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Lesson FourInaugural Address J. F. Kennedy Aims 1. To know the features of a political speech.2. To analyze the structure of this address3. To appreciate the language features of Kennedys address4. To be acquainted with some English speeches Teaching Contents1. J.F. Kennedy 2. The characteristics of a political speech 3. Detailed study of the text 4. Organizational pattern5. Language features 6. Exercises 7. English speech Time allocation1. John Kennedy (15 min.)2. The characteristics of a political speech (10 min.)3. Detailed study of the text (100 min.)4. Structure analysis (15 min.)5. Language appreciation (15 min.)6. English speeches (25 min) John Fitzgerald Kennedy *4image-1,2,3* John Fitzgerald KennedyKennedy, 35th president, Democrat, was born on May 29 1917 in Brookline, Mass, the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, financier, who later became ambassador to Great Britain.He entered Harvard, received a BS from Harvard 1940. He served in the Navy and won the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. John Fitzgerald Kennedy He wrote Profiles in Courage, 勇敢者传略which won a Pulitzer prize.1947-1952 served as representative in the congress1952 elected to the senate1960 He won the Democratic nomination for president and defeated Richard M. Nixon, Republican John Fitzgerald Kennedy Kennedy family - fully engaged in politicsJoseph Patrick Kennedy - father (1888-1969)US ambassador to Britainborn in Bostongraduated from Harvard Joseph Patrick Kennedy *4image-4 Joseph Kennedy* He engaged in bankingshipbuildinginvestment bankingmotion-picture distributiona millionaire at 30 years old John Fitzgerald Kennedy1. 35th President of the U.S.(1961-1963)2. a democrat, an eloquent speaker3. the youngest man ever elected to the presidency4. born in Massachusetts, inherited a background of politics wealth and determination5. a Catholic John Fitzgerald Kennedy6. As president, he faced the Civil Rights problem at home and Cuba crisis of 1962.7. His assassination at Dallas in November 1963 was a shock from which the U.S. has found it hard to recover and the murder is still a riddle.* JohnKennedy.htm * Strange coincidences between President Lincoln and President Kennedy Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960. Lincoln and Kennedy The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters.Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.Both wives lost their children while living in the White House.Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.Both were shot in the head. Lincoln and Kennedy Lincolns secretary was named Kennedy.Kennedys secretary was named Lincoln.Both were assassinated by Southerners.Both were succeeded by Southerners.Both successors were named Johnson. Lincoln and Kennedy Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808.Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.John Wilkes Booth, accused of assassinating Lincoln, was born in 1839.Lee Harvey Oswald, accused of assassinating Kennedy, was born in 1939. Lincoln and Kennedy Both assassins were known by their three names.Both names comprise fifteen letters.Booth ran from the theatre and was caught in a warehouse.Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theatre.Booth and Oswald were both assassinated before their trials. Contributions:1. His most important act was his successful demand on Oct.22. 1962 that the Soviet Union dismantle its missile bases in Cuba. Map of Cuba Contributions:2. He established a quarantine of arms shipments to Cuba and continued surveillance by air. Contributions:3. He defied Soviet attempts to force the Allies out of Berlin. Berlin photoes Contributions:4. He made the steel industry rescind a price rise. contributions:5. He backed a civil rightsb a mental health programc arbitration of railroad disputesd expanded medical care for the aged e astronaut flights and satellite orbiting Inauguration DayOn January 20 since 1937On April 30,1789, George Washington stepped onto a balcony of Federal Hall in New York City, placed his hand on a Bible and swore. The US Constitution Article II. - The Executive Branch Section 1 - The President -Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. Inauguration DayHe then read an earnest speech, calling for united and effective government. Thus began a unique American institution - Inauguration Day - those dramatic hours when a new president faces the people for the first time. He must tell the people what hes going to do as president. Photo - Inauguration Day Inaugural Address Memorable words have been uttered in inaugural address. It is a speech, lecture officially made by a person on taking office. The purpose of a political speech to persuade to explain to convince people to accept his point of view, to accept what he says so as to support him Characteristics:1. The order is clear.Each para. has its own topic.2. The tone is appropriate.He uses different tone to different people. Characteristics:3. The style is rigid精确地.It is made beforehand. So it is a sort of written language.4. The language is rhetorical.parallelism, metaphor, antithesis, balanced structure, repetition of words and phrases - for force, vividness and emotional appeal. General analysis of a political speech1. He must try every possible means to arouse the feelings of audience. What he says represents the interests of the whole people.successful appeal to the emotion of the audience General analysis of a political speech 2. specific policyThe speech must have high-sounding words and empty promises3. The speech must be concise and short General analysis of a political speech 4. clever-choice of words to convey different meanings/tones.5. the use of biblical style to make it formal/ rigid.6. the use of a lot of rhetorical devices to make his address as powerful/ impressive as possible. The social background In what period in history did Kennedy become president? in 1960s The social background Cold war is sth. which marks the situation in 1960s. The world is mainly divided into two hostile camps. 1) socialist camp - headed by the Soviet Union2) capitalist camp - headed by the USThe camps opposed each other politically. John Fitzgerald Kennedy The text* Kennedys address 音频* Detailed study of the text:Para1 opening paragraphimportance / significance of his election as president of the US1. observe 2. celebrate freedom - We celebrate freedom. People in the US are free to choose their president. antithesis:end - the end of Eisenhowers presidential termbeginning - the beginning of Kennedys presidential termrenewal - the continuation of presidency and office of presidentchange - the change from Eisenhower to Kennedy as well as - well balanced structure in Para.1 solemn - refer almost exclusive to an extremely formal and inspiring religious ritual. ( grave ) very serious.a oath 庄严的誓言a dedication to the cause of freedom 为自由事业而始终不渝的献身 prescribe - set down / imposeWhat punishment does the law prescribe for this crime? Government schools must work for a prescribed number of days each year. Good citizens do what the laws prescribe. Someone who behaves as foolishly as you have no right to prescribe how others should behave. Para.2 the general situation of this worldtopic sentence - The world is very different.In what way is the world different?The world is different in the way of science and technology. People have modern and advanced science and technology. the power - the power of science and technologywith the help of science and technology1. People can become very rich.2. People can be exterminated.Science can be used to get rid of poverty.Science can be used to destroy all human beings. revolutionary belief - human rightsAll men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them.see: Note 3 generosity, benevolence, good will, kindness, unselfishness These words refer to a well wishing friendliness or concern for the needs and desires of other people. benevolence仁慈，善行 It has the widest range of any of these words suggesting an expansive and good-humored tolerance and sympathy for others 对别人善意的宽容与同情Working conditions were sought as a right, not as a of their employer.寻求良好的工作环境是权利，而不是雇主的恩赐。 generosity - focuses exclusively on the aspect of givingreferring to an unstintingly helpful act or habitthe generosity with which he shared his toys with other children 比较benevolence - an unacted-upon feelinggenerosity - actual behavior eg. He was a plantation owner who looked on his slaves with benevolence but could hardly be accused of treating them with generosity.他是一个以仁慈之心看待他的奴隶而谈不上慷慨厚待他们的庄园主。 good will good will - referring primarily to feelingkindness - to actionHe insisted that he wanted only her good will, not her kindness.他坚持只领她的好意，而非她的帮助（怜悯）。 unselfishness -point to a generosity that is based on a lack of self-concern , where generosity may emphasize the quantity given, possibly for ostentatious reasons, unselfishness stress the effacing personal sacrifice required - even if a lessen amount is given.强调具备自我牺牲和自我埋没的行动 unselfishness -It was the tax deduction involved, rather than unselfishness, that prompted his generosity to the charity drive.促使他对慈善事业大施援手的动力不是无私之心而是为了减税。 at issue - undecided , in disputeThe point at issue is whether you are willing to go abroad or not .That is not the point at issue.without issue to die without childrenHe died without issue. Para.3 general policy of the UShuman rights torchThis refers to the privilege and burden of leading the nation being passed to a new generation. The original reference is to the Olympic games before which a torch is carried from runner to runner. The flame of the torch eventually lights a fire that signals the opening of Olympics. torch - metaphordutyrevolutionresponsibility - of keeping human rights heritage - all the qualities, traditions or features of life that have been continued over many years and passed on from one generation to another, used especially to refer to things that are of historical importance or that have had a strong influence on society. heritagePeking opera is part of our cultural heritage.This building is part of British national heritage. inheritance -1. money or property which you receive from someone who is dead2. a situation or state of affairs which has been influenced by a particular event, person, book etc.(heritage) commit - commit oneself to (doing) sth be committed to sth/ doing sth - promise/ pledge to do /support sth Allan has been committed to staying there for a long time. commit -He has been committed to equal rights for women.Deeply committed to his religion, he has often spoken out against greed and misuse of power.Nobody committed themselves to a definite answer. general policy of the USPeople in the US must keep and defend human rights not only in the US but also in the world as well.Para.4 strong determinationKennedy puts the US to the leader, so he says in order to keep human rights, we shall. survival and the success of liberty 1. the survival and the success of free democratic countries.2. the newly independent third world countries Para 5. transitionA one sentence paragraph that functions as a transition from the general to the specific. In the following paragraphs he will be addressing different specific groups of nations. This much we promise to do and we promise to do more. Para. 6 the specific policy toward his friends and would-be friends allies - ally. Britain, Canada, New Zealand, Australia,/ West European countriesa country that has a treaty or an agreement to help and support another country, esp. during a war. allied - adj.the Allied and Associated Powers 协约国 WWIthe Allied Military Government 联合国民政府 WWII cultural and spiritual origins -1. speak the same language /belong to the some language family2. have the same religious belief antithesis -United we can do everything.Divided we can do nothing. - the importance of unity a powerful challenge -a strong, powerful threat posed by the socialist campIf we are quarreling and split apart, we can not compete with the strong, powerful enemy in front of us. Para. 7 Whom did he address?- some newly independent countries Para. 7 1) He promises to aid (support) the newly independent countries so that they can remain free and independent. ranks of the free -the community of free and independent nationsa far more iron tyranny - a communist dictatorshipriding the back of a tiger -Compare seeking the aid of socialist countries to riding he back of a tiger Para. 72) Those countries which foolishly seek the aid of socialist countries will end up by losing their independence as many other countries did in the past.It is dangerous to ride the back of the tiger. If you do, you will be swallowed up by the tiger. You will lose your power and independence . Para 8 Whom did he address?the developing countries half the globe -the continents of Africa and Asia constitute almost one half of the land surface of the globe. bonds - chains, fetters (pl)1. chains, ropes that are used to tie down a prisoner2. (fig) a feeling, duty or custom that forces you to behave in a particular way help them help -We pledge to help them on condition that they do their best and do what we ask them to do. Para. 9 He is speaking to Latin American countries.Usually the US regards the Latin American countries as the backyard of the US, for it has special interest in these countries. sister -careful choice of word, implying equal relationship, one familymutual good relationspeaceful revolution = a new alliance for progress prey - metaphorcomparing peaceful revolution to an animal which might fall victim to enemy nations.We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries. Para. 91. He offered special pledge that all Latin American countries to work together to make progress.2. He warned the enemies not to interfere in the internal affairs of these countries, because we are master of this hemisphere. Para.10 He is addressing the United Nations.The UN is our last and best hope of survival in a world where the instruments of war have far surpassed and exceeded the instruments of peace. Para.10instruments of war- weapons, bombs, for waging warsinstruments of peace - machines, tools for producing goods Para.101) to prevent the UN from becoming an assembly where people just criticize, insult and abuse each other2) to strengthen the power of UN to protect the newly independent and weak nations3) to enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force Para.11 He is speaking to the enemies, especially the Soviet Union. make themselves our adversary -clever choice of wordsThis phrase throws the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party. The US has done nothing to create enemies. Its the other side that is challenging the US. not pledge - not promisebut a request - but asking the other side to consider his proposal1) point out dangerdanger- self destruction ( the Third World War)Advanced weapons will destroy the whole mankindwhether intentionally or accidentally Para.11 anew - again, in a new or different wayquest - a search or attempt to findThe quest for gold was long and difficult.engulf - (of the earth, the sea) to destroy by swallowing upThe stormy sea engulfed the small boat. Para.12 2) point out position of strengthWe must be very strong. If we are weak, they would attract us. We dare not be weak because it might tempt the enemy to take rash actions.tempt - attractThe warm sun tempted us to go swimming.a tempting meal Para.133) point out needs / situation (find no comfort in present situation) cold war / hostile confrontationa) Both sides are feeling the great financial burden of the arms race.b) Both are made conscious of the gradual spread of the terrible atom bombs. Para.13c) Both sides are trying to change this uncertain balance of this terrible military power which restrains / prevent each group from launching the Third World War. Para.14-184) point out co-operation / different proposals trying to find out specific field in which we can agree with each other. sincerity is always subject to proof -Ones sincerity must be proved by facts. People may say or promise all kinds of things but they must be proved by deeds. subject to depending on 取决于，尚待，在的条件下They have authority to decide, subject to the ministers approval.The treaty is subject to ratification. 认可，批准The plan is subject to confirmation. belabor set upon with too much talk or advice 责备If you belabor a point in a discussion or explanation, you keep talking about it or emphasizing it in a boring way.There is no need to belabor the point. formulate - work outIf you formulate sth such as a plan or proposal, you invent it, thinking about the details carefully.1. We had formulated our own strategy.2. Both sides have the need to formulate a policy that will promote rather than hinder peace. inspection of arms -examining/ watching over carefully the limitation of armsabsolute - without limitabsolute - complete tap the ocean depths - draw upon or make use of the wealth that lies deep in the oceans mine the ocean beds for valuable metals etc. heed give attention toShe didnt heed my warnings. undo the heavy burdens.A Biblical quotation is used in keeping with his biblical style; in keeping his Catholic upbringing. What are the specific proposals?1. control arms2. use /develop science for peace purpose instead of the war purpose.explore the starsconquer the deserteradicate diseasetap the ocean depthsencourage the art and commerce3. enjoy human rights Para.19 point out purpose, objectWe must work together to make a new world order.strong are just - The strong nations do not bully the weak.weak secure - The weak nations feel safe. Para.20 conclusion one hundred days - historical allusion, famous period in American history, in President F.D. Roosevelts presidential term one hundred daysDuring the famous “hundred days” ( Mar-Jun. 1933), Roosevelts administration rushed through congress a flood of anti-depression measures (more than 70 bills for approval), which were generally known as Roosevelts “New Deal”. “新政” Roosevelts “New Deal” New DealRoosevelt 新政.doc one hundred daysBills: “Banking Act“ 银行法 National Industrial Recovery Act 国家工业复兴法 Agricultural Adjustment Act 农业调整法The proposals can not be completed in a short time, but lets try and begin. Para.21-27He appeals to his fellow Americans to support him and to do everything they can, even to sacrifice their lives for their country. Para.21-27 past - Many Americans died for their country. They showed their loyalty to their country.present - Now our generation is called upon to face the challenge of the cold war, to struggle against poverty and disease. Para.21-27twilight struggle - not clear, abstract, Tyranny, poverty, disease and cold wars are not bloody wars. “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation”-忍受困苦，向往未来biblical languageto be happy when things look bright and hopefulto be patient in distress/ in trouble Para.23 Rhetorical questions are more forceful. assure - make sth. certain to happentry to cause sb to believe or trust in sth.to protect against death through moneyThis will assure your comfort.The only way to assure success is to work hard.One more try will assure victory.Nothing can assure permanent happiness. assure - sb. that -The captain of the ship assured the passengers that there was no danger.I assure you this medicine cannot harm you ensure - 1) make sb. certain to get sthThis medicine will ensure you a good nights sleep.2) try to cause to believeI tried t
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