水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Clinically Relevant Differences Between Aquatic and,Terrestrial mammals,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异,Thomas h reidarson. DVM,Diplomate aCzm,Director of Veterinary Services,Rs,Sea world of california,Clinically Relevant Difference,1,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,2,Introduction,绍,Medicine is art and science医药是,术和和,a Life in an aquatic environment present,unique challenges水生环境的生物面临出独一无二的挑,战,.The most important adage最重要的谚,Introduction,3,Traditional Training,传统培训,Terrestrial, not aquatIc陆地生物,不是水生生物,Thorough understanding of physiology透彻了解生理机能,Imperative to understand pressures of living in an aquatic,environment必须了解生活在水生环境下的压力,Understand social dynamics and behavior了解社会动力,和行为学,Essential to understand your unique clients了解你的病患,十分重要,The rnedicine is easy容易给药,Traditional Training,4,Marine adaptations(cetaceans),海洋适应性(鲸类动物),Fusiform bodies, foreflippers, and flukes身体成纺锤形,前鳍肢和尾鳍,Parturition?分娩,r Flippers, flukes, and dorsal fin designed for locomotion, guidance, and,thermoregulation鳍肢,尾鳍和背鳍的用以协助身体快速运动,推动,身体急速前进和温度调节,Poor phlebotomy and intravenous access不好的静脉切开术和静脉通路,Small surface area: volume and absence of external reproductive organs,表面积小:量和缺少外生殖器,Thermoregulatory problems during examination or anesthesia,检查和麻醉期间的温度调节问题, Blubber with50% collagen and elastic fiber鲸脂含50%胶原和弹性纤维,Clinical assessment, thermoregulation, buoyancy临床诊断,温度调节和,apid turn over of skin快速翻转皮肤,Disinfection, hydrodynamics消毒,流体力学,Marine adaptations(cetaceans),5,Marine adaptations(pinnipeds),海洋适应性(鳍足类),Flippers designed for propulsion, guidance, and thermoregulation,鳍肢作用是推动身体急速前进,引导和温度调节,Problems during parturition(otariids vs. phocids)分娩期间出现的问题,Problems during exams and anesthesia due to overheating检査和麻醉,期间由于温度较高出现的问题,Deep diving adaptations深潜适应性,Interesting structures有趣的结构,Flattened heart, paddle-like xiphoid, dorsal ventral flattening of,hea and heart, large hepatic sinuses (especially phocids),心脏扁平,浆状剑状软骨,气管和心脏,肝脏色的鼻窦(特别是,Bradycardia, apnea, and blanching during anesthesia麻醉期间心动过,缓,呼吸暂停和热烫,Extreme breath holding极度呼吸停止,Anesthetic concerns and risks使用麻醉剂的担忧和风险,Need to mechanically ventilate during anesthesia麻醉间需要使用机械,Marine adaptations(pinnipeds),6,Terminal bronchiolar muscular sphincters?,未端支气管肌肉括约肌?,What is known about their function?它们有什么功能,Many theoretical discussions in the literature讲座上有许多理论讨论,Well defined in delphinids海豚有明确的定义,Thought to close during diving reflex认为在潜水反射期间关闭,Can they malfunction?它们会发生功能故障吗?,How does one manage this condition?如何处理这种情况,Need to overcome thedeep diving reflex”需要克服“深潜反射,Immediately place back into the water立即放回水中,Administer epinephrine, atropine, or other smooth musc,投喂,腺激素,阿托品或其它缓和肌肉松弛药,Terminal bronchiolar muscular,7,Why is cartilage lining the bronchioles?,为什么软骨隐藏在小支气管内,Reinforces the terminal airways加强末端气道,Provides space for air during alveolar collapse在肺泡萎陷期间提供足够,空间使空气进入。,Tracheal collapse also occurs during diving气管萎陷还发生在深潜期间,In pinnipeds air is forced back into the alveoli对于鳍足类,空气被,迫进入肺泡。,In delphinids muscular sphincters prevent reinflation of alveoli,对于海豚,肌肉括约肌防止肺泡再膨胀。,What about the other odontocetes and mysticetes?其它齿鲸亚目和须,鲸亚目是怎样的,Why is this important?为什么重要?,Prevention of nitrogen narcosis防氮麻醉,p diving seals may use nitrogen as narcotic海豹深潜时可能使用,作为麻醉剂,Why is cartilage lining the br,8,Unique features(cetaceans),独特,鲸豚),Epidermis,Thermal windows”上升暖气流大气窗,表皮,Arteriovenous anastomes,Capillaries,动静脉愈合,毛细血管,(AVA) located in:麻醉椒的位置:,ermIs,真皮,Skin superficial to blubber,AVA,鲸脂皮肤表面,麻醉椒,Flukes and flippers尾鳍和胸鳍,Blubber,鲸脂, Countercurrent heat exchangers- periarterial venous逆流加热器动,脉周围静脉,膜层(经皮主动脉瓣置换术),Testes, epididymides睾丸,附睾,Ovaries and uteri卵巢和子宫,Unique features(cetaceans),9,Unique respiratory adaptations,独特的呼吸适应性,Upper respiratory aspects上呼吸道,Blowhole-odontocete Vs. mysticete whales,呼吸孔一齿鲸s.须鲸,Tube with direct access to lungs管直接进入肺,No turbinates(trabeculae within larynx?)无鼻甲骨(骨小梁在,咽喉内?),Palatopharyngeal sphincter腭咽括约肌,Unique respiratory adaptations,10,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,11,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,12,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,13,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,14,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,15,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,16,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,17,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,18,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,19,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,20,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,21,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,22,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,23,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,24,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,25,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,26,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,27,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,28,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,29,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,30,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,31,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,32,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,33,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,34,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,35,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,36,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,37,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,38,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,39,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,40,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,41,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,42,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,43,水生哺乳动物和陆地哺乳动物临床特征的差异课件,44,