium carbonate solution into a crystallization zone at a pH of 11.5 at about 30 for about 8 hours. The reactants are added in essentially 3.2 molar proportions. Before use, sodium carbonate is freed of iron and heavy metal contaminants by treatment with magnesium oxide. The reaction is carried out at in the presence of magnesium silicate stabilizer. After separating the product by centrifugation, the mother liquor is concentrated by removal of water by evaporation under vacuum. Fresh charge materials are added to maintain a steady state system.,摘要_专利摘要A continuous process,摘要,_,结构形式（紧扣题旨）,紧扣题旨,围绕标题，深化要旨，每一句话都重复标题中的一、二个关键词。,Corrosion of copper by soft water with different content of humic substances and various temperatures,An investigation on,corrosion of copper,in soft water has shown that the,corrosion rate,increases with increasing amount of humic substances and with increased additions of CO,2,. In hot water, the,corrosion rate,increases with increasing temperature to a maximum. In water without humic substances, the,corrosion maximum,is at about 50, and seem to shift towards higher temperatures in water with humic substances. The decreases in,corrosion rate,at higher temperature may be due to the formation of copper oxide on the metal surface.,摘要_结构形式（紧扣题旨）紧扣题旨,摘要,_,结构形式（横向展开）,横向展开,从横向不同角度来阐明主题，多层次、多线索的叙述,Heat recovery from gas and liquid in different temperature ranges,(1) There are many ways of saving energy in industrial process. (2) Mentioning several of industry as examples, the author shows how utilization of energy in industrial processes can be improved by heat recovery and the use of waste heat. (3) Cost aspects and profitability are outlined. (4) Measures designed to utilize the heat content of vapours as produced in the processing of foodstuffs are described. (5) The author further outlines and evaluated possibilities for process improvements and production increase in a light alloy melting furnace.,摘要_结构形式（横向展开）横向展开,摘要,_,结构形式（总起分述）,总起分述,文摘的前一、二句说明论题的背景、条件、作用、意义等，接下来分门别类，呈平行的层次叙述。,Study of extraction techniques for heavy metals in the evaluation of aquatic sediments,The principle of assessing the usefulness of chemical extraction techniques are discussed. A suitable general procedure is as follows, on the assumption that the geology of aquatic sediments in polluted and less polluted areas is similar. (1) Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in polluted area by a method recommended by the Environment Agency, Japan. (2) Extract soluble heavy metals from sediment samples of step 1 with a proposed technique. (3) Calculate the 50% non-excess probability from the difference of analytical results of step 1 and 2. (4) Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in a less polluted area by the method of step 1. Calculate the range of distribution of heavy metal concentrations.,摘要_结构形式（总起分述）总起分述,摘要,_,结构形式（上下勾连）,上下勾连,与论文段落相似，句子之间逻辑关系紧密。,Use of blast furnace gas at temperature below 0,(1) In terms of quality, blast furnace top gas is classified as lean gas. (2) Lean gases have a low heating value and are of low grade owing to the high nitrogen content. (3)Their unstable ignition characteristics deteriorate if during winter the gas drops to temperatures below zero during conveyance. (4) In view of these negative factors, the combustion of blast furnace top gas therefore requires that specific conditions be met. (5) The author describes one way of using mixed gas under stable conditions.,摘要_结构形式（上下勾连）上下勾连,摘要,_,结构形式（一气呵成）,一气呵成,把研究目的、主要方法、专题的动向等溶于一句，一气呵成。专利摘要常用这一结构。,Method of converting a downflow/upflow wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system to an upflow single-loop WFGD system,A method of reducing the pressure drop in a downflow/upflow wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system and improving overall sulfur dioxide collection efficiency by converting the downflow / upflow WFGD system to an upflow single-loop WFGD system including the replacing of the downflow quencher and related duct work with a bypass for connecting the incoming flue gas duct with the upflow absorber and the adding of a quenching zone in the absorber comprised of spray headers.,摘要_结构形式（一气呵成）一气呵成,摘要,_,写作特点,谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份十分复杂。,大量使用,be,和,have,的变化形式做谓语动词。,使用,不提及人,的陈述句。,经常以,第三人称作为主语,。以一个主题句开头，可以用,主动态,，主语为“作者、本文、本文的目的” 等。也可用,被动态,，句尾一般不加“,in this paper ”,时态可用,一般现在时,、一般过去时、现在完成时。,切忌逐字抄原文的句子,，必须,浓缩或改写,原文的句子。,尽量避免使用人们不熟悉的术语、缩略语、符号等。,摘要下要求写出主题词、关键词,(key words),，一般,3,5,个。,摘要_写作特点谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份十分复杂。,摘要,_,句子结构（常用句型）,常用句型,the principle of is outlined,the apparatus for is described,the use of is addressed,the mechanism of is examined,the analysis of was carried ou
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