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“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Introduction of Bluetooth Technology WS KANGPrincipal EngineerNetwork Solution Lab.Corporate R&D CenterSamsung Electronics August 30,20000.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Who Started Bluetooth?lThe Bluetooth SIG(Special Interest Group)was formed in February 1998EricssonIBMIntelNokiaToshiba Now 9 Promoter member 3COM,LUCENT,MS,Motorola(1999)lThere are 1800+adopter companieslThe Bluetooth SIG went“public”in May 1998lThe Bluetooth SIG work(the spec:1,500 pages)became public on July 26,19991.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”The Bluetooth TechnologylCreates an open industry standard to revolutionize wireless connectivity for personal and mobile devices.lSubstitutes a wireless air link for physical connections between electronic devices located in a single area(the piconet).lEstablishes rapid,ad-hoc connections between one or more devices with required security(point to point,paired,or multipoint).lPermits instantaneous,effortless exchange of voice and data between suitably configured devices(the profiles).lAccelerates the growth of mobile data connectivity.2.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”The Bluetooth TechnologylFeaturesFlexible network topologyLow energy consumptionRobust dataHigh quality voice transferlBluetooth valuesTrade MarkedFreedomSimplicityReliabilityVersatilitySecurity3.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”What does Bluetooth do for you?Personal Ad-hoc Personal Ad-hoc ConnectivityConnectivityCable Cable ReplacementReplacementLandlineData/Voice Data/Voice Access PointsAccess Points4.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”What is Bluetooth?lA Short Range Wireless Communication TechnologyIntended to create Personal Area Network or PAN(s)Operating Range of 10 Meters(optional 100 meters mode)lOperates in Free Scientific Communication Band2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHzlProvides Multiple Levels of SecurityFrequency HoppingData WhiteningData EncodingData EncryptionlTargeted at all types of DevicesWiresless Telephones(Cellular,Portables,Satellite,etc.)Computers,PDAs,Peripherals,etc.Set-top Boxes,Audio Systems,Cameras and Camcorders,etc.Comsumer Electronics,Headsets,Remote controls,etc.5.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Application Framework and SupportLink Manager and L2CAPRadio&BasebandHost Controller InterfaceDataControlWhat is in the Bluetooth Specification?lA hardware/software descriptionlAn application framework6.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Sharing Common DataUsage scenarios:SynchronizationUser benefitslProximity synchronizationlEasily maintained databaselCommon information database7.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Wireless FreedomUsage scenarios:HeadsetUser benefitslMultiple device access lCordless phone benefitslHands free operation8.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”PSTN,ISDN,PSTN,ISDN,LAN,WAN,xDSLLAN,WAN,xDSLRemote Connections.Usage scenarios:Data access pointsUser benefitslNo more connectors lEasy internet accesslCommon connection experience9.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Bluetooth System OverviewBluetooth Block DiagramRFTransceiverFLASHBasebandProcessorHost ProcessorHCIBluetooth ModuleBluetooth modules include subsystems:RadioBasebandSoftware.and Applications Development ToolsDC PowerRef Osc810.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Radiolfrequency synthesis:frequency hopping2.402+k MHz,k=0,781,600 hops per secondlconversion bits into symbols:modulationGFSK(BT=0.5;0.28 h 0.35);1 MSymbols/sltransmit power0 dbm(up to 20dbm with power control)lreceiver sensitivity-70dBm 0.1%BER11.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Radio Basics:ReceiverlThe RF Transceiver contains both Receiver and Transmitter.lThe receiver selects the desired signal and removes all other signals present at the antenna(strong interferers will be present both in and out of the ISM band).lThe desired signal is downconverted to baseband and demodulated.lA digital bit stream representing the demodulated data is output to the baseband sub-system for further processing.AntennaFilterLNARFMixerSelectivityFilter&GainDemodulatorDigital dataRF energyVCO12.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Radio Basics:TransmitterlThe transmitter accepts digital data at its input and performs modulation,upconversion,filtering and amplification.lThe RF signal at the antenna must meet strict criteria(spectral occupancy,frequency accuracy,spurious emissions,radiated energy).AntennaFilterPARFMixermodulatorDigital dataRF energyVCO13.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”The BasebandlThe Bluetooth baseband processor manages all physical and link layer functions including low level control of the system hardwareA digital ICFunctions implemented in both hardware and softwareFrame schedulingData routingCorrelation&down-samplingPacket encoding/decodingError correction encoding/error detection&correctionData whitening/de-whiteningCiphering/decipheringCRC codingBuffer PCM dataHost Controller InterfaceFormat conversionSample rate&receive error reconciliationRadio ControlName requestLink address inquiriesConnection set-upAuthenticationLink mode negotiation and set-up for data and voiceControl of the Bluetooth modules power mode-sniff,hold,park14.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”MMSSSSPsbsbPPThe Bluetooth network topologylRadio designationConnected radios can be master or slaveRadios are symmetric(same radio can be master or slave)lPiconetMaster can connect to 7 simultaneous or 200+inactive(parked)slaves per piconetEach piconet has maximum capacity(1 Mbps)Unique hopping pattern/ID lScatternetHigh capacity systemMinimal impact with up to 10 piconets within rangeRadios can share piconets!15.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”The Bluetooth network topologylMaster/Slave relationship between DevicesMaster controls entire piconetA piconet is a group of devices controlled by one masterMaximum number of devices in a single PiconetOne Master7 Active Slave Devices255 Standby Slave DeviceslDevices can participate in more than one PiconetDevices can act as slave to other PiconetsParticipation in more than on Piconet creats a scatternetSlave devices to one Piconet can be Master to Another A device can only be Master to a single PiconetlMasters and Slaves can exchange rolesExchange of roles creates a new PiconetAll devices are informed and coordinated with new master16.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”ADCBslave Bmaster Aslave Cslave DCreating a Piconet17.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”slave 1slave 2slave 3master Bslave 4slave 5master AScatternet18.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”slave 1slave 2slave 3slave 4/master Bslave 6slave 5master AScatternet19.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Operational StateslStandbyWaiting to join a piconetlInquireAsk about radios to connect tolPageConnect to a specific radiolConnectedActively on a piconet(master or slave)lPark/HoldLow-power connected stateslSniff Duty cycle of the slaves listen activity can be reducedInquiryPageConnectedAMATransmitdataAMAHOLDAMAPARKPMAT =2mstpclLow-powerstatesActivestatesStandbyConnectingstatesUnconnected:StandbyDetachT =2mstpclT =0.6stpclT =2stpclreleasesAMA address20.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”active slavemasterparked slavestandbyOperational States21.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”AInquiry22.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”MASTERSLAVE 1SLAVE 2ACLACLACLLOSTSNIFF INTERVALSniff Mode23.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”active slaveparked slavesl BEACONl PM_ADDRmasterPark Mode24.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”MASTERSLAVE XSLAVE 2ACLPARK INTERVALSLAVE YBCBCACLPark Mode25.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Baseband link typeslPolling-based(TDD)packet transmissions1 slot:0.625msec(max 1600 slots/sec)master/slave slots(even-/odd-numbered slots)polling:master always“polls”slaveslSynchronous connection-oriented(SCO)link“circuit-switched”periodic single-slot packet assignmentsymmetric 64Kbps full-duplexlAsynchronous connection-less(ACL)linkpacket switchingasymmetric bandwidthvariable packet size(1-5 slots)max.721 kbps(57.6 kbps return channel)108.8-432.6 kbps(symmetric)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22SCOACLmasterslave26.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”MASTERSLAVE 1SLAVE 2SLAVE 3ACLSCOSCOSCOSCOACLACLACLMixed Link Example27.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”AddressinglBluetooth Device Address(BD_ADDR)48-bit IEEE 802 address 24-bit lower address part(LAP)8-bit upper address part(UAP)l Active Member Address(AM_ADDR)3-bit active slave address all-zero broadcast addressl Parked Member Address(PM_ADDR)8-bit parked slave address28.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”625 s ttmasterslavef(2k)f(2k+1)f(2k+2)FH/TDD Channel29.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”2.4022.480freqtimeslavemasterFrequency Hopping30.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”l master BD_ADDR hop sequencel master CLOCK phasemasterslave 2slave 1slave 4slave 3Physical Channel31.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”NATIVE CLKHOPMASTER BD_ADDR sequence phase offsetHop Selection32.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”access codepacket headerpayload72b54b0-2745bPacket Format33.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”PREAMBLESYNC WORDTRAILER464434246LSBMSB BCH LAP BRKAccess Code34.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”AM_ADDRHEC318AM_ADDRTYPEFLOWARQNslave active member addresspayload typeLC flow controlACK/NAKparameterinformationFLOW1ARQN1SEQN TYPE4SEQNretransmit orderingHECheader error checkPacket Header35.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”f(k)625 sf(k+1)f(k+2)f(k+3)f(k+4)f(k+3)f(k+4)f(k)f(k)f(k+5)f(k+5)f(k+5)MULTI-SLOT PACKETS36.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”0000000100100011NULLPOLLFHSDM1NULLPOLLFHSDM110100010101100111HV1HV2HV3DH12DV10001001101010111100DM3DH33110111101111DM5DH54type segmentACL linkSCO linkAUX1Packet Types37.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”DM1DH1DM3DH3DM5DH5108.8172.8258.1390.4286.7433.9108.8172.8387.2585.6477.8723.2108.8172.854.486.436.357.6typesymmetricasymmetricData Rates(kb/s)38.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Error CorrectionlForward-Error Correction(FEC)1/3 rate:bit-repeat code 2/3 rate:(15,10)shortened Hamming codel Automatic Repeat reQuest(ARQ)1-bit fast ACK/NAK 1-bit sequence number header piggy-backing39.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”ARQ SchemeMASTERSLAVE 1SLAVE 2ABBCXZZGFHNAKACK40.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Bluetooth Security FeatureslFast frequency hopping(79 channels)lLow transmit power(range=10m)lAuthentication of remote devicebased on link key(128 Bit)May be performed in both directionslEncryption of payload dataStream cipher algorithm(128 Bit)Encryption Key(8-128 bit)derived from link keyFrequent resynchronizedAffects all traffic on a linklInitialization(Pairing)PIN entry by userlApplication Level Security41.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Bluetooth Security FeatureslBased on Stored keyslNo user intervention lAccess to both deviceslManual input of PIN42.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Bluetooth System InterfacesFLASHSystem CtrlHCIVoice IFDC PowerBluetoothBasebandProcessorBluetoothRadioApp.-specificDC PowerAntennaReferenceOscillatorRadio toBasebandSystemControlBasebandMemoryHostControllerVoiceApplicationSpecific43.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Bluetooth ModuleslA complete Bluetooth system can be manufactured from a small Radio module and other components.lTo allow a minimum size,the radio is assembled and tested on a substrate with embedded RF features.lThen the radio is assembled with other components onto the complete module,which can be tested more simply.Complete BluetoothModuleRadio Module substrateassembled on Bluetooth PCBBasebandASICROMXTALRadioASIC44.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”The Components of Bluetooth ModulesoRADIO-a mixed signal IC,analog and digital circuits:modulates RF carrier with data for transmissiondemodulates received signals to extract data streamsynthesizes required frequencies for RX and TX oBASEBAND PROCESSOR-mostly digital IC:extracts information for host from RX data stream;configures TX data from host into Bluetooth packetsoMICROCONTROLLER-Manages the links;turns components on and off;a digital ICoMEMORY-integrated RAM,ROM;integrated or separate Flash ROM;a digital IC:stores configuration informationstores short term operating informationoANTENNA-transducer to convert signal between conducted and radiated forms.Usually best outside the module.45.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Logical Combinations of Functionality Integrated in ModulesoRADIO ONLY Portable phones!Phones contain powerful processors and memory capable of providing baseband and control functions A cost-effective solution is often to provide a module containing only the radio functionoRADIO+BASEBAND.if phone processor does not have excess capacity to support Bluetooth TX data formatting and RX synchronization.oRADIO+BASEBAND+MICROCONTROLLER+MEMORYFor retrofit upgrade and unhosted applications-headsets,PC cardsAppropriate to include crystal and voltage regulation also46.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Types of Applications for ModulesoHOSTED:ALREADY CONTAINS A MICROCONTROLLER;may be able to share memory,crystal oscillator,codecPortable phonesPersonal ComputersPDAsoUNHOSTED:Often an excessory to a hosted application;must be complete and self-sufficientHeadset for use with cell phone,or peronal audioMouse for PCJoystick controller for video game47.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Pros:Smaller size Lower cost Improved performance?Time-to-market?Standard interfaceCons:Software upgradesRFTransceiverROMBasebandProcessorHost ProcessorHCIBluetooth ComponentCell PhoneFLASHPowerRef oscHosted Bluetooth Module Design48.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”in Cellular ApplicationsPros:Smaller size Lower cost memory?Cons:Software upgrades IC Development RF interface RFTransceiverHost Processor Bluetooth ComponentCell PhoneFLASHPowerRef oscROMBluetoothProcessorBluetooth Baseband Integration49.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Bluetooth SoftwareSD ClientLC DriverTimer DriverHCI-Host DriverIRQ DriverL2CAPRFCOMMPPPUDPTCPATCommandsvCard/vCalSD ServerTCS BINHCIIPWAEBaseband w/Link Controller ASICBluetooth RF ModuleAudioHCI Transport/DriversHCI Transport/DriversHost ControllerLink ManagerOBEXWAPUSBSerialPCMCIAUSBSerialPCMCIARTOSFlash DriverFlash LoaderSSISCMDBMVirtual OS Layer50.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Link ManagerlLink managementsetup and configurationpacket selection for quality of service requiredpacket transferslSecurityauthenticationpairingcreate/change link keysencryption including key managementlPiconet managementAttach and detach slavesEstablishing ACL/SCO connectionsmaster/slave switchingname requestsHandling of low power modes:hold,park,sniff modeslHardware-dependent functionality and features51.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol(L2CAP)lProtocol multiplexingenables usage of several higher layer protocols simultaneouslyidentifies packets with required protocolspasses packets for higher layer protocols to appropriate handlerlSegmentation and Reassemblysegments higher layer protocol packets into appropriate data link packets and reassembles them again.Adds logical channel bits for ACL packetshides data link packet lengths for higher layer protocolslQuality of Service negotiates service type for linkmonitors link quality and adjusts for rate,latency,delayallocates channels for SCO connectionslHardware independent(ideally)52.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Host Controller Interface(HCI)lProvides a common interface between the Bluetooth host and a Bluetooth moduleInterfaces in spec 1.0:USB;UART;RS-232lDefines a boundary which allows the independent development of Bluetooth hardware and softwarelDefines a set of messages that are used by upper layer protocols to control and receive notifications from the Bluetooth hardwarelProvides a flow control capability that regulates the flow of data between the host and the host controller53.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”HCI Transport ProtocolslThe HCI transport protocols describe how HCI commands,event packets,and data packets are communicated between a host and the Bluetooth module.lThe Bluetooth specification supports the following transport protocols:USB Transport protocolPC Card transport protocolRS232 Transport protocolUART Transport protocol54.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Service Discovery Protocol(SDP)lBluetooth SDP enables Bluetooth devices to discover the characteristics and capabilities of other Bluetooth devices within RF proximitylWithin Bluetooth SDP,a service is:any information,resource,or facility that is provided by(or through)one Bluetooth device that is advertised as available to be used by nearby Bluetooth deviceslBluetooth SDP does not provide a general purpose service access/usage mechanism;SDP only enables discovery of services55.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”Service Discovery Protocol(SDP)lMotivationBluetooth environment is qualitatively different from traditional network environmentsHighly dynamicBased upon device proximityDevice-based,rather than network-basedlFocusService discovery within Bluetooth environmentOptimized for dynamic nature of BluetoothServices offered by or through Bluetooth devices56.“Seamless connectivity”Access NW.Home NW.Personal Networking “Digital Life Style”SDP Client and Server RoleslSDP Server:offers one or more servicesMaintains a database of service information containing one service record for each service offeredEach service record contains a list of attributes describing the servicelSDP Client:needs a serviceSearches for serv