语言手段12种

写作的目的是考查考生整合信息和信息写作的目的是考查考生整合信息和信息表达表达,并用适当短语、句型等语言手段产生并用适当短语、句型等语言手段产生出连贯语篇的能力。现介绍十二种常用的语出连贯语篇的能力。现介绍十二种常用的语言表达手段，这些语言手段在近年的广东高言表达手段，这些语言手段在近年的广东高考题中和各地模拟写作题中出现的频率非常考题中和各地模拟写作题中出现的频率非常高高,掌握这些语言手段对提高写作能力一定掌握这些语言手段对提高写作能力一定帮助很大。帮助很大。同位语主要用于介绍人物、事物、地点、同位语主要用于介绍人物、事物、地点、产品、书名等。产品、书名等。典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：书名：书名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother作者：作者：Amy Chua,美籍华人美籍华人,耶鲁大学教耶鲁大学教授授中文版：中文版：2011年初开始在中国销售年初开始在中国销售(2011年年广东高考广东高考)信息表达：信息表达：A book,Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother,written by Amy Chua,an American-Chinese,has been sold in China since the beginning of 2011.(Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother 作作a book的同位语的同位语,an American-Chinese 作作Amy Chua的同位语的同位语)1.用同位语完成句子。用同位语完成句子。(1)去年去年,我被邀请参加一个为我被邀请参加一个为“待援助的待援助的孩子孩子”(Tuesday Child)举办的一个狂欢节举办的一个狂欢节(carnival),“待援助的孩子待援助的孩子”是一个帮助是一个帮助艾滋患儿的组织。艾滋患儿的组织。Last year,I was invited to participate in a carnival for Tuesdays Child,_.课堂练习课堂练习 an organization that helps children with AIDS(2)离离2012年还有一个月时间年还有一个月时间,但但孤星指南孤星指南(the Lonely Planet)等不及宣布来年十大旅游城市等不及宣布来年十大旅游城市排行榜排行榜,孤星指南孤星指南是世界最畅销旅游指南杂志是世界最畅销旅游指南杂志之一。之一。There is still more than one month to go before 2012.But the Lonely Planet,_ _,cant wait to announce its top 10 cities totravel to in the coming year.one ofthe worlds best-selling travel guides2.信息点：信息点：姓名：姓名：Steve Jobs别名：苹果教父别名：苹果教父(godfather)出生地：美国出生地：美国 加州加州 三藩市三藩市(San Francisco)出生日期：出生日期：1955年年2月月24日日逝世日期：逝世日期：2011年年10月月5日日 信息表达：信息表达：2.Steve Jobs,the godfather of Apple,was born in San Francisco,California,the USA on February 24th,1955 and passed away on October 5th,2011.典型例题典型例题1信息点：信息点：效应：效应：(这本书这本书)引发中美教育方式孰优孰劣的讨引发中美教育方式孰优孰劣的讨论论(2011广东广东)信息表达：信息表达：The book has received a heated discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese and American educational ways.要用到的词语有很多要用到的词语有很多,简单的有简单的有about,on,as to等等,复杂的有复杂的有concerning,regarding,with respect to等。等。典型例题典型例题2 信息组合：信息组合：演讲主题：人与自然演讲主题：人与自然参赛选手：参赛选手：10名学生名学生(2010全国卷全国卷I)信息表达：信息表达：Ten students will deliver their speeches on the given topic“Man and the Nature”.1.翻译翻译:上周末我校在上周末我校在2600名学生中进行了名学生中进行了有关有关“幸福感幸福感”的相关问题调查。的相关问题调查。1.Last weekend,a survey about“The feeling of happiness”was carried out(conducted)among 2600 students in our school.课堂练习课堂练习 2.翻译翻译:最近最近,你班就你班就“高三学生是否需要高三学生是否需要吃补品吃补品(tonics)来保持健康来保持健康”展开了讨论。展开了讨论。2.Recently we have had a discussion in a class meeting about whether Senior 3 students should take a lot of tonics to keep fit.假如你是你校学生会主席李华假如你是你校学生会主席李华,现准备写现准备写一个关于演讲的通知。一个关于演讲的通知。演讲题目：如何好好生活演讲题目：如何好好生活演讲时间：下周六演讲时间：下周六演讲者：王教授演讲者：王教授信息表达：信息表达：Next Saturday Professor Wang will come to our school to give us a lecture on how to live well.3.信息点：信息点：可用短语如可用短语如according to sb.(根据某人的看根据某人的看法法)，in my opinion/in my view(在我看来，在我看来，我认为我认为)，from ones point of view(在某人在某人看来看来)，as far as Im concerned(对我而言对我而言),as for(至于至于，就，就而言而言)等等,句型句型有有sb believes/thinks/claims，sb told us that.，sb pointed out that.(某人指出某人指出)等。等。专家解读专家解读(王教授王教授)：学生近视：学生近视(1)发生率：略高于发生率：略高于50(2)人数：世界第一人数：世界第一(2009广东广东)信息表达：信息表达：According to Professor Wang,slightly more than half of the school children in our country are short-sighted,ranking the first inthe world.典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：1.翻译：我的看法是我们应保护自然资源翻译：我的看法是我们应保护自然资源,减减少环境污染。少环境污染。1.In my opinion,we should try to protect natural resources and decrease environment pollution.2.翻译：依我看翻译：依我看,合作需要有效的交流合作需要有效的交流,没有它没有它人们会盲目地做事情。人们会盲目地做事情。2.From my point of view,cooperation calls for effective communication,without which people will do things blindly.课堂练习课堂练习 3.要点组合：要点组合：你的观点：微博你的观点：微博(microblog)提供大量信息提供大量信息,应根据个人情况谨慎使用应根据个人情况谨慎使用信息表达：信息表达：As far as I am concerned,microblog provides us with large quantities of information,so we should be cautious while using it according to our personal situation.1.百分比的表达。如：百分比的表达。如：(1)70%of.(2)seventy percent of.(3)70 percent of the.(注意：考生最易漏用注意：考生最易漏用of)2.其它一些比例的表达手段。如：其它一些比例的表达手段。如：(1)一半：一半：half of the.=fifty percent of the.(2)四分之一四分之一(25%)：a quarter of=25 percent of the.(3)四分之三四分之三(75%)：three quarters of=75 percent of the.3.分数表达法：分子是基数词分数表达法：分子是基数词,分母是序分母是序数词。如：数词。如：1/4：one fourth 2/3：two thirds 7/8：seven eighths 五个当中有三个：五个当中有三个：three out of five，three in five典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：相关数据相关数据:(1)(目前中国目前中国)吸烟人数吸烟人数:约约3,5亿亿(2)分布：男性分布：男性75,女性：女性：25(2010广东广东)信息表达：信息表达：Currently China has about 350 million smokers,among whom 75 percent are men and 25 percent are women.1.The survey shows that _ _(50%的学生的学生)gain happiness from the love of their parents or relatives and from the warmth of families.课堂练习课堂练习 50%of thestudents2.In the study,_ _(800个个的青少的青少年中年中,大约有大约有40%)who have been exposed to secondhand smoke had detectable hearing problems.the 800 teensaround 40%of小学、初中、高中学校每天提供体育锻炼的小学、初中、高中学校每天提供体育锻炼的分布情况：分布情况：小学：小学：50%初中：初中：30%高中：高中：20%不提供锻不提供锻炼的学校：十分之一炼的学校：十分之一信息表达信息表达:_ primary schools,_ junior middle schools and 20%of senior high schools provide physical education each school day while _schools did not require physical education at all.one-tenth of50%of30%of3.信息点：信息点：表表“排位排位”要用到的词语有：要用到的词语有：rank+(the+)序数词序数词,be+the+序数词序数词,be+in the+序数词序数词+place或或 get the+序数词序数词+place等等;也可以用也可以用“is the+形容词最高形容词最高级级+范围范围”来表达。来表达。典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：基本信息：基本信息：(1)发生率：略高于发生率：略高于50(2)人数：世界第一人数：世界第一(2009广东高考广东高考)信息表达：信息表达：According to Professor Wang，a little more than 50%of the school children in our country are short-sighted,ranking the first in the world.课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：江苏卫视的翻译：江苏卫视的非诚勿扰非诚勿扰(You are the One)这个相亲节目的收视率排这个相亲节目的收视率排第一。第一。The ratings of Jiangsu TVs You are the One _among all the programs.ranks(the)first 2.翻译：东京大学翻译：东京大学(Todai)在所有的日在所有的日本大学排行榜中名列第一本大学排行榜中名列第一,因为她的毕因为她的毕业生在大公司担任重要位置的数量很多。业生在大公司担任重要位置的数量很多。Todai _among Japanese universities for the number of graduates who hold important positions in big companies.ranks the first李娜的主要成绩：李娜的主要成绩：(1)目前世界排名第四目前世界排名第四;(2)2011年年1月澳大利亚网球公开赛月澳大利亚网球公开赛(The Australian Open)亚军亚军;(3)2011年年6月法国网球公开赛月法国网球公开赛(The French Open)冠军。冠军。信息表达：信息表达：The year 2011 has seen her achieve great success:she _ in the Australian Open in January and won the championship in the French Open in June,and _ in women tennis players in the world.3.信息点：信息点：is now ranked No.4got the second place短语：短语：advise sb to do.(劝某人做某事劝某人做某事)从句：从句：(1)Sb suggests that.(2)Sb gives sb a suggestion that.(3)It is suggested that.(4)It is highly advisable that.(5)give sb some advice on.典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：专家解读：建议：专家解读：建议：(中小学生中小学生)不要过度用不要过度用眼眼;多参加户外活动多参加户外活动(2009广东高考广东高考)信息表达：信息表达：He suggested that school children avoid overuse of their eyes and do more outdoor activities.或或 He gave us a suggestion that school children should avoid overusing their eyes and take more outdoor activities.或或 School children are advised not to overuse their eyes but to take more outdoor activities.课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：你对班上同学的建议：学习时尤其翻译：你对班上同学的建议：学习时尤其是听课时要充分利用眼、脑、口、耳、手等是听课时要充分利用眼、脑、口、耳、手等器官共同参与器官共同参与,这样学习才更有效。这样学习才更有效。_when studying,especially in class students should make full use of the brain,eyes,ears,hands,and other organs for joint participation,which will make their study more efficient.It is my suggestion that 2.翻译：因此我强烈地建议那些同学不要沉翻译：因此我强烈地建议那些同学不要沉迷于这些网络活动而把更多的时间花到有意迷于这些网络活动而把更多的时间花到有意义的活动中去义的活动中去,如锻炼身体。如锻炼身体。Therefore,I strongly _ _ get addicted to these online activities and spend more spare time on meaningful activities,such as taking exercise.advise those classmatesnot to你给你给Jack的建议：的建议：(1)制定学习计划制定学习计划,尽力把心思放到学习上；尽力把心思放到学习上；(2)多和同学交流学习经验多和同学交流学习经验,以提高学习成绩。以提高学习成绩。信息表达：信息表达：To improve your study,I think it is very important for you to make a good plan for you study and put your heart into study.Besides,_ you communicate with your classmates so that you can learn their experience and improve your own study.3.信息点：信息点：I suggest that表示提示或提醒的表达有：表示提示或提醒的表达有：Sb reminds/warns us that.(某人提醒某人提醒我们我们)Sb reminds/warns us(not)to do sth(某某人提醒我们做人提醒我们做/不要做某事不要做某事)典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：专家解读：专家解读：(4)特别提示：如何握笔也和近特别提示：如何握笔也和近视有关视有关(2009广东高考广东高考)信息表达：信息表达：He particularly reminded us that how to hold a pen is also related to short-sightedness.课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：提醒大家不要轻易在网上透露个人翻译：提醒大家不要轻易在网上透露个人信息和不要随意打开不认识的人发来的文档。信息和不要随意打开不认识的人发来的文档。_to keep secret our personal information,including our real name,phone number,email address and so on,and not to open any files from a stranger.You are reminded2.翻译：翻译：Alex提醒我们不同国家的各种领提醒我们不同国家的各种领域的时事新闻不仅丰富我们的知识域的时事新闻不仅丰富我们的知识,同时帮同时帮助我们明智地思考我们的人生。助我们明智地思考我们的人生。_ news and current affairs on various fields from different countries not only enrich our knowledge but also help us think wisely about our life.Alex reminds us that3.信息点：信息点：温馨提醒：有效期：一个半月温馨提醒：有效期：一个半月;过期后果自过期后果自负。负。信息表达信息表达:_ that you have to undertake the responsibility after one and a half month.We would like to remind you 这种表达方式也有很多。如：这种表达方式也有很多。如：1.be connected with/to 2.be related to3.be relative to 4.be relevant to5.have something to do with 6.be in/with relation to7.be associated with 8.be linked to 9.be bound up with典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：专家解读：专家解读：(4)特别提示：如何握笔也和近特别提示：如何握笔也和近视有关视有关(2009年广东高考年广东高考)信息表达：信息表达：He particularly reminded us that how to hold a pen is also related to short-sightedness.(is related to 可用上面所有的表可用上面所有的表达方式代替达方式代替)课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：教育专家认为这事关教育公翻译：教育专家认为这事关教育公平的问题平的问题,应从学生实际出发。应从学生实际出发。Educational experts think that this standard _ the educational fairness so it should be based on the reality of students.is connected with2.翻译：如果对老师的评价翻译：如果对老师的评价(evaluations)与学生的成绩联系起来的与学生的成绩联系起来的话话,良好的教育就成了一句空话。良好的教育就成了一句空话。If teachers evaluations _ students grades,good education will just become empty talk.are connected to3.信息点：信息点：食品安全：最令人担忧的问题食品安全：最令人担忧的问题,与我与我们的健康息息相关。们的健康息息相关。信息表达：信息表达：Food safety is the most worrying problem because it _ _our health.linked closely to is 表目的的表达手段很多表目的的表达手段很多,用作不同的成分有不同的表达。用作不同的成分有不同的表达。1.用谓语表达：用谓语表达：aim/intend to do sth(目的是目的是,旨在旨在)2.用状语表达：用状语表达：(1)so as to/in order to/in an effort to do.(为了做某事为了做某事)(2)with the purpose of doing sth(带着带着的目的的目的,为为了了)(3)in hopes/the hope of(怀着怀着的希望的希望)(4)with dreams of doing(带着带着的梦想的梦想)(5)with the goal of doing sth(目的是目的是)3.用不定式作表语表达：用不定式作表语表达：(1)The purpose of doing sth is to do.(做某事做某事的目的是的目的是)(2)Our goal is to do.(我们的目标我们的目标/的是的是)(3)The aim is to do.(目的是目的是)4.用从句表达：用从句表达：(1)so that.(以便以便)(2)in order that.(为了为了)(3)in the hope that.(怀着怀着的希望的希望)典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：目标：所有室内公共场所无烟目标：所有室内公共场所无烟实施时间：实施时间：2011年年1月月1日起日起(2010广东广东)信息表达：信息表达：This decision,which aims to make all indoor public places smoke-free,will come into effect from the first day of 2011.或或This decision,aiming to make all indoor public places smoke-free,will be carried out from January 1,2011.课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：为实现目标要采取的措施：努力翻译：为实现目标要采取的措施：努力学习考上理想的大学。学习考上理想的大学。(2010四川四川)_,I must first try my best to pass the college entrance examination and enter a good university.In order to reach the goal 2.翻译：这课的目的是为了体验中山大学的翻译：这课的目的是为了体验中山大学的生活生活,我充分感觉到做大学生的美妙。我充分感觉到做大学生的美妙。_at Zhongshan University.I fully felt the sweetness of being a college student.The aim of the class was to experience life 3.信息点：信息点：“无车日无车日”(Car-free Day)是一项节能环保的活是一项节能环保的活动动活动时间：每年活动时间：每年9月月22日日参与者：全国参与者：全国108个城市个城市活动目的：提高人们节约能源与保护环境的意识活动目的：提高人们节约能源与保护环境的意识信息表达：信息表达：_,Car-free Day is launched in 108 cities in China on September 22 every year.To raise public awareness ofenergy-saving and environmental protection介词短语：介词短语：because of,due to,owing to,thanks to,for the reason that+从句从句从句：从句：because,as,since,so.that.句式：句式：The reason for/why.is that.(的原因是的原因是)典型例题典型例题1.你的偶像及理由。你的偶像及理由。(2007广东广东)As for myself,Thomas Edison is my idol because his inventions have greatly changed our life.专家解读：专家解读：(1)原因：很复杂原因：很复杂(2)治疗：没有哪一种药物能治愈近视治疗：没有哪一种药物能治愈近视(2009广东广东)信息表达：信息表达：He also pointed out that the causes for short-sightedness are so complicated that no medicine can cure it.或或 Due to the complication of shortsightedness,no medicine can cure it,Professor Wang told us.2.信息点：信息点：课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：由于他的精湛的技术翻译：由于他的精湛的技术,他赢得最他赢得最有价值球员奖有价值球员奖,并被选入棒球名人堂。并被选入棒球名人堂。_,he won the most valuable player award and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.Because of his excellent skills2.翻译：部分大学为什么吸引力下降：部分大学翻译：部分大学为什么吸引力下降：部分大学办学质量差、学生上学学费高、毕业生就业难等。办学质量差、学生上学学费高、毕业生就业难等。_ some colleges have become less attractive _the educational quality of some colleges is poor,the tuition fee is high and its hard for college graduates to get jobs.或或Due to the poor educational quality of some colleges,high tuition fees and difficult employment for college graduates,some colleges have become less attractive.is thatThe reason why3.信息点：信息点：人们饮食的变化原因：人们饮食的变化原因：原因一：人们富裕，有钱买贵重食品原因一：人们富裕，有钱买贵重食品;原因二：人们更加注意食品的质量原因二：人们更加注意食品的质量,好好的食品对身体有益。的食品对身体有益。信息表达：信息表达：Why are there changes in peoples diet?I think _.First of all,people are becoming rich and they have more money to buy more expensive food with better nutrition.The second reason is that people pay more attention to the quality of food,because they know good food is of great benefitto their health.there are two reasons对比的表达手段也是常用的表达手段对比的表达手段也是常用的表达手段,主主要有：要有：1.while 2.in comparison pared with/to 4.in comparison5.in contrast 典型例题典型例题 信息点：信息点：偶像偶像(idol)女生女生男生男生伟人伟人18%18%父母父母25%11%影视明星影视明星50%14%体育明星体育明星6%48%没有偶像没有偶像1%9%男女生在以明星为偶像方面的差异男女生在以明星为偶像方面的差异(2007年广东年广东)信息表达：信息表达：The survey shows that half of the girls choose film and TV stars as idols,while 48%of the boys favour sports stars.课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：相比球类运动和其它流行体育项翻译：相比球类运动和其它流行体育项目目,慢跑更有效慢跑更有效,且不那么耗时。且不那么耗时。_ball games and other popular sports,jogging is more efficient and less time-consuming.In comparison with/compared with 2.翻译：与传统贺卡相比翻译：与传统贺卡相比,电子贺卡电子贺卡有许多优点。有许多优点。_the paper ones,electronic cards have a large number of advantages.Compared with3.信息点：信息点：25%的同学在家上网查找资料的同学在家上网查找资料,60%的同学的同学聊天或打游戏。聊天或打游戏。信息表达信息表达:The survey shows that 25%of our classmates search the Internet for materials for their study,_60%of them chat or play games.while表达手段有：表达手段有：1.such as/like/such.as.(后接名词、动名后接名词、动名词词,不能接句子和动词原形不能接句子和动词原形)2.For instance,./For example,.(前后有标前后有标点点,后接句子后接句子)3.Take sb or sth for example/Take sb or sth as an example(用于举一个例子用于举一个例子)典型例题典型例题举例说明你能为家长减负做些什么。举例说明你能为家长减负做些什么。(2011江苏江苏)Actually there is a lot I can do to share mothers daily burden.For example,I can help my mother with the everyday washing,bedroom cleaning,or at least prepare breakfast myself after school.课堂练习课堂练习 1.翻译：很多中国学生面临很多体质翻译：很多中国学生面临很多体质问题，诸如肥胖、近视等。问题，诸如肥胖、近视等。Many Chinese students are facing a number of physical problems,_obesity,and short-sightedness,etc.such as/like2.翻译：就拿我班的同学来说吧翻译：就拿我班的同学来说吧,有些担有些担心自己个子小心自己个子小,有些为自己胖而苦恼有些为自己胖而苦恼,其其他同学因为自己不漂亮而沮丧。他同学因为自己不漂亮而沮丧。_.Some worry about their small size;some get annoyed that they are fat;and others are upset that they are not beautiful.Take my classmates as an example3.信息点：信息点：举例：春节期间举例：春节期间,把剪纸贴在门窗上把剪纸贴在门窗上,表达表达快乐快乐,希望得到好运。希望得到好运。信息表达：信息表达：_,Chinese people always put paper cuts on doors and windows to express our happiness during the Spring Festivals and to hope for good luck.For example