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Energy ResourcesEnergy ResourcesChapter10Chapter10Energy ResourcesEnergy ResourcesSupplementingfreesolarenergy99%ofheatcomesfromthesunWithoutthesun,theearthwouldbe2400C(-4000F)Wesupplementtheother1%withprimarilynon-renewableenergysourcesEnergy ResourcesEnergy ResourcesRenewable(16%)SolarWindFalling,flowingwaterBiomassNon-renewable(84%)OilNaturalgasCoalNuclearpowerEnergy sources and usesEnergy sources and usesEnergyusesindevelopedcountriesindustrialdomestictransportationNote:Electricityisnotanenergysource,convertedfromanothersource(coal,hydro,nuclear,etc.).1stLawofThermodynamics-Youcantgetmoreenergyoutofsomethingthanyouputin2ondLawInanyconversionofheatenergytousefulwork,someenergyisalwaysdegradedtoalowerqualityenergyEvaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy ResourcesRenewableFutureavailabilityNetenergyyieldIttakesenergytogetenergyHabitat degradationCost(initial and ongoing)Community disruptionPolitical or international issuesSuitability in different locationsPolluting(air,water,noise,visual)EachtypeofpowerprojectneedstobeevaluatedEachtypeofpowerprojectneedstobeevaluatedforthebenefitsandcostsforthebenefitsandcostsTheenvironmentalcostsofhydroelectricityaremuchTheenvironmentalcostsofhydroelectricityaremuchdifferentthandifferentthanwindpowerwindpower,forexample,forexampleImportant Nonrenewable Energy Important Nonrenewable Energy SourcesSourcesNorth American Energy ResourcesNorth American Energy ResourcesAverageAmericanusesinonedaywhatapersonAverageAmericanusesinonedaywhatapersoninthepoorestcountriesuseinoneyearinthepoorestcountriesuseinoneyearUShasonlyUShasonly2.4%ofworlds2.4%ofworldsoilreservesoilreservesOIL and NATURAL GASOIL and NATURAL GASAccumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments.Muddy rock gradually formed rock(shale)containing dispersed oil.Sandstone formed on top of shale,thus oil pools began to form.Natural gas often forms on top of oil.Primary component of natural gas is methaneOilOilPetroleum(crudeoil)Costs:RecoveryRefiningTransportingEnvironmentalHighestrisksareintransportationRefiningyieldsmanyproductsAsphaltHeatingoilDieselPetrochemicalsGasolineBasedonboilingpointsBasedonboilingpointsConventional OilConventional OilAdvantagesAdvantagesRelativelylowRelativelylowcostcostHighnetenergyHighnetenergyyieldyieldEfficientEfficientdistributiondistributionsystemsystemDisadvantagesDisadvantagesRunningoutRunningout42-93years42-93yearsLowpricesLowpricesencouragewasteencouragewasteAirpollutionandAirpollutionandgreenhousegasesgreenhousegasesWaterpollutionWaterpollutionArctic National Wildlife Refuge Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Controversy:Trade-offsControversy:Trade-offsWouldcreatejobsOilresourcesareuncertainUSsupply7-24monthsUncertainenvironmentalimpactsOil Shale and Tar SandsTarSand:TarSand:Mixtureofclay,sandMixtureofclay,sandwaterandwaterandbitumen-bitumen-athickandstickyathickandstickyheavyoil.heavyoil.ExtractedbylargeExtractedbylargeelectricshovels,electricshovels,mixedwithhotwatermixedwithhotwaterandsteamtoextractandsteamtoextractthebitumen.thebitumen.BitumenheatedtoBitumenheatedtoconverttosyntheticconverttosyntheticcrudeoil.crudeoil.OilShale:OilShale:OilyrocksthatOilyrocksthatcontainasolidcontainasolidmixofhydro-mixofhydro-carbons.carbons.GlobalsuppliesGlobalsupplies240times240timesconventionaloilconventionaloilsupplies.supplies.Natural GasNatural Gas50-90%methaneCleanestoffossilfuelsApproximate200yearsupplyAdvantagesanddisadvantagesCoal What is it?Coal What is it?SolidfossilfuelformedinseveralstagesLandplantsthatlived300-400millionyearsagoSubjectedtointenseheatandpressureovermanymillionsofyearsMostlycarbon,smallamountsofsulfurCoal Formation and TypesCoal Formation and TypesCoal what do we use it for?Coal what do we use it for?1.Stagesofcoalformation1.300millionyearoldforests2.peatlignitebituminousanthracite3.Primarilystrip-mined2.Usedmostlyforgeneratingelectricity1.Usedtogenerate62%oftheworldselectricity2.Usedtogenerate52%oftheU.S.electricity3.Enoughcoalforabout200-1000years1.U.S.has25%ofworldsreserves4.Highenvironmentalimpact5.CoalgasificationandliquefactionCoal:Trade-offsCoal:Trade-offsWorldsmostabundantfossilfuelWorldsmostabundantfossilfuelMiningandburningcoalhasaMiningandburningcoalhasasevereenvironmentalimpactsevereenvironmentalimpactAccountsforoverAccountsforover1/31/3oftheworldsoftheworldsCOCO22emissionsemissionsNuclear Energy What is it?Nuclear Energy What is it?Anuclearchangeinwhichnucleiofcertainisotopeswithlargemassnumbersaresplitapartintolighternucleiwhenstruckbyneutrons.Nucleicenterofanatom,makingup0mostoftheatomsmassIsotopestwoormoreformsofachemicalelementthathavethesamenumberofprotonsbutdifferentmassnumbersbecausetheyhavedifferentnumbersofneutronsintheirnuclei.Neutronelementaryparticleinallatoms.RadioactivityUnstablenucleiofatomsshootout“chunks”ofmassandenergy.Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyFissionreactorsUranium-235FissionResultingheatusedtoproducesteamthatspinsturbinestogenerateelectricityProducesradioactivefissionfragmentsLightwatergeneratorusedinLightwatergeneratorusedinallU.S.and85%worldwide.allU.S.and85%worldwide.GreatdangerofGreatdangeroflosingcoolant!losingcoolant!Locations of U.S.Nuclear Power PlantsLocations of U.S.Nuclear Power PlantsThe Nuclear Fuel CycleThe Nuclear Fuel CycleProduceshighlyradioactiveProduceshighlyradioactivematerialsthatmustbestoredmaterialsthatmustbestoredsafelyfor10,000-240,000years.safelyfor10,000-240,000years.Conventional Nuclear Power:Trade-offsConventional Nuclear Power:Trade-offsNonewplantsinU.S.NonewplantsinU.S.since1978.since1978.All120plantsorderedAll120plantsorderedin1973havebeenin1973havebeencancelled.cancelled.Costover-runsCostover-runsHighoperatingcostsHighoperatingcostsThreeMileIslandThreeMileIslandChernobylChernobylThree Mile Island-PennsylvaniaThree Mile Island-PennsylvaniaMarch28,1979-PartialCoreMelt-Down.NoDeaths.VeryLittleRadiationVented.PublicRelationsDisaster.Chernobyl Ukraine(Former USSR)Chernobyl Ukraine(Former USSR)April26,1986Oneoffourreactorsexplodes.31immediatedeaths.116,000peopleevacuated.24,000evacueesreceivedhighdosesofradiation.Thyroidcancerinchildren.Damagedreactorentombedinconcrete,otherreactorsreturnedtoservicewithinmonths.Eventually,remainingreactorsoutofservice.Dealing with Nuclear WasteDealing with Nuclear WasteHigh-andlow-levelwastesTerroristthreatsstoragecaskshold5-10Xmoreling-livedradioactivitythanthenuclearpowerplantDisposalproposalsUndergroundburialDisposalinspace(illegalunderinternationallaw)Burialinicesheets(“)Dumpingintosubductionzones(“)Burialinoceanmud(“)Conversionintoharmlessmaterials(nowaytodothiswithcurrenttechnology)Yucca MountainYucca MountainIn1982,Congresscalledforahigh-levelradioactivedisposalsitetobeselectedbyMarch1987,andtobecompletedby1998.FinalSiteSelectionOccurredin1989.YuccaMountain,NevadaNottobecompletedbefore2015.WastesstoredandguardedinoneplacePossiblelong-termgroundwatercontaminationSecurityandsafetyconcernsduringwastetransporttothesiteCriticscontenditissafertostorewastesatexistingnuclearpowerplants.Permanent Underground Permanent Underground Disposal of Nuclear WastesDisposal of Nuclear WastesStorage ContainersFuel rodPrimary canisterOverpackcontainersealedUndergroundBuried and cappedGround LevelUnloaded from trainLowered down shaftPersonnel elevatorAir shaftNuclear waste shaftLow-Level Waste (materials other Low-Level Waste (materials other than the radioactive isotopes)than the radioactive isotopes)Includescoolingwaterfromnuclearreactors,materialfromdecommissionedreactors,protectiveclothing,andlikematerials.Priorto1970,USaloneplaced50,000barrelsoflow-levelradioactivewasteontheoceanfloor.Moratoriumin1970,Banin1983.Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEnergy84%ofenergyiswastedintheUnitedStates41%degradation(2ondlawofThermodynamics)43%unnecessaryFuelwastingvehiclesFurnacesPoorlyinsulatedbuildingsU.S.unnecessarilywastes2/3oftheenergythattherestoftheworldspopulationconsumes!Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEnergyFourprimaryenergywasters:Incandescentlightbulb95%NuclearPower86%Cars75-80%Coal66%Energy Efficiencies do more Energy Efficiencies do more with less!with less!Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyWays to Improve Energy EfficiencyCogenerationcombinesheatandpowerTwoformsofenergy(ex.steamandelectricity)areprovidedfromthesamefuelsource.UsedinWesternEurope,U.S.produces9%ofelectricityusingcogenerationplants)EfficientelectricmotorsHigh-efficiencylightingIncreasingfueleconomyAlternativevehiclesInsulationPlugleaksHybrid and Fuel Cell CarsHybrid and Fuel Cell CarsHybridcarsstillusetraditionalfossilfuelsEnergyotherwisewastedchargesbatterywhichassistsaccelerationandhillclimbingMoreefficientthaninternalcombustionenginealone,butstillusesnon-renewableresourcesFuelcellcarsnotyetavailableHydrogengasisfuelVeryefficientLowpollutionMajorinfrastructurechangeneededforfuelingstationsRenewable energy sourcesRenewable energy sourcesSolarFlowingwaterWindBiomassGeothermalHydrogenUsing Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide HeatPassivesolarheatingPassivesolarheatingActivesolarheatingActivesolarheatingUsing Solar Energy to Provide High-Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and ElectricityTemperature Heat and ElectricitySolarthermalsystemsSolarthermalsystemsPhotovoltaic(PV)cellsPhotovoltaic(PV)cellsProducing Electricity Producing Electricity from Moving Waterfrom Moving WaterLarge-scalehydropowerLarge-scalehydropowerSmall-scalehydropowerSmall-scalehydropowerTidalpowerplantTidalpowerplantWavepowerplantWavepowerplantProducing Electricity from WindProducing Electricity from WindProducing Energy from BiomassProducing Energy from BiomassBiomassandbiofuelsBiomassplantationsCropresiduesAnimalmanureBiogasEthanolMethanolGeothermal EnergyGeothermal EnergyGeothermalheatpumpsGeothermalexchangeDryandwetsteamHotwaterMoltenrock(magma)Hotdry-rockzonesThe Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen RevolutionEnvironmentallyfriendlyExtractinghydrogenefficientlyStoringhydrogenFuelcellsHydrogen Hydrogen Trade-offsTrade-offsEntering the Age of Decentralized Entering the Age of Decentralized MicropowerMicropowerDecentralizedpowersystemsDecentralizedpowersystemsMicropowerMicropowersystemssystemsSolutions:A Sustainable Energy Solutions:A Sustainable Energy StrategyStrategyWhat Can You Do?Energy Use and WasteDriveacarthatgetsatleast15kilometersperliter(35milespergallon)Driveacarthatgetsatleast15kilometersperliter(35milespergallon)andjoinacarpool.andjoinacarpool.Usemasstransit,walking,andbicycling.Usemasstransit,walking,andbicycling.Super-insulateyourhouseandplugallairleaks.Super-insulateyourhouseandplugallairleaks.Turnofflights,TVsets,computers,andotherelectronicequipmentTurnofflights,TVsets,computers,andotherelectronicequipmentwhentheyarenotinuse.whentheyarenotinuse.Washlaundryinwarmorcoldwater.Washlaundryinwarmorcoldwater.Usepassivesolarheating.Usepassivesolarheating.Forcooling,openwindowsanduseceilingfansorwhole-houseatticorForcooling,openwindowsanduseceilingfansorwhole-houseatticorwindowfans.windowfans.Turnthermostatsdowninwinterandupinsummer.Turnthermostatsdowninwinterandupinsummer.Buythemostenergy-efficienthomes,lights,cars,andappliancesBuythemostenergy-efficienthomes,lights,cars,andappliancesavailable.available.Turndownthethermostatonwaterheatersto43-49C(110-120F)Turndownthethermostatonwaterheatersto43-49C(110-120F)andinsulatehotwaterheatersandpipes.andinsulatehotwaterheatersandpipes.
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